Peak Energy Research Articles

Mid-infrared enhanced Raman soliton generation in an erbium-doped ZBLAN with record energy and peak power

The advancement of tunable ultrafast sources in the mid-infrared spectrum would bring about significant progress in various scientific fields. This study suggests a gain-modulation technique to increase the peak power and pulse energy of mid-infrared tunable Raman solitons. By utilizing a high-power 2-2.23 µm Raman soliton pulse as a pump source, mid-infrared Raman solitons within the 2-3.2 µm tuning range can be generated in a segment of Er3+: ZBLAN fiber. Additionally, the introduction of 976 nm pump light into the Er3+: ZBLAN fiber leverages the gain of Er3+ to amplify the frequency shift velocity and pulse energy of the Raman soliton. Consequently, the frequency shift range of the Raman soliton is extended to 3.5 µm, with peak power and pulse energy reaching 0.93 MW and 107 nJ, respectively. These achievements represent the highest peak power and energy levels of Raman solitons generated in mid-infrared fibers to date.

Single organic electrode for multi-system dual-ion symmetric batteries

The large void space of organic electrodes endows themselves with the capability to store different counter ions without size concern. In this work, a small-molecule organic bipolar electrode called diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2’,3’-c]phenazine-2,6,10-tris(phenoxazine) (DQPZ-3PXZ) is designed. Based on its robust solid structure by the π conjugation of diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2’,3’-c]phenazine (DQPZ) and phenoxazine (PXZ), DQPZ-3PXZ can indiscriminately and stably host 5 counter ions with different charge and size (Li+, Na+, K+, PF6− and FSI−). In Li/Na/K-based half cells, DQPZ-3PXZ can deliver the peak discharge capacities of 257/243/253 mAh g−1cathode and peak energy densities of 609/530/572 Wh kg−1cathode, respectively. The Li/Na/K-based dual-ion symmetric batteries can be constructed, which can be activated through the 1st charge process and show the stable discharge capacities of 85/66/72 mAh g−1cathode and energy densities of 59/50/52 Wh kg−1total mass, all running for more than 15000 cycles with nearly 100% capacity retention.

Experimental Study and Analysis of the Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide Cement Soil Under Composite Salinity Erosion

In coastal and saline-alkali regions, cement soil materials face significant challenges from salt erosion and both dynamic and static loads, threatening their structural stability. To enhance the mechanical properties of cement soil, this study explores the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO). We subjected GO cement soil specimens to various concentrations of a composite salt solution (with a NaCl to Na2SO4 mass ratio of 1:1) in erosion experiments lasting 7 and 30 days. The specimens were analyzed through unconfined compressive strength tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine changes in stress-strain curves, peak stress, and energy dissipation. The results indicate that the dynamic and static peak stresses, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency of the GO cement soil specimens are inversely related to the concentration of the mixed salt solution. Notably, in a 4.5g/L erosion environment after 7 days, an increasing trend was observed in static peak stress, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency. Additionally, when the salt concentration was fixed, these properties showed a positive correlation with impact gas pressure. SEM analysis revealed that the nucleation effect of GO and its strong bonding with the cement matrix significantly improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing pores and defects, thus enhancing density and overall performance. Furthermore, in an 18g/L erosion environment, a notable presence of ettringite (AFt) was identified in the GO cement soil specimens.

Triggering the Untriggered: The First Einstein Probe-detected Gamma-Ray Burst 240219A and Its Implications

The Einstein Probe (EP) achieved its first detection and localization of a bright X-ray flare, EP240219a, on 2024 February 19, during its commissioning phase. Subsequent targeted searches triggered by the EP240219a alert identified a faint, untriggered gamma-ray burst (GRB) in the archived data of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), and Insight-HXMT/HE. The EP Wide-field X-ray Telescope (WXT) light curve reveals a long duration of approximately 160 s with a slow decay, whereas the Fermi/GBM light curve shows a total duration of approximately 70 s. The peak in the Fermi/GBM light curve occurs slightly later with respect to the peak seen in the EP/WXT light curve. Our spectral analysis shows that a single cutoff power-law (PL) model effectively describes the joint EP/WXT–Fermi/GBM spectra in general, indicating coherent broad emission typical of GRBs. The model yielded a photon index of ∼–1.70 ± 0.05 and a peak energy of ∼257 ± 134 keV. After detection of GRB 240219A, long-term observations identified several candidates in optical and radio wavelengths, none of which was confirmed as the afterglow counterpart during subsequent optical and near-infrared follow-ups. The analysis of GRB 240219A classifies it as an X-ray-rich GRB (XRR) with a high peak energy, presenting both challenges and opportunities for studying the physical origins of X-ray flashes, XRRs, and classical GRBs. Furthermore, linking the cutoff PL component to nonthermal synchrotron radiation suggests that the burst is driven by a Poynting flux-dominated outflow.

