Energy Loss Rate Research Articles

Mutual Interference Suppression Using Signal Separation and Adaptive Mode Decomposition in Noncontact Vital Sign Measurements

Noncontact vital sign measurements based on millimeter-wave radar can realize long-range detection of respiratory and heartbeat signals, therefore it is gradually applied in more and more scenes. With an increase in the number of millimeter-wave radar devices, the mutual interference between radar signals will occur, which will increase the noise floor. Moreover, respiratory and heartbeat signals are relatively weak and easy to be submerged by the high noise floor. To solve this problem, we present a novel method for suppressing mutual interference and extracting vital signs using improved morphological component analysis (IMCA) and an adaptive parameter optimization variational mode decomposition (APVMD) algorithm. The IMCA algorithm is used to suppress the mutual interference based on the different sparsities of components in different sparse domains, and this improvement solves the inability of the MCA algorithm to detect the interfered signal. Then, the APVMD algorithm is used to extract respiratory and heartbeat signals from the signal containing residual noise. The rate of energy loss is used as the index to optimize the parameters, and the step size of the penalty value is adaptively adjusted according to the center frequency of the mode. The simulation and field experiment results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of respiratory and heartbeat signals in the case of mutual interference between radar signals. Moreover, a comparison with other interference suppression and extraction methods shows that the proposed method better improves the SNR and accuracy.

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Linear and Non-Linear of Weirs on Energy Loss Rate

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Linear and Non-Linear of Weirs on Energy Loss Rate

4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance derived energetics in the Fontan circulation correlate with exercise capacity and CMR-derived liver fibrosis/congestion

AimThis study explores the relationship between in vivo 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) derived blood flow energetics in the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), exercise capacity and CMR-derived liver fibrosis/congestion.BackgroundThe Fontan circulation, in which both caval veins are directly connected with the pulmonary arteries (i.e. the TCPC) is the palliative approach for single ventricle patients. Blood flow efficiency in the TCPC has been associated with exercise capacity and liver fibrosis using computational fluid dynamic modelling. 4D flow CMR allows for assessment of in vivo blood flow energetics, including kinetic energy (KE) and viscous energy loss rate (EL).MethodsFontan patients were prospectively evaluated between 2018 and 2021 using a comprehensive cardiovascular and liver CMR protocol, including 4D flow imaging of the TCPC. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was determined using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Iron-corrected whole liver T1 (cT1) mapping was performed as a marker of liver fibrosis/congestion. KE and EL in the TCPC were computed from 4D flow CMR and normalized for inflow. Furthermore, blood flow energetics were compared between standardized segments of the TCPC.ResultsSixty-two Fontan patients were included (53% male, 17.3 ± 5.1 years). Maximal effort CPET was obtained in 50 patients (peak VO2 27.1 ± 6.2 ml/kg/min, 56 ± 12% of predicted). Both KE and EL in the entire TCPC (n = 28) were significantly correlated with cT1 (r = 0.50, p = 0.006 and r = 0.39, p = 0.04, respectively), peak VO2 (r = − 0.61, p = 0.003 and r = − 0.54, p = 0.009, respectively) and % predicted peak VO2 (r = − 0.44, p = 0.04 and r = − 0.46, p = 0.03, respectively). Segmental analysis indicated that the most adverse flow energetics were found in the Fontan tunnel and left pulmonary artery.ConclusionsAdverse 4D flow CMR derived KE and EL in the TCPC correlate with decreased exercise capacity and increased levels of liver fibrosis/congestion. 4D flow CMR is promising as a non-invasive screening tool for identification of patients with adverse TCPC flow efficiency.

Evidence of auger heating in hot carrier cooling of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals

Hot Carrier (HC) Dynamics in Lead halide perovskites shows a unique hindered hot carrier cooling. In the present study, we use femtosecond transient absorption technique to interrogate CsPbBr3 to study the role of different carrier cooling mechanisms in HC cooling process. This is accomplished here by considering fitting of the high-energy region of photoinduced bleach with a Fermi-Dirac distribution instead of Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution. This approach reveals important time dependent parameters like quasi fermi level, apart from carrier temperature. Under low carrier densities with N < <1, the dynamics revealed bleach recovery in time scales > 1 ns revealing dynamics is governed by electron-hole radiative recombination. The HC cooling dynamics under low carrier density (2 *1017/cm3) revealed the cooling is predominantly dominated by short lifetime component of ~0.26 ps. This time is significantly elongated as compared to lifetime of longitudinal optic (LO) phonon lifetime in perovskites, clearly indicative of Froehlich interaction in play along with large polaron formation. However, under higher carrier densities > 1018/cm3, additional lifetime component contributes to HC cooling with a time constant of ~17 ps. This time constant could be assigned to Auger heating. The role of LO phonon filling and Auger heating was ascertained also on the basis energy loss rate vs carrier temperature fitting with these individual cooling models. To ascertain the role of Auger heating we also used different sized samples which showed the scaling of Auger heating times in agreement with size dependent Auger recombination times as reported in the literature. Such long HC cooling opens avenues to possibly extract hot carriers before cooling leading to development of HC photovoltaics.

