Energy X-ray Radiation Research Articles

Phosphorescent Isocyanide-Metal-Carboranyl complexes of Copper(I) and Gold(I): Synthesis and Radioluminescence.

A series of (L)MX (L = isocyanide; M = Cu(I) or Au(I); X = chloride or carboranyl) complexes have been prepared. The first examples of isocyanide Cu(I) chloride complexes with 1:1 stoichiometry between isocyanide and CuCl are reported and structurally characterised. The photophysical properties of (RNC)AuCl and (RNC)Au(η1-carboranyl) complexes have been investigated. Complexes (RNC)Au(η1-carboranyl) show no aurophilic Au-Au interactions and emit long-lived deep-blue phosphorescence up to 377 μs. The radioluminescence of these gold complexes was studied to show a superior radioluminescence stability for the gold(carboranyl) complexes compared to gold chloride materialsunder constant high energy X-ray radiation of 350 keV.

Concurrent Amplification of Ferroptosis and Immune System Activation Via Nanomedicine-Mediated Radiosensitization for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy.

Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the core therapies for current cancer management. However, the emergence of radioresistance has become a major cause of radiotherapy failure and disease progression. Therefore, overcoming radioresistance to achieve highly effective treatment for refractory tumors is significant yet challenging. Here, pH-responsive DSPE-PEoz modified hollow Bi2Se3-RSL3/diABZi (DP-HBN/RA) nanomedicine is designed as a radiation sensitizer for efficient treatment of triple-negative breast cancer by simultaneously amplifying ferroptosis and immune system activation. DP-HBN/RA can efficiently concentrate X-ray radiation energy inside the tumor, thereby promoting precise ionizing radiation exposure in tumor cells to produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis. Meanwhile, ferroptotic cell death is intensified through the inactivation of GPX4 by RSL3 released from DP-HBN/RA to acidic conditions in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, DP-HBN/RA enhances RT efficacy to exacerbate unrepairable DNA damage and release DNA fragments that activate the cGAS-STING signal pathway, evoking a systematic immune response. Ingeniously, the released diABZi reinforces cGAS-STING activation to boost the immunology antitumor effect. This work links the induction of ferroptosis and the initiation of systematic immune response to achieve highly effective tumor suppression, which opens up new avenues for future treatments of refractory tumors.

Enhancing Chordoma Radiotherapy: Ta@PVP Nanoparticles as Potent Radiosensitizers.

Surgical resection and high-dose radiotherapy constitute the standard therapeutic approaches for chordoma. However, the efficacy of radiotherapy is often compromised by the tumor microenvironment's hypoxic conditions, which confer radiation resistance, and by the potential damage to adjacent spinal cord and neural structures from elevated radiation doses. To address these challenges, we employed high biocompatible poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-modified tantalum nanoparticles (Ta@PVP NPs) as a potent radiosensitizer to augment the radiotherapy sensitivity of chordoma. Upon exposure to X-ray irradiation, Ta@PVP NPs demonstrated the capability to efficiently deposit X-ray radiation energy within the tumor microenvironment, subsequently generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce oxidative stress in the tumor. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that Ta@PVP NPs significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of X-ray, thereby markedly inhibiting the proliferation of chordoma cells and impeding tumor growth. This study explored the radiosensitization potential of Ta@PVP NPs in the context of chordoma, highlighting the application of radiosensitizers as a promising strategy to augment the efficacy of chordoma radiotherapy.

Distribution of Iron and Boron Between Silicon Metal Smelting Products in Industrial Saf using Borate Fluxes

The article identifies the key sources of iron and boron impurities entering silicon metal under industrial smelting conditions in Submerged arc furnace (SAF). Impurity rocks in the composition of quartz, the main raw material for the production of silicon metal, were studied using the X-ray fluorescence method, and their visual classification was carried out. It has been established that the energy of secondary characteristic x-ray radiation (CXR) for boron and iron contained in the feedstock is 3.1 and 6.3 keV, respectively. A relationship was found between the intensity of CXR pulses and the concentration of iron and boron impurities. The features of the distribution of these elements between metallurgical phases (silicon metal, slag and gas phase) when used in the smelting process with and without borate flux (colemanite) have been established. Under industrial conditions, it has been established that the transfer coefficient of boron into silicon metal is reduced when using borate flux from 76.3% to 58.36%. The transfer of iron into silicon metal from the charge remains at the same level with a slight downward trend from 93.18% to 92.12%. This may be explained by a reduction in the contact time of the molten slag accumulating on the bottom with liquid silicon metal. There is also a reduction in the consumption of charge materials when using colemanite from 6.07 to 5.635 t/t of silicon metal due to the reduction in the time of cleaning the smelting bath from viscous slag accumulated on the bottom.

