Energy Intensity Of Production Research Articles

STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BINDER OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF BENEFICIATION WASTE OF THE MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT

The introduction of active mineral additives into cement makes it possible to obtain concrete with high physical, mechanical and operational characteristics, namely, they increase the density, water resistance, frost, sulfate, alkali resistance and salt resistance of concretes and mortars, while reducing the consumption of clinker cement. The scale of construction of facilities using cement concrete is growing every year, which raises the question of reducing the consumption of clinker cement, due to the high energy intensity of production using active mineral additives. The use of active mineral additives in the form of waste from enrichment has high economic and environmental significance. The article examines the ways of using waste tailings of polymetallic ore enrichment in cement as a complex modified binder with an active mineral additive. To select the optimal ratio of silica and Balkhash GOK enrichment waste, their pozzolan activity was determined, which is 3.8-4 times higher for silica than for BGOK waste. The pozzolan activity of Balkhash GOK enrichment waste 16 hours after mixing with lime solution is 24 mg/g, and microsilicon is 114 mg/g. The pozzolan activity of a complex mineral additive for cements consisting of 60% of Balkhash GOK enrichment waste and 40% of microsilicon is 48 mg/g. The introduction of 40% silica into the Balkhash GOK enrichment waste increases the pozzolan activity of the complex additive by 2 times. This made it possible to obtain a modified binder using a complex mineral additive of up to 20%.

НАИЛУЧШИЕ ДОСТУПНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЧЕРЕЗ ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ И РЕСУРСНОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ

At the macro level, sustainable development, environmental issues, resource efficiency, energy security and decarbonisation are interrelated concepts and often interrelated policies and sets of measures. At the micro level, there is a direct link between resource consumption, energy intensity of products (technologies, processes) and negative environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, energy transition and decarbonization may in some cases conflict with energy security, and specific policies are needed to reconcile them. The Best Available Techniques (BAT) system can be seen as a comprehensive tool that combines environmental and industrial policy. The BAT mechanism goes beyond environmental regulation and promotes technological upgrading for competitiveness and sustainability. BAT is in line with the climate doctrine and the socio-economic development strategy of low greenhouse gas emissions. BAT indicators can serve as a metric for evaluating green projects, providing transparency and a common language for regulators and businesses. It could also involve extending the use of BAT for these purposes to second-tier and small and medium-sized enterprises, and generally positioning BAT as a key element of Russia's environmental, social and governance (ESG) infrastructure. In general, it is a universal and effective tool for solving pressing environmental and economic problems at both micro and macro levels.

REGIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS BASED ON ESCOs: FEATURES OF CREATION AND APPLICATION

Excessive consumption and inefficient use of fuel and energy resources, unsatisfactorily high energy intensity of production of goods and services and their associated low competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets, in the context of a shortage of own energy resources and constant growth of prices for them, puts the problem of improving energy efficiency and energy saving of the regional and, as a result, national economy in the category of primary importance and relevance. The solution to this problem is achieved by creating a regional energy management system in regions (districts) on the platform of regional energy service companies, which allows, through a unified energy policy for the development and implementation of energy efficiency and energy saving projects in the region and the introduction of renewable energy sources, to more effectively address the problems of attracting foreign investment in the recovery and innovative development of the regional economy.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ENTERPRISES AND BRANCHES OF THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY OF THE UKRAINIAN

