Energy Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Wireless Sensor for Oil Leakage Detection of Depots

This paper presents a low-power wireless sensor system scheme for monitoring aviation fuel leakage of depots. Based on MSP430 microcontroller and powered by a combination of lithium battery and solar energy, the system employs the photoionization detection (PID) technology to detect the oil leakage and wirelessly reports the detection results by CC2520 radio-frequency communication module. With a low-voltage PID integrated sensor and a specialized active gas-collecting device, the system can effectively measure the concentration of leakage in low power mode. Furthermore, an integrated temperature sensor is used to compensate environmental temperature influence on the PID sensor. The effectiveness analysis and power estimation of the system show that the proposed scheme is suitable for detecting aviation fuel leakage of depots.

Function-oriented design of conjugated carbonyl compound electrodes for high energy lithium batteries

Organic carbonyl compounds are potentially low-cost, sustainable, and high energy density electrode materials, but are plagued by unsatisfactory active-site utilization, low discharge potentials and low rate discharge–charge performance in battery applications. We herein disclose a function-oriented design of carbonyl compounds with multi-electron reactions as positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries, showing that molecular orbital profiles and energetics can be applied for the prediction of carbonyl utilization and modulation of redox potentials. By embedding pre-aromatic 1,2-dicarbonyl moieties in the extended conjugated systems, the desirable molecules integrate all known stabilizing factors and enable full four-Li uptake. Remarkably, two new carbonyl electrodes, pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, deliver a reversible capacity of 360 mA h g−1 and an average working potential of 2.74 V, respectively, providing insights in designing high-energy organic positive electrodes of lithium batteries for efficient energy storage and conversion.

Nano-Sized Lithium Manganese Phosphate/Carbon Nanotube Composites with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Lithium-Ion Batteries

ABSTRACTOlivine lithium manganese phosphate, LiMnPO4 is a promising cathode material for high energy and safe lithium ion batteries. However, LiMnPO4 possesses excessively poor electrochemical activity, compared to conventional cathode materials. To enhance the electrochemical activity, we have synthesized LiMnPO4/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites by employing an in-situ sol-gel method. The LiMnPO4/MWCNT composites were investigated by utilizing X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. The LiMnPO4 showed a particle size of ca. 50 nm and capacity of 102 mAh/g at 0.1 C without C.V. charging mode. This study demonstrated that the electrochemical activity of LiMnPO4 was significantly affected by not only pH and the amount of a chelating agent but also unreacted Mn2+. This is the first report analyzing the existence and effects of unreacted Mn2+ in LiMnPO4 synthesized by a sol-gel method.

Sulfur-Graphene Composite Synthesized from Solution Exchange Method for High Energy Lithium Battery

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Nanosheet-structured LiV3O8 with high capacity and excellent stability for high energy lithium batteries

Highly stable LiV3O8 with a nanosheet-structure was successfully prepared using polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer in the precursor solution as the structure modifying agent, followed by calcination in air at 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C. These materials provide the best electrochemical performance ever reported for LiV3O8 crystalline electrodes, with a specific discharge capacity of 260 mAh g−1 and no capacity fading over 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. The excellent cyclic stability and high specific discharge capacity of the material are attributed to the novel nanosheets structure formed in LiV3O8. These LiV3O8 nanosheets are good candidates for cathode materials for high-energy lithium battery applications.

Design of Aqueous Processed Thick LiFePO4 Composite Electrodes for High Energy Lithium Batteries

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Preparation and characterization of Li2CoMn3O8 thin film cathodes for high energy lithium batteries

An ion layer gas reaction (ILGAR) dip-coating process for the deposition of homogeneous spinel structured Li2CoMn3O8 thin layers has been developed. Thin film cathodes for use in high-energy density lithium batteries with thicknesses of about 200 nm have been prepared. The films were found to be X-ray amorphous after preparation. After annealing at 700°C in air for 2 h, the spinel structure of Li2CoMn3O8 was observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The composition of the surface was studied by XPS, which indicated enhanced Li and Mn concentrations as a result of the rinsing process and different solubilities of the precursor salts. The electrochemical behavior was investigated by separating the annealed electrode sample from a conventional organic lithium ion-conducting electrolyte by a layer of LiPON solid electrolyte and using elemental lithium as counter electrode. A capacity of 110.8 mAh/g was observed which is related to the valence changes of Mn and Co in the spinel structure.