Thermal performance analysis of PCM-integrated structures using the resistance-capacitance model: Experiments and numerics

While holding significant potential to reduce cooling energy requirements in buildings, the incorporation of phase-change materials in building envelopes requires information regarding their diurnal and seasonal behaviour through high-fidelity simulations. However, utilizing short-term simulations and experimentation using state-of-the-art models for such a complex configuration does not accurately represent the true heat transfer dynamics of the building. To address this lacuna, we present a physics-based, low computational cost, experimentally and numerically validated resistance–capacitance (RC) model specifically tailored for PCM-encapsulated structures, designed for long-term simulations. The validation of this model is conducted through in-house experiments. Additionally, we support the credibility of our RC model by subjecting it to validation through 3D numerical simulations, emphasizing its precision and reliability. Then, we use the validated model to optimize the thermal properties of concrete roofs in hot and dry climates, taking a specific instance of a city in Western India for various geometric configurations as an illustrative example. We find that a PCM with a phase change temperature between 37 and 42 °C can reduce the peak ceiling temperature by up to 10 °C and the peak energy ingress by a factor of 2 or more, in a typical roof element subjected to the prevailing climatic conditions during peak summer. This shows the time constant of the modified roof is effective in delaying and damping the imposed solar insolation. We make specific recommendations on the selection and geometry optimization of PCM-incorporated roof elements.

Investigation of mechanical properties in FFF- produced PLA samples using the Erichsen test: application of definitive screening and RSM

Purpose This study aims to investigate how printing parameters affect the mechanical properties of specimens produced through fused filament fabrication, using the Erichsen test to assess deformation characteristics and material durability under stress. Design/methodology/approach Polylactic acid (PLA) specimens were printed and tested in accordance with the ISO 20482 standard. Definitive screening was conducted to identify the most influential process parameters. This study examined the effects of four key process parameters – number of layers, layer height, crossing angle and nozzle diameter – on force, distension, peak energy and energy to break. Each parameter was assessed at three levels and a large number of required experiments was managed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Findings This study revealed that the number of layers, layer height and crossing angle are the most significant factors that influence the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials. The number of layers had the greatest impact on the peak force, contributing 44.25%, with thicker layers typically enhancing material strength. The layer height has a significant effect on energy absorption and deformation, with greater layer heights generally improving these properties. Nozzle diameter contributed only 1.10%, making it the least influential factor; however, its impact became more pronounced in interactions with other parameters. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive experimental investigation into the effects of process parameters on the crack strength and behavior of 3D-printed PLA specimens using the RSM method. The documented results can be used to develop optimization models aimed at achieving desired mechanical properties with reduced variation and uncertainty in the final product.

Analysis of Fracture Modes and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Low‐Frequency Disturbed Water‐Bearing Soft Rock With Different Cyclic Initial Value

ABSTRACTIn the complex geological environment of deep mining area, water‐bearing soft rock is more prone to damage and destruction by low‐frequency disturbance. In this paper, the dynamic–static combination test was conducted on the basis of uniaxial compression test by using creep dynamic disturbance impact loading system and acoustic emission technique. The test results show that with the increase of the initial value of disturbance loading, the fracture morphology of sandstone gradually changes from a single major crack to multiple cracks coexisting, and some saturated sandstones lose the bearing capacity in the process of disturbance, presenting a cone‐shaped fracture surface. The increase of the initial value of the disturbance changes the bearing capacity of the sandstone, and the peak energy of acoustic emission reaches the maximum value when the initial value of the disturbance is 80% UCS. The results of the study can provide some reference for the stability analysis of deep water‐rich soft rock mines.