Evaluation of low-kV energy X-ray radiation effect on breast cancer cells incubated with gold nanoparticles capped with aminolevulinic acid, methyl aminolevulinate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties, including size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization, making them attractive for various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The goal of this work was to verify the potential application of gold nanoparticles capped with aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MALA), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in low-energy X-ray diagnostics and therapy of breast cancer. ALA and MALA induce the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cancer cells. PpIX, in turn, can be excited by Cherenkov radiation, producing reactive oxygen species after energy or electron transfer from the triplet excited state of PpIX to molecular oxygen, which induces cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. The results indicated that ALA and MALA nanoparticles promoted reduced cell viability by approximately 20 % with X-ray irradiation at an energy level of 35 kV for 5 min. Breast cancer cells possess GABA receptors, allowing for targeted effects by GABANPs, which can enhance contrast and improve diagnostic potential. GABAAuNPs also demonstrated decreased cell viability in ∼10 % following X-ray irradiation, making them a promising material for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Influence of low energy X-ray radiation on the thermochromic properties of polymer microcomposites based on [HN2(C2H5)2]2CuCl4 crystals

Influence of low energy X-ray radiation on the thermochromic properties of polymer microcomposites based on [HN2(C2H5)2]2CuCl4 crystals

Two-dimensional multifunctional nanosheets as radiosensitizers for chemodynamic/radio-therapy

The hypoxia tumor microenvironment and low radiation attenuation coefficient of tumor tissue usually limit the efficiency of radiotherapy. In this study, a two-dimensional multifunctional nano-sensitizer, CuNS@Pt, was prepared to function as a radiosensitizer, enhancing radiotherapy through multiple mechanisms. Numerous active sites were provided for the deposition of X-ray radiation energy by the in-situ chemical reduction of Pt to create functional hybrids on Cu-based nanosheets. CuNS@Pt catalyzed high concentration of endogenous hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen in tumor microenvironment, alleviating the physiological environment of hypoxic tumors. Additionally, CuNS could reduce the content of intrinsic glutathione (GSH) and catalyze hydrogen peroxide to form hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The generated ·OH could damage mitochondria and destroy redox homeostasis due to the functional inclusion of Cu species, thereby achieving chemodynamic therapy and further improving the radiation effect. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the nano sensitizer effectively improved the therapeutic efficiency of radiotherapy and had good biological safety. All in all, this study provides a pragmatic and doable platform for maximizing the efficacy of RT in cancer. This study also highlights the future research value of two-dimensional nanomaterials.

Detection of high energy X-ray radiation following muon captures on Pb

Low background HPGe detector, shielded by lead, was used to collect background gamma spectra for more than 180 days. Three lines, originating from transitions of muons captured in orbitals of lead atoms were for the first time recognized in background spectra. Relative intensities of detected transitions were calculated and compared with the theoretical prediction.

Role of ionizing radiation in the management of the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.): a comparative analysis of different types of ionizing radiation

Galleria mellonella L., is an insect pest of the honey bee combs and causes huge economic losses worldwide. Its management heavily relies on the use of chemical pesticides. However, chemical pesticides have drawbacks, including the incidence of colony collapse disorder and the development of pesticide resistance. Ionizing radiation has the potential to treat infested bee combs without leaving chemical footprints, thereby increasing agricultural output in general and honey production in particular. In the current study, research on how the type, energy, and dose rate of ionizing radiation affect radiation-induced damage was done on the eggs and larvae of G. mellonella. It was observed that although larval mortality increases with electron beam energy, egg hatchability depends more on dose rate and less on the energy of gamma and x-ray radiation in the MeV range of energy. Additionally, a significant association between dose rate and larval mortality was seen. Doses of 179.40 Gy and 158.60 Gy, respectively, of 0.66 MeV gamma rays and 15 MeV electrons, were required to stop pupal development completely. Gamma radiation in the MeV range of energy was found to be the most suitable modality of all ionizing radiation.