A Method for Solving Percolation Overflow Boundary Based on Maximum of Horizontal Energy Loss Rate

The determination of overflow boundary is a prerequisite for the accurate solution of the seepage field by the finite element method. In this paper, a method for solving overflow boundary according to the maximum value of horizontal energy loss rate is proposed, which based on the analysis of the physical meaning of functional and the water head distribution of seepage field under different overflow boundaries. This method considers that the overflow boundary that makes the horizontal energy loss rate reach the maximum value is the real boundary overflow. Compared with the previous iterative computation method of overflow point and free surface, the method of solving overflow boundary based on the maximum horizontal energy loss rate does not need iteration, so the problem of non-convergence does not exist. The relative error of the overflow points is only 1.54% and 0.98% by calculating the two-dimensional model of the glycerol test and the three-dimensional model of the electric stimulation test, respectively. Compared with the overflow boundary calculated by the node virtual flow method, improved cut-off negative pressure method, initial flow method, and improved discarding element method, this method has a higher accuracy.

Surface binding energy and erosion coefficient on the nanoyttrium oxide under ionization irradiation

Using the conditions obtained from various simple and complex models, the energy of the surface area was calculated with the help of electronic structural transitions and thermo-sublimation approximations occurring in yttrium oxide nanoparticles irradiated with different energy deuterium ions. The depth of penetration of deuterium ions of different energies into the yttrium oxide sample, the rate of energy loss, and the energy of the surface area under the influence of temperature sublimation were determined using basic methods. In addition, the screening radius and erosion rate were determined using the Sigmund and Thomas–Fermi shielding function.

Quasi-static and low-velocity impact mechanical behaviors of entangled porous metallic wire material under different temperatures

To improve the defense capability of military equipment under extreme conditions, impact-resistant and high-energy-consuming materials have to be developed. The damping characteristic of entangled porous metallic wire materials (EPMWM) for vibration isolation was previously investigated. In this paper, a study focusing on the impact-resistance of EPMWM with the consideration of ambient temperature is presented. The quasi-static and low-velocity impact mechanical behavior of EPMWM under different temperatures (25 °C–300 °C) are systematically studied. The results of the static compression test show that the damping energy dissipation of EPMWM increases with temperature while the nonlinear damping characteristics are gradually enhanced. During the impact experiments, the impact energy loss rate of EPMWM was between 65% and 85%, while the temperatures increased from 25 °C to 300 °C. Moreover, under the same drop impact conditions, the overall deformation of EPMWM decreases in the temperature range of 100 °C–200 °C. On the other hand, the impact stiffness, energy dissipation, and impact loss factor of EPMWM significantly increase with temperature. This can be attributed to an increase in temperature, which changes the thermal expansion coefficient and contact state of the internal wire helixes. Consequently, the energy dissipation mode (dry friction, air damping, and plastic deformation) of EPMWM is also altered. Therefore, the EPMWM may act as a potential candidate material for superior energy absorption applications.

Understanding the role of nanoparticle size on energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of an IC engine: A thermodynamic approach