Optimizing energy absorption and peak force in metal/glass fiber sandwich panels with trapezoidal cores

Sandwich panels with trapezoidal metal/glass fiber cores are increasingly popular due to their lightweight and energy-absorption properties. This study employs response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design to investigate the effects of core angle, fiber orientation, and MCM-48 nanoparticles on the panels’ energy absorption and peak force, developing regression models with high R2 values of 0.9027 and 0.9228, respectively. Experimental tests were conducted to validate these models, showing minimal deviation from predicted values. Results indicate that increasing the fiber orientation angle from 30° to 90° enhances energy absorption and peak force by 72.18 and 46.9%, respectively, and adding MCM-48 nanoparticles up to 0.25% weight improves energy absorption by 60.8%. A core angle of 52° balances energy absorption and peak force, while integrating a metal wire mesh within the panels significantly enhances energy absorption and reduces core brittleness. The optimal parameters for maximum energy absorption and minimum peak force include a core angle of 58°, fiber orientation of 73.5°, and no nanoparticles. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of sandwich panels for various applications.

Nickel-Nitrogen Doped MnO2 as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst for Aluminum Air Batteries.

Aluminum-air battery has the advantages of high energy density, low cost and environmental protection, and is considered as an ideal next-generation energy storage conversion system. However, the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in air cathode leads toitsunsatisfactory performance. Here, we report an electrode made of N and Ni co-doped MnO2nanotubes. In alkaline solution, Ni/N-MnO2has higher oxygen reduction activity than undoped MnO2, with an initial potential of 1.00 V and a half-wave potential of 0.75 V. This is because it has abundant defects, high specific surface area and sufficient Mn3+active sites, which promote the transfer of electrons and oxygen-containing intermediates.Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that MnO2doped with N and Ni atoms reduces the reaction overpotential and improves the ORR kinetics. The peak power density and energy density of the Ni/N-MnO2air electrodeincreased by 34.03 mW·cm-2and 316.41 mWh·g-1, respectively. The results show that N and Ni co-doped MnO2nanotubes are a promising air electrode, which can provide some ideas for the research of aluminum-air batteries.

Investigation of Low Velocity Impact Behavior of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Structures with GFRP Face Sheets by Finite Element Method

The aim of this study is to examine the low velocity impact behavior of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) face sheets with the help of finite element method. In the study, low velocity impact tests were carried out in the LS DYNA finite element program to examine the effects of face sheets thickness, core number, wall thickness, impact location and impact velocity on maximum contact force, absorbed energy efficiency and damage mode. Progressive damage analysis based on the Hashin damage criterion and the combination of Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) and the bilinear traction-separation law was performed using the MAT-54 material model. At the end of the study, it was determined that the face sheets thickness in sandwich structures had a significant effect on the impact resistance up to a certain impact energy. It has been observed that as the impact velocity gradually increases, there is a decrease in the contact force after a certain threshold value. As the impactor velocity increases, the energy absorption efficiency also increases. It has been determined that the location of the impact is very effective on peak force and energy absorption efficiency. The effect of the number of core layers depends on the face sheets thickness. When the face sheets thickness was not damaged at first contact, the peak force value increased in parallel with the number of layers. It was determined that the dominant damage mode after impact was matrix damage. It has been observed that as the energy level of the impactor increases, damage also occurs on the back surfaces.

High-Efficiency Microwave Wireless Power Transmission via Reflective Phase Gradient Metasurfaces and Surface Wave Aggregation.