Arthur E. Haas, from the Atom to the Cosmos—Struggles for a Scientific Career in the Early 20th Century

Arthur E. Haas, from the Atom to the Cosmos—Struggles for a Scientific Career in the Early 20th Century

The Nature of Metal Artifacts in X-ray Computed Tomography and Their Reduction by Optimization of Tomography Systems Parameters

A significant gap in the known methods for assessing the levels of metal artifacts in X-ray computed tomography and approaches to their reduction is an almost complete disregard for the physical nature of this artifact—the proximity to zero of radioscopic transparency. The proposed work fills this gap. A mathematical model has been developed for evaluating metal artifacts in X-ray computed tomography as applied to the geometry of a parallel beam. The simulation model was transformed into an algorithm, and a Mathcad program was designed to simulate images of the internal structure of the test objects. The algorithm for estimating the studied artifact includes the stages of generating sinograms and estimating the distributions of the linear coefficient over the sections of the object based on the back projection method with filtering. The efficiency of the metal artifacts simulation algorithm is demonstrated in the example of symmetric and asymmetric objects with low- and high-density inclusions and inclusions from materials with high atomic number values. The possibility of reducing metal artifacts with the help of a rational choice of the maximum energy of X-ray radiation and the ADC bit depth is illustrated. For example, for an aluminum cylinder 200 mm in diameter with a central cylindrical cavity 80 mm in diameter, cylindrical inserts 12 mm in diameter with material densities from 1.5 g/cm3 to 10 g/cm3, and effective atomic numbers of materials from 13 to 47, the numerical simulation method proved the following: it is practically unattainable to significantly reduce the level of metal artifacts by increasing the ADC capacity to the maximum X-ray energy of 160 keV; the desired effect is achieved by simultaneously increasing the maximum X-ray energy to 225 keV and the ADC capacity to 24 or 32; increasing the maximum X-ray energy from 160 keV to 225 keV leads to an increase in the energy absorbed in the material of the test object by 26%. The results of this research can be used at the design stage of X-ray computed tomography systems designed to control objects with fragments of low radiation transparency.

Improving symmetry tuning with I-raum in indirect-driven implosions

Indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions using a three-step-shaped pulse are performed at a 100 kJ laser facility. At late time of the pulse, deposition of laser energy and distribution of X-ray radiation are significantly disturbed by motion of gold plasma in the original gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum with gold wall. As a result, owing to the lack of X-ray drive at the equator of the capsule, an unacceptable oblate implosion is produced. In the I-raum modified from the above cylindrical hohlraum, the initial positions of outer laser spots and gold bubbles are appropriately shifted to modify the disturbed radiation distribution due to plasma evolution, resulting in a spherically symmetric drive on the capsule. In the implosion shots with almost the same drive pulse, owing to improved symmetry, an spherical hotspot is observed in the new I-raum, and YOS (the ratio of measured neutron yield over simulated one) is up to 30%, while an oblate hotspot is observed in the cylinder, and YOS is only 13%. The simulation calculations and experimental measurements show that the I-raum can be used to significantly reduce the impact of gold bubble expansion in the three-step-shaped pulse driven implosion, which helps to tune the drive and implosion symmetry, and to improve its over-all performance.

EXTH-90. HDAC INHIBITOR, CAY10603, IS A POTENT RADIOSENSITIZER IN MENINGIOMAS

Abstract Developing and evaluating potential radiosensitisers to enhance therapeutic efficacy are urgently needed due to the lack of efficient chemotherapy for meningioma. Histone deacetylase (HDACs) expression is generally increased in many cancer types and regulate the expression of numerous proteins involved in tumorigenesis. Targeting HDAC using HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) represent promising radiosensitisers that affect various biological processes, such as cell survival, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Recently, one of the HDAC inhibitor, AR42 monotherapy trials for patients with neurofibromatosis type2 started Nov 2021. However, we were not able to detect the actual HDAC downregulation after applying AR42 (0.5-2 μM) in immortalised meningioma. Hence, we investigated whether pretreatment with the hydroxamate-based HDAC6 inhibitor, Cay10603, impacts HDAC expression, radiation-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction, cell survival, and cell cycle arrest in both immortalised and human meningioma cell lines. Cay10603 at nanomolar level (100 nM) was treated prior to high energy x-ray irradiation (2 Gy) by a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). We found that surviving rate was synergistically decreased after combination treatment of Cay10603 and radiation. Combination therapy induced DNA damage with activation of histone gH2AX and increased G2/M arrest compared to drug or radiation alone. To focus on the mechanisms of action of HDAC6 inhibition followed by radiation, we further investigated nuclear localisation of beta-catenin levels. The results showed the beta-catenin in the nucleus was suppressed after combination therapy. Our findings demonstrate a potential therapeutic strategy of Cay10603 to improve the radiosensitization for meningiomas.