This paper aims to thermodynamically and economically discuss the role of nanoparticle size on a CI engine performance. Accordingly, three different sizes (28, 45, and 200 nm) of titanium oxide nanoparticles are added into the canola oil methyl ester-diesel blends (C10) at the same mass fractions of 100 ppm. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine. During the experiments, the engine speed was constant at 1800 rpm, and the engine was loaded from 2.5 and 10 Nm with gaps of 2.5 Nm. It is seen that the viscosity, heating value, and cetane number of the resultant test fuels dropped as the particle size gets smaller. In the results, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) initially increased by 5.5% with the biodiesel added into diesel fuel. However, the addition of nanoparticles noteworthy dropped the BSFC value by roundly 16.91% for C10 + 28 nm TiO2, 12.97% for C10 + 45 nm TiO2, and 10.24% for C10 + 200 nm TiO2. As the engine load increases, BSFC dropped and energy as well as exergy efficiencies for each test fuel improved. The efficiency of the first and second laws at 12 Nm is found to be 25.97% and 24.37% for DF, 25.36% and 23.77% for C10, 27.60% and 25.88% for C10 + 28 nm TiO2, 27.03% and 25.34% for C10 + 45 nm TiO2, 26.65% and 24.99% for C10 + 200 nm TiO2, respectively. Collectively, average energy efficiencies of test fuels are 6.65% bigger than exergy efficiencies. On the other hand, it is noticed that the energy loss rate, energy rate, exergy rate, exergy loss rate, exergy destruction rate, and thermoeconomic metrics are increasing with any increment in engine load for each test fuel. The lowest values of energy and exergy efficiency benchmarks are found for C10 test fuel, while the highest ones are detected for C10 + 28 nm TiO2 test fuel. The addition of nanoparticles considerably increases the unit cost and specific exergy cost of test fuels. Despite their high unit costs, the most suitable fuels in terms of both exergoeconomic, and sustainability aspects are, nevertheless, the nanoparticles-added fuels due to their high exergy efficiencies. In the conclusion, this paper declares that the particle size of nanomaterials is a very effective physical property on the IC engine performance, and the small particle sizes of the same type nanoparticles should be preferred in terms of better energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability results.

Experimental investigation on static and dynamic energy dissipation characteristics of composite sandwich structure with entangled metallic wire materials and disc springs

In this paper, a novel composite sandwich structure with entangled metallic wire materials and disc springs (EMWM/DS) was proposed to improve the high temperature resistance and energy absorption characteristic of disc spring structure (DSS). The performance superiority of the proposed structure was verified by a series of quasi-static and low-velocity impact tests. On the one hand, the static energy dissipation characteristics of the EMWM/DS and DSS are compared through quasi-static test. Furthermore, the influences of the key experimental parameters and the densities of EMWM sandwich layers on the dynamic energy absorption characteristics of EMWM/DS are respectively studied by associating the mechanical properties of EMWM/DS with the helix wires based on curved cantilever beam of variable length. The experimental observations show that by increasing the density of the EMWM sandwich layer or increasing the compression deformation, the energy dissipation characteristics of EMWM/DS can be effectively enhanced. The composite sandwich structures still have good compression resistance and energy dissipation characteristics at high temperatures with increased environmental temperature. On the other hand, the dynamic energy absorption performance of the EMWM/DS and the DSS via low-velocity impact (LVI) is evaluated. The experimental results show that the complete impact energy absorption, specific energy absorption, and impact energy loss rate of the EMWM/DS can be increased by more than 93% compared with the DSS under the low-velocity impact (0.5 m s−1–2 m s−1).

Trajectory Optimization of Hypersonic Periodic Cruise Using an Improved PSO Algorithm

Periodic cruise has the potential to improve the fuel-saving efficiency of hypersonic cruise vehicles but is difficult to optimize. In this paper, hypersonic periodic cruise trajectory is analyzed theoretically and optimized by an improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Firstly, through theoretical analysis, it is determined that the optimal throttle curve can be parameterized as a switching function. Considering the optimization direction of algorithm, a new penalty function for the constraints of periodic cruise is proposed. Then, PSO algorithm is improved and applied in periodic cruise trajectory optimization. Numerical results demonstrate that optimized periodic cruise trajectory costs less fuel compared with steady-state cruise trajectory, and without computing gradient information, the proposed method is also robust. Finally, the fuel-saving mechanism of periodic cruise is explored by comparing with steady-state cruise, which reveals that periodic cruise trajectory has higher impulse and lift-drag ratio, but lower mechanical energy loss rate.

Neutrino energy-loss rate in 331β model

We evaluate the stellar energy-loss rates [Formula: see text] due to the production of neutrino pair in 3-3-1 models. The energy loss rate [Formula: see text] is evaluated for different values of [Formula: see text] in which [Formula: see text] is a parameter used to define the charge operator in the 331 models. We show that the contribution of dipole moment to the energy loss rate is small compared to the contribution of new natural gauge boson [Formula: see text]. The correction [Formula: see text] compared with that of Standard Model is evaluated and do not exceed 14% and is highest with [Formula: see text]. Of all the evaluated models, model with [Formula: see text] give a relative large [Formula: see text] correction for the mass of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] GeV. This mass range is within the searching range for [Formula: see text] boson at LHC.