Topicality. Today, the technological level of enterprises and branches of the processing industry is the main factor in the economic development of the country's economy, as it determines the level of material and energy intensity of production, labour productivity, investment attractiveness, competitiveness of the state and living standards of the population. A lot of scientific research by foreign and domestic scholars has been devoted to assessing the technological level of enterprises and industries. Assessment of the technological level of enterprises and industries based on the indicator «share of expenditures on R&D in gross value added» does not provide a comprehensive assessment, since the technological level is determined by many factors.Aim and tasks. To carry out a comprehensive assessment of the technological level of enterprises and branches of the processing industry of Ukraine based on indicators of output, gross value added, employment and labour productivity.Materials and methods. General scientific and special research methods were used in the study: comparison, generalisation, synthesis, system analysis, logical and dialectical analysis, etc. The information base of the study includes monographs, special literature, information and analytical materials, domestic and foreign periodicals, and data from the State Statistics Committee.Research results. In assessing the technological level of enterprises and industries in the manufacturing industry, the most widely recognised approach is based on the indicator «share of expenditures on R&D in gross value added» has proposed a classification of manufacturing industries. Along with the indicator, it is proposed to use other indicators of the technological level of enterprises and industries, since the level of knowledge intensity is only one of the factors that determine the technological level. In addition, this indicator has disadvantages compared to the "intangible assets" indicator, as it reflects the level of research and development expenditures for the year, while intangible assets are the total research and development expenditures for the entire previous period. Accordingly, this indicator is more likely to be determined by the technological level of manufacturing industries. The technological level of enterprises and industries also depends on the amount of fixed assets per employee, the level of employees' qualifications, the level of production and management organisation, and other factors.The article considers two methodological approaches to assessment of the technological level of the processing industry: resource and result-based. The first approach assesses the technological level of the manufacturing industry based on the availability of various types of resources: intangible assets, fixed assets, level of education and qualification of employees, level of production and management organisation, etc. The second approach assesses the technological level of manufacturing industries based on performance indicators, such as output, gross value added, employment, and labour productivity. Assessment of the technological level of industries based on performance indicators is more adequate.In 2013-2020, the share of machine building and the high-tech sector in gross value added decreased from 25.7% to 15.8% and from 35.6% to 24.6%, respectively, while the share of the low-tech sector (low-tech and medium-tech industries) increased from 64.4% to 75.4%. The leading manufacturing industry in gross value added was food production, with a share of 23-25%, which is a low-tech industry. The share of metallurgical production (a medium-low-tech industry) was more than 10%. Between 2013 and 2020, the share of machine building and the high-tech sector in manufacturing employment decreased from 24.0% to 20.6% and from 30.7% to 27.2%, respectively, while the share of the low-tech sector increased from 69.3% to 72.8%. The manufacturing sector with the highest employment rate was food production, which increased from 19% to 21.3%.An analysis of labour productivity in manufacturing industries revealed an anomaly. The production of tobacco products (a low-tech industry) and the production of coke and petroleum products (a medium-low-tech industry) are significantly ahead of high-tech industries in terms of labour productivity. Between 2013 and 2020, labour productivity in high-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing industries decreased from USD 66.7 thousand (purchasing power parity, constant 2017 prices in thousands of international dollars) to USD 50.1 thousand and from USD 42.0 thousand to USD 37.5 thousand, respectively. And in medium- and low-tech industries, it increased from USD 37.8 thousand to USD 52.8 thousand and from USD 39.5 thousand to USD 41.5 thousand. Thus, there was an inversion: while medium-low-tech industries had the lowest labour productivity in 2013 ($37.8 thousand), in 2020 they had the highest labour productivity ($52.8 thousand).Conclusion. A comprehensive assessment of the technological level of enterprises and branches of the processing industry of Ukraine is carried out on the basis of indicators of output, gross value added, employment and labour productivity. The results obtained show that in 2013-2020, Ukraine continued the process of deindustrialisation of the country's economy and a decrease in the technological level of the processing industry.

ENERGY INTENSITY OF THE POLISH AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN THE LIGHT OF INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES

The purpose of this paper is to assess the energy intensity of production in the Polish agri-food (agribusiness) sector, split into agriculture, food industry and supply subsectors, in the light of input-output tables. The study relies on input-output tables and physical energy flow accounts. Energy plays a key role in today’s society as it affects economic growth and the standards of living, while also being at the core of international conflicts, mainly caused by its limited resources. Compared to other sectors, agribusiness demonstrates particularly high levels of energy consumption. Agriculture, which is part of it, has a large share in the consumption of fuels derived from crude oil. This paper presents the consumption of energy in each of the four aggregates of agribusiness, as well as their GDP (in PPS) and energy consumption mix (split into 6groups of energy carriers). The authors found that between2014 and2019, energy consumption in the agribusiness industry increased by ca.9% and was accompanied by ca.8% growth in GDP. The sector’s energy intensity was half more than the average level for the economy as a whole, and remained at ca.5.6TJ per EUR1million of GDP in PPS. Only the food industry was at a level of energy efficiency similar to that of the economy as a whole, whereas the agricultural supply subsector was the only one to demonstrate lower levels. Both the economy as a whole and the agribusiness sector clearly tend to reduce the share of coal and related products in the energy mix.