Microwave Wireless Power Transfer (MWPT) technology is crucial for emergency power supply during natural disasters and powering off-grid equipment. Traditional antenna arrays, however, suffer from low energy capture efficiency, difficult impedance matching, complex synthetic networks, and intricate manufacturing processes. This paper introduces a microwave energy receiver design utilizing Reflective Phase Gradient Metasurfaces (R-PGMs) and surface wave energy convergence technology. The design leverages the effective plane wave-to-surface wave conversion capability of R-PGMs to transform incident microwave energy into a surface wave mode, which is then efficiently harvested using a circular energy convergence array before being output to a coupling port. By optimizing R-PGM parameters, an ideal 60° phase gradient distribution is achieved, facilitating the focus of surface wave energy via dispersion characteristics. These components are integrated into a hybrid antenna array, complemented by a matched energy output port structure. Numerical simulations show that this array can efficiently convert microwave energy from plane waves to surface waves, achieving a conversion efficiency of 85.32% and a collection efficiency of 68.26%. Experimental results corroborate these findings, with peak energy collection efficiency reaching 64.68% at 5.8 GHz and an RF-DC conversion efficiency of 42%, confirming the design's efficacy. Compared to conventional methods, this design simplifies the system by avoiding complex combining networks and significantly enhances the efficiency of microwave MWPT.

Direct numerical simulation of turbulent, generalized Couette–Poiseuille flow

We present direct numerical simulation (DNS) and modelling of incompressible, turbulent, generalized Couette–Poiseuille flow. A particular example is specified by spherical coordinates $(Re,\theta,\phi )$ , where $Re = 6000$ is a global Reynolds number, $\phi$ denotes the angle between the moving plate, velocity-difference vector and the volume-flow vector and $\tan \theta$ specifies the ratio of the mean volume-flow speed to the plate speed. The limits $\phi \to 0^\circ$ and $\phi \to 90^\circ$ give alignment and orthogonality, respectively, while $\theta \to 0^\circ,\ \theta \to 90^\circ$ correspond respectively to pure Couette flow in the $x$ direction and pure Poiseuille flow at angle $\phi$ to the $x$ axis. Competition between the Couette-flow shear and the forced volume flow produces a mean-velocity profile with directional twist between the confining walls. Resultant mean-speed profiles relative to each wall generally show a log-like region. An empirical flow model is constructed based on component log and log-wake velocity profiles relative to the two walls. This gives predictions of four independent components of shear stress and also mean-velocity profiles as functions of $(Re,\theta,\phi )$ . The model captures DNS results including the mean-flow twist. Premultiplied energy spectra are obtained for symmetric flows with $\phi =90^\circ$ . With increasing $\theta$ , the energy peak gradually moves in the direction of increasing $k_x$ and decreasing $k_z$ . Rotation of the energy spectrum produced by the faster moving velocity near the wall is also observed. Rapid weakening of a spike maxima in the Couette-type flow regime indicates attenuation of large-scale roll structures, which is also shown in the $Q$ -criterion visualization of a three-dimensional time-averaged flow.

How a non harmonic-like tremor at a volcanic lake could be caused by sustained wind: A case of study of Taupō volcano

Taupō volcano lies underneath the largest lake in New Zealand. It undergoes unrest roughly every ten years, has minor eruptions every few hundred years, and has supereruptions. Understanding volcanic seismic signals provides insights into the volcano dynamics and helps to anticipate eruptions. Harmonic and non-harmonic volcanic tremor are common signals that indicate fluid mobilisation in volcanic systems. We observed a signal that resembled non-harmonic tremor during 2019 at Taupō volcano. Careful time-frequency analysis of seismic data and weather data from around the lake revealed that the signals were not magmatic in origin, but were most likely from lake microseisms caused by special conditions of the wind, which generates wind-driven waves in the lake. The frequency range of lake microseisms at Taupō starts and ends with a dominant frequency of 0.7–1.0 Hz, and during the maximum energy peak, the dominant frequency is of 0.50–0.56 Hz. Such signals may be common in caldera lakes, which need to be distinguished from tremor caused by volcanic activity, so as not to exaggerate the probability of eruptions.