Numerical model of the spatio-temporal dynamics in a water strider group

The water strider group demonstrates a very complex dynamics consisting of competition for the food items, territoriality and aggression to the conspecific individuals, escaping from the predators, etc. The situation is even more complex due to the presence of different instars, which in most water strider species live in the same habitat and occupy the same niche. The presented swarm model of water striders demonstrates the realistic population dynamics. For the swarm formation in the model, attraction and repulsion forces were used. Animal motion in the model takes into account inertia and kinetic energy dissipation effects. The model includes three different rates related to the growth of individuals: food appearance rate, food assimilation rate, and stored energy loss rate. The results of our modeling show that the size distribution of individuals seems to be an adequate measure for population status, and it has a characteristic shape for different model parameter combinations. Distribution of the distances between nearest neighbors is other important measure of the population density and its dynamics. Parameters of the model can be tuned in such a way, that the shape of both distributions in a steady phase coincides with that shape observed in a natural population, which helps to understand the factors leading to particular momentary distribution of both parameters (size and distance) in the population. From this point of view, the model can predict how both distributions can further develop from certain state depending on particular combination of factors.

Statistical tests of young radio pulsars with/without supernova remnants: implying two origins of neutron stars

ABSTRACT The properties of the young pulsars and their relations to the supernova remnants (SNRs) have been the interesting topics. At present, 383 SNRs in the Milky Way Galaxy have been published, which are associated with 64 radio pulsars and 46 pulsars with high-energy emissions. However, we noticed that 630 young radio pulsars with the spin periods of less than half a second have been not yet observed the SNRs surrounding or nearby them, which arises a question of that could the two types of young radio pulsars with/without SNRs hold the distinctive characteristics? Here, we employ the statistical tests on the two groups of young radio pulsars with (52) and without (630) SNRs to reveal if they share the different origins. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (M–W–W) tests indicate that the two samples have the different distributions with parameters of spin period (P), derivative of spin period ($\dot{P}$), surface magnetic field strength (B), and energy loss rate ($\dot{E}$). Meanwhile, the cumulative number ratio between the pulsars with and without SNRs at the different spin-down ages decreases significantly after $\rm 10\!-\!20\, kyr$. So we propose that the existence of the two types of supernovae (SNe), corresponding to their SNR lifetimes, which can be roughly ascribed to the low- and high-energy SNe. Furthermore, the low-energy SNe may be formed from the $\rm 8\!-\!12\, M_{\odot }$ progenitor, e.g. possibly experiencing the electron capture, while the main-sequence stars of $\rm 12\!-\!25\, M_{\odot }$ may produce the high-energy SNe probably by the iron core collapse.

Energy based random repeat trust computation approach and Reliable Fuzzy and Heuristic Ant Colony mechanism for improving QoS in WSN

The furthermost important issues in WSN are to provide a multi-path and multi-constraint Qualify of Service (QoS) routing for uninterrupted communications between the nodes. On one hand, multi-constrained QoS routing deals with identifying paths that assure numerous autonomous QoS limitations, and on the other hand, multi-path refers to the identification of multiple paths. The EB-RRTC (Energy based random repeat trust computation) algorithm is employed for encountering trusted nodes with destination node. The proposed method also employs the Reliable Fuzzy and Heuristic Concurrent ACO (RF-HEACO) QoS Routing Protocol to improve QoS. The HEACO-RF QoS Routing Protocol includes two phases. In the first phase, the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is modified to identify a deposit of candidate routes among a pair of source and destination. While identifying the candidate routes along with the QoS metrics, heuristic factors and Reliable Fitness Functions are considered. In the second phase, the reliability technique is used to measure each path, and the paths with high reliability is selected by the ant agents using Fuzzy logic based on the metrics link stability, residual energy, and packet loss rate. Simulation outcomes prove that RF-HEACO QoS routing protocol can decrease the energy consumption and improve the packet delivery ratio, and packet loss rate with the minimum delay when compared with the techniques. In other words, our method is well capable of offering improved QoS (Quality of Service).

Oscillations in the extreme mass-ratio inspiral gravitational wave phase correction as a probe of a reflective boundary of the central black hole

We discuss the energy loss due to gravitational radiation of binaries composed of exotic objects whose horizon boundary conditions are replaced with reflective ones. Our focus is on the extreme mass-ratio inspirals, in which the central heavier black hole is replaced with an exotic compact object. We show, in this case, a modulation of the energy loss rate depending on the evolving orbital frequency occurs and leads to two different types of modifications to the gravitational wave phase evolution; the oscillating part directly corresponding to the modulation in the energy flux, and the non-oscillating part coming from the quadratic order in the modulation. This modification can be sufficiently large to detect with future space-borne detectors.