Electrochemical separation of sulfuric acid from magnesium sulfate solutions: Application for nickel laterite processing

Nickel has wide range of applications, and its production is expanding to meet the growing demand especially for energy storage applications. Hydrometallurgical nickel extraction from laterite ores requires a significant amount of sulfuric acid, primarily due to acid-consuming minerals such as magnesium silicates. The reaction of acid and magnesium silicates results in magnesium sulfate waste solution which is an environmental liability. Electrochemical separation can be used to produce acid from these waste solutions which can be reused on-site to increase nickel recovery from the resource. In addition, the generated magnesium hydroxide can be used for carbon capture or as a precipitant in the nickel process. In this work, a single membrane electrolyser was used to convert magnesium sulfate solutions into sulfuric acid and a magnesium hydroxide precipitate. The performance of the electrolyser was evaluated in terms of faradaic efficiency, acid production energy intensity, current density and sulfate recovery extent. This evaluation involved varying the electrolyser potential as well as the initial concentrations of catholyte and anolyte. The results indicated that when starting with a MgSO4 concentration of 1 M or lower and applying a 4 V electrolyser potential, 90 % faradaic efficiency can be maintained up to an anolyte concentration of 0.16 M H2SO4. Higher voltages, concentrations and conductivities across the anolyte and catholyte has a detrimental impact on the faradaic efficiency due to water splitting. High electrolyser potential enhances sulfate transport but also results in excessive Mg(OH)2 precipitation, which scales the cathode; an operational challenge that will need to be managed. Sulfate recovery ranged between 43 and 49 % after 4 h when testing initial anolyte concentrations of 0.1 and 0 M, with an average energy intensity of 2.94 and 4.44 kWh/kg-H2SO4, respectively.

Economic assessment of investment projects of energy-saving technologies

The article examines the influence of the conditions for the implementation of investment projects on the level of energy consumption of industrial enterprises, as well as the amount of economic benefits received in production, and proposes an economic assessment of the efficiency of iron ore products. As an economic criterion for assessing the effectiveness of energy-saving measures, indicators were calculated that reflect the price of energy saving in relation to investment and operating costs. The practice of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of investment projects to reduce the energy intensity of production shows that in the process of their control and operational management, priority should be given to natural indicators, and at the current stage of long-term planning – to cost indicators. An improved methodology for assessing the implementation of energy-saving technical solutions based on natural indicators is proposed. To do this, it is necessary to express the volume of production of natural units directly as a function f of the total amount of energy consumed in production (direct and embodied) and calculate the additional volume of production that can be obtained from saved energy resources during the implementation of the project, as well as the additional volume of production obtained in the basic version due to additional investments. The «given» volumes of industrial production are compared with each other. The criterion for evaluating energy saving measures using natural indicators is the minimum value of total energy costs according to the option, per unit of the given production volume. The economic assessment of energy-saving technologies is based on the calculation of changes (savings) in the following indicators: direct costs, integral costs and integral effect, calculated on the basis of indicators characterizing the amount of total energy resource savings in relation to investment and operating costs. In turn, this makes it possible to calculate the minimum volumes of energy resource savings required to ensure the effectiveness of an investment project at a given energy tariff.

The effect of crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on economic and energy efficiency indicators when cultivating winter wheat in the Central Blackearth region