Advanced Anode for High Energy and High Power Lithium Batteries

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Superior Electrode Performance of Nanostructured Mesoporous TiO2 (Anatase) through Efficient Hierarchical Mixed Conducting Networks

An optimized nanostructure design of electrode material for high power, high energy lithium batteries is realized. Highly Li-permeable materials are obtained by introducing hierarchical mixed conducting networks on both nanoscale and microscale levels (see figure). A mesoporous TiO2:RuO2 composite is selected as an example of this new design.

High energy lithium batteries by molecular wiring and targeting approaches

Three classes of p-type redox active molecules, i.e. triarylamine derivatives, phenothiazine/phenoxazine derivatives, and transition metal complexes are presented in this paper. Their structures, redox potentials and applications for molecular wiring and redox targeting of carbon-free insulating battery materials are discussed in detail.

The Structural Design of Electrode Materials for High Energy Lithium Batteries

Lithium batteries are used to power a diverse range of applications from small compact devices, such as smart cards and cellular telephones to large heavy duty devices such as uninterrupted power supply units and electric- and hybrid-electric vehicles. This paper briefly reviews the approaches to design advanced materials to replace the lithiated graphite and LiCoO{sub 2} electrodes that dominate today's lithium-ion batteries in order to increase their energy and safety. The technological advantages of lithium batteries are placed in the context of water-based- and high-temperature battery systems.

Stable solvates in solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfone)imide in glymes and other aprotic solvents: Phase diagrams, crystallography and Raman spectroscopyElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Crystallographic data (single crystal data) in cif format (CCDC reference number 184345). See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b2/b203776a/

Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfone)imide (LiTFSI), a promising electrolyte for high energy lithium batteries, forms several stable solvates having low melting points in aprotic solvents. In a previous study (D. Brouillette, G. Perron and J. E. Desnoyers, J. Solution Chem., 1998, 27, 151), it was suggested, based on thermodynamic studies, that such stable solvates may persist in solution and influence their properties. To verify this hypothesis, phase diagrams and Raman spectra have been measured for solutions of LiTFSI in acetonitrile, propylene carbonate and glymes (n(ethyleneglycol) dimethyl ether or Gn), which have the chemical structure CH3–O–(CH2–CH2–O)n–CH3 for n = 1 to 4 and 10. The relative intensities of the LiTFSI and solvent Raman bands are proportional to the concentration for systems without solvates. The systems for which stable solvates were identified in the phase diagram show important changes in the relative intensities for both the LiTFSI and the solvent Raman bands at concentrations corresponding to particular stoichiometries and support the conclusion that stable solvates are present in the solutions. The structure of the crystalline G1:LiTFSI solvate was determined by X-ray crystallography. Structures for (G2)2:LiTFSI and (G1)3:LiTFSI solvates are proposed.

Development of lithium batteries for energy storage and EV applications

The results of the Japanese national project of R&D on large-size lithium rechargeable batteries by Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES), as of fiscal year (FY) 2000 are reviewed. Based on the results of 10 Wh-class cell development in Phase I, the program of Phase II aims at further improvement of the performance of large-size cells and battery modules, and the formulation of roadmaps toward worldwide dissemination of large-size lithium secondary batteries. In addition to the above R&D programs, a new target was presented particularly for the near-term practical application of several kWh-class battery modules in FY 1998. For the large-size battery modules, two types of 2 and 3 kWh-class battery modules have been developed for stationary device and electric vehicle applications, respectively. The battery modules for both types have achieved most of the targets other than cycle life. Currently, further improvements in the cycle life of the cells themselves are being pursued. For this purpose, the materials for cathodes and anodes, the shapes and structures for batteries and the methods for cell connection are being re-investigated. The development of middle-size battery systems for mini-size electric vehicles (EVs), as well as for demand-side stationary device applications is under way. These battery systems have been fabricated and their fundamental performance confirmed. They are now being subjected to field tests.

Ion transport theory of nonaqueous electrolytes. LiClO 4 in γ-butyrolactone: the quasi lattice approach

As a part of a study on the optimisation of the electrolyte for high-density energy lithium batteries, transport properties of concentrated LiClO 4 solutions in γ-butyrolactone (BL) have been investigated. The effect of the salt concentration ( C) on the viscosity ( η) of BL solutions has been discussed in term of the Jones–Dole equation. At concentrations higher than 0.2 M, the molar conductivity ( Λ) of LiClO 4 solutions follow a C 1/3 cube root law which is predicted by the quasi lattice model first introduced by Gosh. In this model, the ions of the strong binary electrolyte are distributed in a lattice-like arrangement (fcc). The experimental value found for the slope of Λ vs. C 1/3 relation is in fair agreement with the calculated one. The effect of the temperature on the viscosity and the conductivity of electrolyte solutions have been examined. These two transport processes are well described by Arrhenius type laws from which the activation energies for the viscosity E a η and conductivity E a Λ are deduced. The variations of E a η and E a Λ with salt concentration are respectively dependent on C and C 4/3 as predicted by the quasi lattice model.