A 326 nm pure ultraviolet light sources achieved in a Ga[formula omitted]O[formula omitted] microwire heterojunction through interface optimization and surface-modification

Low-dimensional Ga2O3 single-crystals have caused widespread attentions in the potential of developing ultraviolet light sources due to its ultrabroad bandgap, low-budget, high thermally stable, high breakdown voltage and others. Herein, we exhibit a significant route to construct one-dimensional Ga2O3 microwire heterojunction deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (LED). The resulting electroluminescence is positioned at 326 nm with a narrow linewidth of about 22.5 nm, which is the shortest wavelengths once published for the Ga2O3-related light sources. In the well-fabricated LED, an intermediate AlN layer enables appropriately to manipulate band alignment of n-Ga2O3/p-GaN heterojunction, thus achieving efficient confinement of electron–holes spreading and radiative recombination within the Ga2O3 microwire active medium. Benefited from surface-modified Pt nanoparticles, the LED’s electroluminescence efficiency and brightness can be plasmonically boosted. More importantly, the peak energy at 3.8 eV obtained under forward bias, which is smaller than the Ga2O3 bandgap, could be resulted from radiative recombination of weakly-bounded electron–holes inside the Ga2O3 microwires. Therefore, the Ga2O3 monocrystalline wires synthesized using high-temperature carbothermal reduction, are expected as promising-looking candidates to develop environmentally friendly, easy miniaturization, highly-stable deep-ultraviolet light sources and photonic devices.

Inhibition sensitivity of invitro firefly bioluminescence quantum yields to Zn2+ and Cd2+ concentrations in aqueous solutions.

To elucidate the inhibition effects of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on the luciferin-luciferase reaction, we performed quantitative measurements of quantum yields and spectral shapes for invitro firefly bioluminescence in aqueous solutions containing ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CdSO4, and CdCl2 at different concentrations. Particular care was taken toward the equilibrium between metal ions and enzyme proteins, anion difference, solubility, and uncertainty evaluation. The bioluminescence quantum yields decreased almost linearly to the concentration of Zn2+ and Cd2+ below 0.25 mM. No obvious difference was found between the chloride and sulfate anion solutions. We defined inhibition sensitivity as the decrease in relative quantum yield versus the concentration of metal ions, and they were determined to be 1.48 ± 0.13 and 1.13 ± 0.16/mM for Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively. We estimated the detection limit of inhibition effects as the concentration of metal ions that decrease relative quantum yields by 10%, which were 0.07 mM (4 ppm) and 0.09 mM (10 ppm) for Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively. The shape of the bioluminescence spectra changed sensitively with the increase in Zn2+ concentrations. The bioluminescence peak energy for 0.10-mM Zn2+ was ~2.2 eV, while that for 0.25-mM Zn2+ was ~2.0 eV. The shape of the spectra changed less sensitively with the increase in Cd2+concentrations, and the peak energy was at ~2.2 eV for Cd2+ concentrations of 0.10 and 0.25 mM.

Dynamics and energy harvesting of a flow-induced snapping sheet with nonuniform stiffness distribution

Energy harvesting through periodic snap-through of a buckled sheet has recently gained considerable attention because of its potential applications in energy harvesting in low incoming flow. Although the snapping dynamics of uniform buckled sheets has been extensively studied, the present work focuses on the energy harvesting and dynamics of a nonuniform snapping sheet with both of its ends clamped in a channel flow. The analysis reveals that the sheet undergoes periodic snap-through oscillations, with its rear half consistently serving as the main contributor to effective energy harvesting, and the potential energy contributing significantly more than the kinetic energy. Varying the stiffness difference ΔEI* shows that increasing the stiffness of the rear part and decreasing that of the fore part shifts the deformation wave toward upstream and enhances the snapping amplitude of the fore part, optimizing energy extraction. At a length compression ratio ΔL* = 0.3, the maximum potential energy is observed for ΔEI* = 1, and the total energy peaks at ΔEI* = 2. The study also identifies an optimal ΔL* = 0.4 that maximizes both total and potential energies, and triples the potential energy in comparison with ΔL* = 0.1. However, the enhancement of nonuniformity disappears at ΔL* > 0.3 for the total energy and ΔL* > 0.2 for the potential energy. These findings provide insights to aid optimization of the design and performance of snapping sheet energy harvesters.