Economic efficiency is an integral method of analyzing agricultural technologies, especially against the rising prices for plant protection products, seeds, fertilizers, and fuels and lubricants. Identification and implementation of the most effective methods of field crops, growing using crop rotation and fertilizers remains an urgent task. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of crop rotations and doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity of winter wheat grain, to analyze the economic and energy efficiency of its cultivation in the conditions of the Central Blackearth region. The study was carried out in the conditions of the experimental field of the Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center in 2016, 2020. The soil of the experimental plot was typical medium-loamy, medium-humus blackearth (chernozem). The experimental scheme included such factors as grain-fallow-row crop, grain-grass-row crop, and grain-grass rotations; with doses of fertilizers or without fertilizers, N20P40K40 and N40P80K80. The weather conditions for the rotations of the studied crop rotations differed slightly. As a result of the study, there was found that winter wheat grain productivity in grain-grass and grain-grass-row crop rotations was 17.2 and 13.8 % lower than in grain-fallow-row crop rotation. When applying mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P80K80, the largest winter wheat productivity was 4.52 t/ha. The lowest cost of grain was established in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, which varied from 4.68 to 5.04 thousand rubles/t due to higher yields compared to other studied crop rotations and with a dose of N20P40K40 (4.68, 4.80 and 4.97 thousand rubles/t, respectively for crop rotations). A higher level of profitability of 113.7 % was observed in grain-fallow-row crop rotation with a dose of mineral fertilizers N20P40K40, a dose of N40P80K80 not allowing obtaining a high payback of fertilizers. The energy intensity of production increased with increasing doses of applied fertilizers; its minimum values were determined in grain-fallow-row crop rotation (1.35–2.77 GJ/t). Energy efficiency coefficients when applying a dose of N20P40K40 in crop rotations were higher than when applying N40P80K80.

ОЦЕНКА ПРОЧНОСТИ ОБРАЗЦОВ ИЗ ПЕРЛИТОЦЕМЕНТНОЙ СУХОЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ СМЕСИ

The article presents an analysis of the production and application of dry mixes in construction. Today it is already impossible to imagine both new construction and reconstruction or repair of buildings without the use of modified dry mixes. This increases the manufacturability of con-struction processes, reduces their cost and energy intensity of production. The composition of warm plaster has been developed and the strength of samples from perlite cement dry construc-tion mix has been evaluated

UKRAINIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR: ECONOMIC CHALLENGES, THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Goal. The article is devoted to highlighting the state of Ukrainian entrepreneurship in the conditions of war through the prism of defining economic challenges, threats and opportunities. Method. To achieve the goal of the research, general scientific and special methods of cognition were used. In the work, methods of analysis and synthesis were applied in assessing the state of entrepreneurship in Ukraine; grouping, comparison and generalization when analyzing existing initiatives to support entrepreneurship in wartime; methods of graphical and tabular display of research results. Results. The state of entrepreneurship in Ukraine is defined and the main directions of business entities' activities in the pre-war period are indicated. The consequences of the impact of the war are characterized, in particular, regarding changes in the quantitative composition of active business entities and the results of their work in the conditions of a full-scale war. The main threats and problems of the modern development of entrepreneurship are highlighted. Scientific novelty. Using a systematic approach in evaluating existing initiatives to support Ukrainian entrepreneurship in the conditions of martial law, it is proposed to use a comprehensive approach in finding optimal ways to minimize and overcome existing problems and to determine priority measures for the restoration of business activity of business entities, their adaptation to atypical conditions and effective development in the post-war period. Practical significance. It is noted that a number of separate initiatives at the level of regional state administrations and city councils, which complement state programs, have been developed and implemented to support the development of Ukrainian entrepreneurship in wartime conditions. It was determined that donor support and initiatives of private companies and foundations are no less important in terms of scope and value. In general, entrepreneurship support should be implemented comprehensively, because a quick positive effect can be achieved only by implementing various measures and combining the efforts of individual support groups (state, local, donor and private). In general, it is determined that new programs aimed at supporting the revival of business activity of business entities should stimulate them to implement more innovative and sustainable practices that cover the principles of circular and green economy, reducing the energy intensity of production and promoting cooperation.