00/03437 Synthesis of power system load profiles by class load study

The Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES) has been conducting R&D on large-scale lithium secondary batteries for use in electric vehicles and home-use load leveling systems as part of the New Sunshine Program by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) under a contract with the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) since FY 1992. The R&D by LIBES, which is in Phase 2, has developed several hundred Wh class prototype cells of 4 types and 2 or 3 kWh class modules of each type connecting those cells in series. At the same time, LIBES member companies are conducting studies on supporting technologies for the above R&D, on the evaluation test, and on next-generation lithium secondary battery technology development. Here we describe the current results and status of LIBES's R&D as well as those technological aspects.

D112 リチウム二次電池の熱シミュレーション

Small-scale lithium-ion batteries have been widely used for portable equipment because of their high energy and power densities. Realization of large-scale lithium secondary batteries is expected for their applications to electric vehicles and stationary electric energy storage. So that, since 1992 in the "New Sunshine Program", the R & D of the technologies for distributed electric energy storage is going on and two types of lithium secondary batteries are being developed. One of important issues is clarifying thermal behaviors of the batteries, because the battery temperature affects the performance, the reliability and the safety of batteries. A joint research on thermal simulation technology for lithium secondary batteries between Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL) and Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES) has been carried out since 1994^1). This paper describes the research results obtained in ETL and three commission companies to LIBES.

Development of lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries for electric vehicle and home-use load leveling system application

Since 1992 the Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES) has been conducting a 10-year research and development project, ‘Development of the Dispersed-type Battery Energy Storage Technology’, on two types of batteries, an electric vehicle (EV) application type and a stationary type for a home-use energy storage system for load leveling. After the first interim evaluation in 1995, the work load of the battery developers in LIBES was divided into the following two groups: one is the group for the development of large-scale cells and battery modules with four approaches; and the other is the group for the development of next-generation battery technologies including lithium polymer battery technology. The aim of the research and development of lithium polymer battery technology in LIBES is to develop the solid-state lithium polymer battery using carbon material as the anode. Our laboratory has developed and improved a random copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (SPE(B)) as one of the candidate polymer electrolytes.

Development of lithium secondary batteries for electric vehicles and home-use load leveling systems

The Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES) has been conducting R&D on large-scale lithium secondary batteries for use in electric vehicles and home-use load leveling systems as part of the New Sunshine Program by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) under a contract with the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) since FY 1992. The R&D by LIBES, which is in Phase 2, has developed several hundred Wh class prototype cells of 4 types and 2 or 3 kWh class modules of each type connecting those cells in series. At the same time, LIBES member companies are conducting studies on supporting technologies for the above R&D, on the evaluation test, and on next-generation lithium secondary battery technology development. Here we describe the current results and status of LIBES's R&D as well as those technological aspects.

Effect of viscosity and volume on the specific conductivity of lithium salts in solvent mixtures

As part of a study on the optimization of the electrolyte for high energy lithium batteries, the conductivity, viscosity and density of LiAsF 6, LiBr, and LiClO 4 were measured in aprotic solvent mixtures. The conductivity of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfone)imide (LiTFSI) was also obtained in a large number of mixed aprotic solvents. The solvents were chosen to verify the effect of various parameters such as viscosity, permittivity, volume, acceptor number and donor number on the conductivity. These results were used to develop a simple model for excess conductivities based on the viscosity and volume of the pure solvents. Without adjustable parameters, this model predicts the correct sign of the excess conductivities in ≈90% of the cases and the magnitude of the conductivity of the ternary mixtures within an average of 15%. Deviations from the predictions are mostly observed with solvents of low permittivity and this supports the hypothesis that a different conduction mechanism is in operation at high concentration in these solvents, and the solvating power of these solvents plays an important role in this mechanism.

Lithium secondary batteries in Japan

The Lithium Battery Energy Storage Technology Research Association (LIBES) conducts research and development on ‘Dispersed Battery Energy Storage Technology’ of the New Sun-Shine Program of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). This national project is being carried out based on the contract with New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). This R&D project for ten years with the budget of approximately Y14 billion has been started in the fiscal year 1992, and includes: (i) R&D of 20–30 kWh class high-performance ambient-temperature lithium secondary batteries, and (ii) study on the total system of lithium-battery application technology. This paper describes the project and current research activities.