EOS: Impact Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Adoption on Peak Load Shaving Using Agent-Based Modeling

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) by the general population creates an opportunity to deploy the energy storage capability of EVs for performing peak energy shaving in their households and ultimately in their neighborhood grid during surging demand. However, the impact of the adoption rate in a neighborhood might be counterbalanced by the energy demand of EVs during off-peak hours. Therefore, achieving optimal peak energy shaving is a product of a sensitive balancing process that depends on the EV adoption rate. In this paper, we propose EOS, an agent-based simulation model, to represent independent household energy usage and estimate the real-time neighborhood energy consumption and peak shaving energy amount of a neighborhood. This study uses Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data to model realistic real-time household energy use. We evaluate the impact of the EV adoption rates of a neighborhood on performing energy peak shaving during sudden energy surges. Our findings reveal these trade-offs and, specifically, a reduction of up to 30% of the peak neighborhood energy usage for the optimal neighborhood EV adoption rate in a 1089 household neighborhood.

Improving Electrochemical Performance in Planar On-Chip Zn-ion Micro-Batteries via Interlayer Strategies.

The imperative development of planar on-chip micro-batteries featuring high-capacity electrodes and environmentally safer, cost-effective, and stable systems is crucial for powering forthcoming miniaturized systems-on-chip smart devices. However, research in the area of high-stability micro-batteries is limited due to the complex fabrication process, the stability of micro-electrodes during cycling, and the challenge of maintaining higher capacity within a limited device footprint. In response to this need, this study focuses on providing highly stable and high-capacity micro-electrodes. This involves adding a PEDOT layer between the electrode material and the current collector, applied within a planar polyaniline cathode and zinc anode device structure to enhance charge storage performance. This straightforward strategy not only improves device stability over long-term cycling and reduces charge transfer resistance but also increases charge storage capacities from 17.64 to 19.75 µAhcm- 2 at 0.1 mAcm- 2. Consequently, the Zn-ion micro-batteries achievenotable peak areal energy and power of 18.82 µWhcm- 2 and 4.37 mWcm- 2, respectively. This work proposes an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of planar micro-batteries, a critical advancement for the development of advanced portable electronics.

On ways to reduce the energy supply costs in Russia

Purpose: is to research of ways to reduce the energy supply costs for Russian consumers.Methods: the analysis of the transformation of the electric power industry was carried out using the tools of tectology and system economic theory.Results: the key reason for the constant increase in the cost of energy supply has been identified, which is the transition from a systematic approach to energy development aimed at increasing general economic efficiency to maximizing the economic performance of independent energy companies. The need to adjust the basic principles laid down in the concept of electric power industry development is substantiated.Conclusions and Relevance: the result of the successful completion of the reform of the Russian electric power industry is a steady influx of significant investments into the industry over the course of decades. But despite the increase in power system capacity, which is outstripping the dynamics of electricity demand, the need for the most expensive peak power sources and energy storage systems is growing, which leads to an increase in electricity prices in addition to the investment component. A positive feedback has been identified that reduces the structural stability of the energy sector, namely: between rising electricity prices; reduction of electricity consumption from the network as a result of the installation of their own generation by some consumers; increasing costs of generating and network companies; more intensive growth in electricity prices and increased motivation to install their own generation for that part of consumers who continue to use grid electricity. The ways are proposed and the solutions are considered aimed at forming new connections between participants in the single technological process of production, transmission and consumption of energy resources, with the aim of reducing the energy supply costs and improving the specific performance indicators of the energy system, and in the future reducing the costs of integrating renewable energy sources into it.

Intelligent identification of defective regions of voids in tunnels based on GPR data

Quantitatively detecting voids behind tunnel linings presents significant challenges in identifying the range of width and depth. This paper develops an innovative method for identifying defective regions of voids based on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data. This method involves three steps: Firstly, the void-identifying-feature-set (VIFS) is constructed by extracting the Amplitude peak (AT), Signal energy (ET), and Amplitude peak of the first intrinsic mode function (IMF1) component (AH) of every A-scan signal. Secondly, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is utilized to identify defect signals and normal signals, contributing to the width identification of void in the horizontal direction. Thirdly, an innovative Three-Stage-Boundary-Extraction (TSBE) algorithm is proposed to identify the depth range of voids in the vertical direction. Experimental results conducted on both field data and simulated data demonstrated that the Intersection over Union (IOU) value and consumption time of three groups of GPR data (Data I, Data II, and Data V) are 0.739 and 0.888 s, respectively. The average IOU and consumption time of the TSBE algorithm are 0.739 and 0.058 s, respectively.