The effect of microbiological and mineral fertilizers on the productivity of fodder crop rotation and the fertility of sod-podzolic soil

Relevance. For the first time, new biofertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite in combination with mineral and organic fertilizers were studied on sod-podzolic soil (83% of the arable area) in the conditions of the Novgorod region in the fodder crop rotation. The study of the influence of the methods of using microbiological fertilizers together with mineral and organic fertilizers in the developed crop rotation is relevant.Methods. Studies for 2019–2022 in the fodder crop rotation according to the 2 × 4 scheme were carried out on sod-podzolic soil underlain by clays. We studied three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (F) — (factor B) on two backgrounds of complete mineral fertilizer (factor A), affecting the yield and nutritional value of crops in crop rotation.Results. Application in technological operations (twice) azotovite and phosphatovite (pickling of seed material at 2 l/t and non-root spraying in the phases of plant formation at a height of up to 30 cm, 1 l/ha of each preparation) together with mineral fertilizers for the estimated yield ensured the productivity of the phytomass of the vico-oat mixture of 35 t/ha with high nutritional value: collection of dry matter (SV) — 11.0 t/ha, digestible protein — 0.83 t/ha, exchange energy — 32.0 GJ/ha. The use of this technology provided for the rotation of crop rotation high nutritional value of feed from 1 ha of digestible protein — 0.45 t, exchange energy — 33.0 GJ, SV — 5.3 t with a low energy intensity of production thousand tons of units 2.6 GJ and an increase in the energy potential of the soil for crop rotation by more than 35 GJ/ha.

Study of the Influence of Hydrothermal Treatment Parameters on the Properties of Lightweight Silicate Bricks Using Aluminosilicate Microspheres and Substandard Clay Rocks

This article investigates the influence of various parameters of hydrothermal treatment on the properties of lightweight silicate bricks obtained using substandard clay raw materials, construction lime and aluminosilicate microspheres. It was found that it is possible to obtain products with the required performance characteristics at a minimum hydrothermal treatment pressure of 0.2 MPa. With an increase in pressure to 0.4 MPa, it is possible to reduce the time of isothermal exposure while maintaining the required properties, which helps to reduce the energy intensity of production. The optimal amount of CaO depends on the specific parameters of hydrothermal treatment. So in order to achieve maximum strength indicators, the content of CaO is 10 wt. % at a pressure of 0.2 MPa and 15 wt. % at a pressure of 0.4 MPa, respectively. The addition of aluminosilicate microspheres makes it possible to significantly reduce the average density and obtain a lightweight silicate brick with this indicator from 930 to 1610 kg /m3. The rational time of isothermal exposure, ensuring the formation of a cementing compound of optimal composition, and as a result, obtaining a material with high physical and mechanical properties at a pressure of 0.2 MPa is 8 hours, and at a pressure of 0.4 MPa is 6 hours. Mathematical models are proposed for the selection and optimization of lightweight silicate brick compositions based on construction lime, substandard clay rocks and aluminosilicate microspheres.

METHODS AND MODELS OF COMPLEX-BALANCED VIRTUAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Energy management systems are one of the most powerful and widespread tools for solving problems of increasing the efficiency of energy use, reducing the energy intensity of production and, as a result, increasing the competitiveness of any country's economy. Among the priority tasks of energy management, one of the key ones is the minimization of the negative consequences of the impact of energy-intensive technological systems on the environment and the satisfaction of consumer demands for the quality of energy supply. This requires the energy management systems of the organization and the procurement of equipment and services for the effective transformation, distribution and use of energy, taking into account economic, energy and environmental (3-E) restrictions. At the same time, tasks related to operational management of energy supply processes for consumers in real time are becoming more and more relevant. For a comprehensive, eco-balanced solution to these problematic tasks, this work proposes to use virtual energy management systems that implement closed cycles of energy management. This required the solution of such tasks as conducting a comparative analysis of methods and mechanisms for increasing 3-E efficiency due to the implementation of a comprehensively balanced energy management system, building and structuring multi-level management systems, developing theoretical principles for coordinating the interaction of their elements. The implementation of these tasks within the framework of a comprehensively balanced system of virtual energy management is carried out on the basis of information and communication technologies, which are used by system operators to monitor, control and optimize the parameters of the business activities of the organization (company), including those related to the actions of personnel for managing work modes technological and auxiliary equipment in real time. In general, this study systematizes the main directions, methods and models of organizing virtual complex-balanced energy management systems and offers conceptual solutions for building such systems.