Modeling and Suppression of Eddy Current Loss for BAW Magnetoelectric Devices

The conductive magnetic film will produce eddy current loss when it works in a high-frequency band, which will reduce the performance of bulk acoustic wave magnetoelectric (BAW ME) devices. If the eddy current loss is not taken into account in the devices modeling, the models will be seriously distorted. Therefore, combining the Maxwell's equations with constitutive relations of ME material, we define the eddy current loss angle as a figure of merit to evaluate the eddy current loss. Then the models of eddy current loss rate of the potential energy and average radiated power are constructed, respectively. The finite element analysis is used to further validate the analytic model. In addition, the effect of isolation layers on eddy current suppression is studied by using the analytical model. The results show that the analytical solutions match with the numerical simulation results perfectly.

Segmental assessment of blood flow efficiency in the total cavopulmonary connection using four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging: vortical flow is associated with increased viscous energy loss rate.

AimsTo study flow-related energetics in multiple anatomical segments of the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) in Fontan patients from four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to study the relationship between adverse flow patterns and segment-specific energetics.Methods and resultsTwenty-six extracardiac Fontan patients underwent 4D flow MRI of the TCPC. A segmentation of the TCPC was automatically divided into five anatomical segments [conduit, superior vena cava (SVC), right/left pulmonary artery (LPA), and the Fontan confluence]. The presence of vortical flow in the pulmonary arteries or Fontan confluence was qualitatively scored. Kinetic energy (KE), viscous energy loss rate, and vorticity were calculated from the 4D flow MRI velocity field and normalized for segment length and/or inflow. Energetics were compared between segments and the relationship between vortical flow and segment cross-sectional area (CSA) with segment-specific energetics was determined. Vortical flow in the LPA (n = 6) and Fontan confluence (n = 12) were associated with significantly higher vorticity (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively) and viscous energy loss rate (P = 0.046 and P = 0.04, respectively) compared to patients without vortical flow. The LPA and conduit segments showed the highest KE and viscous energy loss rate, while most favourable energetics were observed in the SVC. Conduit CSA inversely correlated with KE (r = −0.614, P = 0.019) and viscous energy loss rate (r = −0.652, P = 0.011).ConclusionsVortical flow in the Fontan confluence and LPA associated with significantly increased viscous energy loss rate. Four-dimensional flow MRI-derived energetics may be used as a screening tool for direct, MRI-based assessment of flow efficiency in the TCPC.

The Ecology of Meat

The Ecology of Meat

Design of Secure Elastic Timer Protocol in IoT-Comparative Analysis

IoT is a most integral part of every day’s life where everyone has to access the real-time information that makes people lives much more convenient through a network of digitally connected devices. In the present age, IoT protocols are designed to operate in multiple layers that allows devices to communicate wherever security is of much concern. IoT is much vulnerable to attacks due to the decentralization. During Communication between devices over an IoT network, Synchronization and Security are the main concerns and failing so, devices may miss the messages, collide with other messages or waste the energy to get back in sync. Data Exchange through IoT requires synchronization of real time aspects with network model of Internet. For the execution of synchronized tasks, synchronization of clocks of IoT is of extreme importance to allow the sequential ordering of information. There are various research studies on synchronization approaches so far. Elastic Timer Protocol is proposed that is beneficial as compared to standard Time-Lay Clock synchronization technique in case of energy consumption and convergence time. This Paper introduces the Elastic Timer Protocol that uses RSA to ensure the security of a network that works in the better form in case of reduced Energy Consumption and convergence time. The Comparison of the proposed Elastic Timer Protocol in comparison with Time Lay clock synchronization is also presented in terms of various performance metrics like Energy Consumption, Delay, Throughput and Loss Rate of Packets. Moreover, the simulation results revealed that the proposed work in terms of performance metrics mentioned above, performs better with superior performance characteristics.

Vacuum radiation in z=2 Lifshitz QED

We discuss in this paper the vacuum Cherenkov radiation in the $z=2$ Lifshitz electrodynamics. The improved ultraviolet behavior, in terms of higher spatial derivatives, and the renormalizable couplings, due to the time-space anisotropic scaling, present in the Lifshitz setting are extremely important in fulfilling the physical constraints in order to this vacuum process to happen. We evaluate in details the instantaneous rate of energy loss for a charge, and also analyze the emission of very soft photons in this framework.