P18.04.A Cay10603, HDAC6 inhibitor, enhances radiosensitivity in meningioma via supressing the nuclear beta-catenin accumulation

Abstract Background Meningioma is the most frequent primary central nervous system tumour (PCNST) which account ca 36% of all PCNST. Due to the lack of efficient chemotherapy for meningioma, radiotherapy often become a first-line treatment especially when the tumour is not operable. Radiotherapy plays a crucial role in local control but its efficacy is restricted by radioresistance and by normal tissue radiation tolerance. Therefore, developing and evaluating potential radiosensitisers to enhance therapeutic efficacy are needed.Histone deacetylase (HDACs) expression is generally increased in many cancer types and regulate the expression of numerous proteins involved in tumorigenesis. Targeting HDAC using HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) represent promising radiosensitisers that affect various biological processes, such as cell survival, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Material and Methods We investigated whether pre-treatment with the hydroxamate-based HDAC6 inhibitor, Cay10603, impacts radiation-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction, cell survival, cell cycle arrest, and cell death using immunocytochemistry, clonogenic assay, and flow cytometry in meningioma cell lines. Low concentration (100 nM) of Cay10603 was treated 24 hr prior to high energy x-ray irradiation (2 Gy) by a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). To investigate the nuclear localisation of beta-catenin, subcellular fractionation and Western Blotting were conducted. Results We found that tumour cells survival was synergistically decreased after combination treatment of Cay10603 and radiation. Combination therapy induced DNA damage with activation of histone gH2AX and increased G2/M arrest compared to drug or radiation alone. Both apoptotic and necrotic cell death were increased after combination therapy. To focus on the mechanisms of action of HDAC6 inhibition followed by radiation, we further investigated nuclear localisation of beta-catenin levels. The results showed the both beta-catenin and c-myc expression in the nucleus was suppressed after combination therapy. Conclusion In meningioma cells, radiotherapy in combination with HDAC6 inhibitor reduces the nuclear localisation of beta-catenin and synergistically decreases cell survival. Our findings demonstrate a potential therapeutic strategy of Cay10603 to improve the radiosensitisation for meningioma cells.

Effects of low energy (160 keV) X-ray on microbial inactivation, sprouting inhibition and genetic variation in potato

The effects of low energy X-ray irradiation on microbial inactivation, sprouting inhibition and genetic variation were surveyed. There was an inverse correlation between the exposure dose in range of 0 Gy–5000 Gy and the survival rate of microorganisms. The dose of 1000 Gy seemed to be suitable for inactivation of microorganisms because the respective survival rate is relatively low (0.59%). Dose rate of 13.87 Gy/min was the most appropriate to inactivate the microorganisms, with the survival rate of 0.37%. Applying the irradiation dose of 1000 Gy and dose rate of 13.87 Gy/min, there was a significant sprouting inhibition of irradiated potatoes compared to the control for six months storage. The effect of irradiation dose (100–1200 Gy) and dose rate (8.63–19.62 Gy/min) on genetic variation of the irradiated samples was assessed by DNA fingerprints induced from using three molecular techniques including Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) and CAAT box – derived polymorphism (CBDP). At the irradiation dose of 1000 Gy and dose rate of 13.87 Gy/min, the level of genetic variation was relatively low (4.85%). Thus, this treatment is a suitable condition of irradiation for potato treatment with the purpose of preservation.

Models of radiovoltaic batteries based on organo-lanthanide complexes

The complexes of Eu(III) and Tb(III) with beta-diketonate ligands were tested as donor materials in heterojunction radiovoltaic planar devices. The compounds revealed weak ability to directly convert the energy of cathode and X-ray radiation into electricity. However, the use of these complexes as additional radioluminescent layers in radiovoltaic devices has led to design an efficient radio-photovoltaic battery. The highest energy conversion efficiency was achieved when terbium complex with pyrasolonate and triphenylphosphine oxide ligands (Tb(pmip)3(TPPO)2) was used as a phosphor. The device with Tb(pmip)3(TPPO)2 outer layer under cathode radiation of 100 KeV gave output power 94 nW. Under X-ray radiation with photon energy 10 KeV the same device exhibited power of 0.95 nW. In both cases, the energy of accident electrons or X-ray photons causes the emission of the phosphor layer in the visible region, which penetrate through the glass substrate and the anode to the donor/acceptor heterojunction where it is converted into electric current. Thus, the devices operate as radio-photovoltaic devices, although the contribution of the radio-voltaic effect to the overall energy conversion process is very small.