Institutionalization of ESG-principles at the international level and in the Russian Federation, their impact on ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Part 1

The idea of ESG (Environmental – Social – Governance) is based on the concept of sustainable development and represents a fundamentally new approach to making business, characterized by the involvement of companies in solving environmental, social and management problems. Despite the fact that at the international level, the formation of an institutional framework in the field of ESG was initiated 74 years ago, in our country this process was launched only in 1996 with the adoption of the Concept for the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development. Ratification by Russia of a number of international documents – the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Paris Agreement on Climate (2015) and the active promotion climate policy by most countries of the world aimed at preserving ozone in the atmosphere layer, necessitated the institutionalization of ESG principles at the national level. The activation of this process took place in 2020 and by mid-2021, the national framework in the field of ESG was created. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy. The discrepancy of ferrous metallurgy enterprises with the ESG criteria, as well as the high carbon and energy intensity of the products of this industry, in the future may cause the loss of sales markets and disruption of sustainable development. The stages of institutionalization of ESG principles at the international level and in the Russian Federation are considered. The necessity of reducing the carbon intensity and energy intensity of ferrous metallurgy products is substantiated in connection with the emerging global trend – the transition of most countries of the world to a low-carbon economy due to the gradual abandonment of coal energy and the gradual cessation of «inefficient» subsidizing of fossil fuels.

Classification of Types of Energy Efficiency Management of Modern Enterprises

The subject of the study is the content of the energy efficiency management process of the enterprise. In accordance with the proposed approach, energy efficiency management is a complex of consistently implemented functions of analysis, planning, organization, motivation, control and evaluation of the actual effectiveness of measures to reduce the level of energy intensity of production and other activities, formed taking into account the requirements and capabilities determined by formal institutions, and focused on ensuring stable growth of financial and economic and social efficiency of the enterprise. The object of the study is the classification of types of energy efficiency management of the company. The research methods are a critical analysis of the specialized literature on energy efficiency, the synthesis of various scientific and methodological approaches, the study of time series. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author supplemented the classification of types of energy efficiency management of the enterprise according to such criteria as the time factor, the degree of centralization of management, sources of financing, the involvement of external practices and third-party consultants, the degree of validity of management activities. The classification supplemented by us allows us to determine the type of energy saving management depending on the goals and objectives of the long-term financial, economic and social development of the enterprise itself, the available resource base, the available human resources of the engineering and energy profile, the state and likely trends of changes in the fuel and energy market, primarily individual tariffs for energy resources and other factors. All other things being equal, the most potentially financial and socially effective is the management of the energy efficiency of the enterprise, which is justified on the basis of a set of modern econometric models, is centralized, carried out at the expense of its own sources of financing, is appropriately balanced in strategic, tactical and operational management sections.

Improving reliability of power supply facilities in agro-industrial sector

The analysis of energy efficiency of territorial network organization (TNO) of the Ministry of Energy and agricultural company (AC) with renewable energy source (RES) on the balance of TNO or AC was carried out. It is shown that when evaluating the energy efficiency of technical facilities, it is possible to use the efficiency factor, and when evaluating the technologies of product manufacturing, the energy intensity of product manufacturing can be used. If RES is on the balance of TNO, the efficiency of TNO is determined by the additional gross income (GI) received from the electric power (EP) sales of RES and the reduction of EP losses in its transmission line (PL) of the centralized power supply system (CPSS). AC buys all the necessary EP, for agricultural production (AP), from TNO. If the RES is on AC balance sheet, the TNO efficiency is determined only by the reduction of EP losses transmitted through the CPSS PL. In this case, TNO loses part of the gross income from the reduction of the amount of EP purchased by AC, by the amount of EP produced by RES. The energy efficiency of agricultural production (AP) in AC increases because the energy intensity of AP production is reduced by the EP additionally received from RES.

Optimal ratio of spectrum, light intensity and photoperiod to minimize costs when growing microgreens

The paper considers the influence of spectrum and light intensity/photoperiod ratio on the energy intensity of production and financial costs of consumed electricity. This influence is caused not only by the yield obtained, but also by the different energy efficiency of lightemitting diodes of different spectrum and the price of electricity at different hours of the day. Considering the influence of the spectrum, it was found that the costs decrease with increasing the proportion of red light for all microgreen varieties under consideration. Laboratory studies were carried out on microgreens of cabbage of the “Mitsuna” variety and radish of the “Octave” variety. A long photoperiod at low intensity is better than a short photoperiod and high light intensity in terms of energy and financial efficiency. Combining the results on dry weight as a quality indicator, energy consumption and financial cost per fresh weight, we consider a lighting system with parameters B:R:FR=29:58:13%, PPFD= 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 / 16 h as the preferred option for growing microgreens.

Відновлювані джерела енергії й інші базові компоненти зростання енергоефективності та енергонезалежності

The article examines the current state of state policy in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency, prospects for further implementation of energy-saving technologies, taking into account national and world experience. Attention is focused on the fact that renewable energy sources can be considered as basic elements of energy efficiency of separate sectors of the economy and energy independence of the state as a whole. This is facilitated by the constant growth of humanity's energy needs, the lack of fossil fuel and energy resources, their depletion, as well as the introduction of modern trends in the development of industries. The state policy of Ukraine for the coming years, enshrined in a number of legislative and regulatory acts, envisages comprehensive support and development of the sphere of energy conservation, reduction of harmful anthropogenic impact on ecology, reduction of energy intensity of products. Ukraine has significant potential for energy saving and is gradually increasing efforts to improve the energy efficiency of separate industry of the economy and the energy independence of the state as a whole. In particular, in the field of architecture and urban planning, measures to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and constructions, through the use of renewable energy sources and the creation and implementation of modern automatic control systems for engineering subsystems in general life support systems, seem quite promising. In order to inherit the considerable previous scientific experience, the latest research and publications on this topic were analyzed. Prospective renewable energy sources, methods for determining their energy potential, regions and methods of practical use in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and constructions, as well as options for improving existing and creating new modern automatic control systems have been identified. Ways of further scientific research are planned.

Information support for managing energy-saving technological changes at enterprises

Increasing the scale and speed of energy-saving technological changes requires improving the information support for the process of managing such changes. This, in turn, necessitates the establishment of a comprehensive composition and detailing the structure of the array of information that is necessary for the adoption and implementation of decisions on the implementation of energy-saving technological processes at enterprises. The purpose of this study is to find ways to improve the information support for the process of managing energy-saving technological changes at enterprises. The composition of the information necessary for such management is established, blocks of primary, intermediate, secondary, and final information are allocated. Relationships between these blocks have been identified. There are three main indicators for assessing the level of information support for the process of managing energy-saving technological changes at enterprises, namely: the level of information support of secondary information required for such management; the level of completeness of data required for the management of energy-saving technological changes; the level of use of optimization calculations in processing secondary information. It is proved that the listed indicators significantly affect the efficiency of natural gas use by the studied Ukrainian enterprises. In most of these enterprises, significant reserves have been identified for improving the information support for the process of managing the implementation of technological changes aimed at saving natural gas. The implementation of these reserves will significantly reduce the energy intensity of products manufactured by the studied enterprises.

Analysis of Available Data and Estimation of Energy Supply of Mechanical Processing

The issue of energy efficiency of machining processes has been the focus of attention for the last 50 years. This is due to the fact that in comparison with other industries, metallurgy and mechanical engineering are characterized by a high level of energy intensity of products. Analysis of available in the literature indicators of energy costs of processing processes and determination of consistent data from these indicators. Establishing an analytical relationship between the grinding energy and the energy required for melting the finishing material. It is determined that the cutting energy of the material during chip for­mation is close to the energy required for melting the metal, and the excess amount of spent grinding energy is spent on friction between the chips and the grinding wheel. It is shown that in the literature there are data on the energy consumption of different treatments: turning - 2 kJ/cm3, milling - 9 kJ/cm3, grinding - 60 kJ/cm3, electrospark treatment - 3000 kJ/cm3. At the same time, the specific energy consumption of steel grinding is 60 kJ/cm3. And the specific heat of fusion of steel is 0.64 kJ/cm3. As a result, 100 times more heat is pumped into the steel during grinding than is needed to melt it. That is, there is a contradiction. To find ways to resolve this contradiction, it is more accurate to estimate the specific energy consumption of diamond-abrasive machining of superhard materials through additional consideration, in addition to productivity and effective machining power, wear of the working layer of the wheel.