Low-energy X-ray irradiation: A novel non-thermal microbial inactivation technology.

Over the last several decades, food irradiation technology has been proven neither to reduce the nutritional value of foods more than other preservation technologies, nor to make foods radioactive or dangerous to eat. Furthermore, food irradiation is a non-thermal food processing technology that helps preserve more heat sensitive nutrients than those found in thermally processed foods. Conventional food irradiation technologies, including γ-ray, electron beam and high energy X-ray, have certain limitations and drawbacks, such as involving radioactive isotopes, low penetration ability, and economical unfeasibility, respectively. Owing to the recent developments in instrumentation technology, more compact and cheaper tabletop low-energy X-ray sources have become available. The generation of low-energy X-ray, unlike γ-ray, does not involve radioactive isotopes and the cost is lower than high energy X-ray. Furthermore, low-energy X-ray possesses unique advantages, i.e., high linear energy transfer (LET) value and high relative biological effect (RBE) value. The advantages allow low-energy X-ray irradiation to provide a higher microbial inactivation efficacy than γ-ray and high energy X-ray irradiation. In the last few years, various applications reported in the literature indicate that low-energy X-ray irradiation has a great potential to become an alternative food preservation technique. This chapter discusses the technical advances of low-energy X-ray irradiation, microbial inactivation mechanism, factors influencing its efficiency, current applications, consumer acceptance, and limitations.

Radio-sensitivity on MCF-7 cells of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Silybum marianum

In the green synthesis method, various plants gain importance due to the synergistic effect created by their rich phytochemical properties. In this study, SM (thistle-Silybum marianum) plant, which is known with its antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties in the literature, forms the source of motivation. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized in SM aqueous extracts by this method. The formation of Ag NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis and XRD spectrophotometers. Cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells, incubated for 24 and 48 hours with different mass concentrations of Ag NPs, was determined by MTT test. Additionally, in this study, the radio-sensitizing effects of Ag NPs synthesized via SM seeds were investigated for the first time. Moreover, MCF-7 cells incubated with Ag NPs for 1-2 and 4 hours were exposed to 6 MV energy X-ray radiation.

Experiments for thermomechanical effects based on Z-pinch X-ray sources

Responses of materials and structures to intense pulsed X-ray radiation, such as thermal shock wave propagation and blowoff impulse generation are referred to collectively as X-ray thermomechanical effects, which have been applied to radiation hardening, astrophysics, and planetary science. Preliminary experiments for thermomechanical effects have been performed utilizing wire array Z-pinch X-ray sources on a pulsed power facility with a drive current of about 10 MA. A total X-ray radiation energy of about 230 kJ was produced by a nested aluminum wire array of 20 mm in outer diameter, and theK-shell yield of about 30 kJ for aluminum was measured. An X-ray energy fluence up to 732 J/cm2 was produced on an irradiated target which was positioned at 5 cm away from the X-ray source center. The irradiated target was an aluminum disk 2 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter, backed by an aluminum liner. The total weight of the disk and liner was 585 mg. An all-fiber photonic Doppler velocimeter (PDV) was used to monitor the motion of the rear surface of the irradiated target. The velocity history measured by PDV suggested a free-face velocity of 2.12 km/s when the shock wave arrived at the rear surface of the target, and the final velocity of the target is 180 m/s. Based on the Hugoniot relationships and the law of momentum conservation, a stress of the thermal shock wave of 19.2 GPa and a blowoff impulse per unit target area of 1341 Pa·s were deduced. Furthermore, a consequent coupling coefficient of 1.83 Pa·s·cm2/J was estimated from the measurements of blowoff impulse and the X-ray energy fluence. Finally, discussions on the reliability and uncertainty of the measurement were presented. These experimental results described here preliminarily validated the feasibility of the application of PDV to the research of X-ray thermomechanical effect.

Dependence of the Endpoint Energy of X-Ray Radiation on the Preliminary Temperature Change during the Pyroelectric Source Operation in the Pulsed Mode

Dependence of the Endpoint Energy of X-Ray Radiation on the Preliminary Temperature Change during the Pyroelectric Source Operation in the Pulsed Mode