Energy Intake In Men Research Articles

The Influence of Dietary Habits on Somatic Development of Youth and Obesity Risk

P-217 Introduction: Slovak republic belongs to countries with the average level of obesity prevalence. According to surveys 23% men and 22% women suffer from obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the children′s population is 16.5%, in youth 12% and it is having an increasing trend. This is due to quantitatively immoderate and unbalanced diet, bad nutritional regimen and disproportion between energy intake and expenditure. Methods: The examined sample comprised 456 university students, 194 men and 262 women (average age 22.47 ± 1.26). Apart from BMI, WHR and % of body fat examinations the energy balance (comparing 24 hours energy intake and expenditure) and dietary regimen were determined in students. The frequency of selected food consumption was assessed by 7-day record. Results: The average values of anthropometric determinants in men and women are in the limits of recommendation. The higher BMI was in 12.3% individuals, the elevated percentage of body fat was in 20.2% individuals. Markedly obese individuals didn′t occur in our sample. The average energy intake in men was 12.59 ± 3.00 MJ, in women 10.49 ± 8.19 MJ (p<0.01); the average energy expenditure in men was 11.23± 2.56 MJ, in women 10.78± 2.02 MJ. Energy balance was positive in 70.1% men and 32% women (p<0.001). Physical activity was insufficient in 55% students. The proportion of proteins (13%) and fat (38%) on energy intake of men was high, the higher proportion of saccharosis (12%) was in women. The content of hidden fat was especially excessive in the university students′ diet (70% from total fat content), which is the result of the bad diet composition. Meat products, for instance, comprise 46% of the total 7-day meat consumption (43% in the diet of women). The consumption of mayonnaise salads, fast food, soft drinks with sugar and candies in women has been also undesirably high. On the contrary the fish (1/3 of the recommended amount), legumes and vegetable, in women also milk consumption has been observed low. Students eat irregularly, 50% don′t eat breakfast at all (especially women), 35% is having lunch sporadically, but 82% have always dinner in the evening (especially men). The inverse relationship between BMI (in fact % of body fat) and energy intake has been observed by correlation analysis. It was confirmed, that individuals with higher body weight have the tendency to underestimate the amount of consumed food. Conclusion: From the standpoint of obesity and health complications prevention it will be necessary to give higher attention especially to risky elements found out in dietary behaviour.

Effects of exercise intensity on food intake and appetite in women

Increasing exercise intensity has been shown to reduce energy intake in men. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intensity on energy intake in women. Thirteen moderately active (peak oxygen uptake: 44.0 +/- 4.7 mL . kg(-1) . min(-1)) women [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 22.2 +/- 2.4; age: 22.2 +/- 2.0 y] were subjected to 3 experimental conditions: control with no exercise and 2 equicaloric (350 kcal) low- (LIE) and high- (HIE) intensity exercise sessions at 40% and 70% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively. After each session, the participants ate ad libitum from buffet-type meals at lunch and dinner and ate snacks during the afternoon and evening. Visual analogue scales were used to rate appetite. More energy was ingested at lunchtime after the HIE session than after the control session (878 +/- 309 and 751 +/- 230 kcal, respectively; P = 0.02). Relative energy intake (postexercise energy intake corrected for the energy cost of exercise above the resting level) at lunch was lower after the LIE session than after the control session (530 +/- 233 and 751 +/- 230 kcal, respectively; P < 0.001) and was lower after the HIE session than after the control session (565 +/- 301 and 751 +/- 230 kcal, respectively; P < 0.01). Similarly, daily energy intake tended to increase during the HIE session relative to that during the control session. No treatment effect was found for appetite scores throughout the experiment. The results suggest that HIE increases energy intake in women.

Effect of fat replacement by inulin or lupin-kernel fibre on sausage patty acceptability, post-meal perceptions of satiety and food intake in men

The present study examined whether replacing fat with inulin or lupin-kernel fibre influenced palatability, perceptions of satiety, and food intake in thirty-three healthy men (mean age 52 years, BMI 27.4 kg/m(2)), using a within-subject design. On separate occasions, after fasting overnight, the participants consumed a breakfast consisting primarily of either a full-fat sausage patty (FFP) or a reduced-fat patty containing inulin (INP) or lupin-kernel fibre (LKP). Breakfast variants were alike in mass, protein and carbohydrate content; however the INP and LKP breakfasts were 36 and 37 % lower in fat and 15 and 17 % lower in energy density respectively compared with the FFP breakfast. The participants rated their satiety before breakfast then evaluated patty acceptability. Satiety was rated immediately after consuming the breakfast, then over the subsequent 4.5 h whilst fasting. Food consumed until the end of the following day was recorded. All patties were rated above 'neither acceptable or unacceptable', however the INP rated lower for general acceptability (P=0.039) and the LKP lower for flavour (P=0.023) than the FFP. The LKP breakfast rated more satiating than the INP (P=0.010) and FFP (P=0.016) breakfasts. Total fat intake was 18 g lower on the day of the INP (P=0.035) and 26 g lower on the day of the LKP breakfast (P=0.013) than the FFP breakfast day. Energy intake was lower (1521 kJ) only on the day of the INP breakfast (P=0.039). Both inulin and lupin-kernel fibre appear to have potential as fat replacers in meat products and for reducing fat and energy intake in men.

Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women

The objective of this study was to determine how the portion size of a packaged snack affects energy intake of the snack and of the subsequent meal. On five separate days, 60 subjects (34 women and 26 men) ate an afternoon snack and dinner in individual cubicles. For each snack, subjects were served one of five packages of potato chips (28, 42, 85, 128, or 170 g), which they consumed ad libitum directly from the unlabelled, opaque package. Subjects returned to the lab three hours later for a standard dinner, which was also consumed ad libitum. Results showed that snack intake increased significantly as the package size increased for both males and females ( p<0.0001). The combined energy intake from snack and dinner also increased as the package size increased. On average, when served the largest snack package compared to the smallest, subjects consumed an additional 596 kJ (143 kcal) at snack and dinner combined. Results from this study demonstrate that short-term energy intake increases with increasing package size of a snack. These data suggest that the availability of large packages of energy-dense snacks may be one of the environmental influences associated with excess energy intake.

Cross‐sectional study of diet and risk factors for metabolic diseases in a Ghanaian population in Sydney, Australia

Ethnic groups in affluent environments experience higher rates of metabolic diseases than their native counterparts. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of metabolic risk factors in Ghanaians in Sydney, and to investigate the relationship with dietary and lifestyle factors. Cross-sectional design with anthropometry, blood pressure, plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured on two occasions on each subject. Dietary information was obtained by three 24-h dietary recalls. Adults (45 male, 35 female) were recruited from a local association in Sydney, Australia. Overweight was observed in a large proportion of subjects (71% and 66% of men and women, respectively), with 18% of men and 26% of women classified as obese. Abdominal overweight was seen in 63% and 74% of men and women, respectively. Abdominal obesity was seen in 20% of men and 49% of women. Hypertension was detected in 40% of men and 17% of women, 16% of men and 6% of women were diagnosed with definite hypertension. Seventy-one per cent of men and 29% of women were classified as hypercholesterolaemic and 67% of men and 23% of women had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In men, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriacylglycerolaemia affected 18% and 13%, respectively. Fasting hyperinsulinaemia was observed in 14% and 9% of men and women, respectively. The majority of subjects (73%) sustained one or more metabolic risk factors. Dietary fat contributed 33% and 35% of total energy intake in men and women, respectively, saturated fat contributing 11% in both sexes. A high prevalence of overweight, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia exists in this population, particularly in men, highlighting the need for intervention.

An evaluation of energy intakes and the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMRest) in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey.

To examine energy intakes (EI), their ratio to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR(est) and the contribution of food groups to energy intake in the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. Random sample of adults from the populations of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Food intake data were collected using a 7-day food diary. Body weight and height were measured and EI/BMR(est) was calculated from reported energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate. Dieting practices were assessed as part of a self-administered questionnaire. Mean energy intake in men was 11.0 MJ and in women was 7.6 MJ, which is comparable to reported energy intakes in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland over a decade ago. Mean EI/BMR(est) was 1.38. This increased to 1.42 after the exclusion of dieters and those who were unwell, but still remained less than the established cut-off of 1.53. EI/BMR(est) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in men than in women and decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing BMI in both sexes. The four food groups that contributed 50% of energy in men and women were meat and meat products, breads and rolls, potatoes and potato products, and biscuits, cakes, pastries and puddings. Energy intakes have not changed remarkably in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland in the last 10 years, but the mean EI/BMR(est) of 1.38 suggests that energy underreporting occurred. EI/BMR(est) was lower in women and in the overweight/obese. Additional multivariate analysis of the data is needed to identify more clearly subgroups of the population reporting lower than expected energy intakes and to evaluate the effect of low energy reporting on the consumption of various foods and food groups.

Fall in total cholesterol concentration over five years in association with changes in fatty acid composition of cooking oil in Mauritius: cross sectional survey.

To determine the extent to which reducing the saturated fatty acid composition of a ubiquitously used cooking oil influenced changes in cholesterol concentration in the population during a five year intervention programme in Mauritius. Cross sectional surveys in 1987 and 1992 determined mean total cholesterol concentrations in the population. A random sample of respondents in the 1992 survey completed a nutrition questionnaire that included questions on diet in the previous 24 hours. Mauritius. In 1987 the government of Mauritius changed the composition of the commonly used cooking oil from being mostly palm oil (high in saturated fatty acids) to being wholly soya bean oil (high in unsaturated fatty acids). 5080 and 5162 subjects in 1987 and 1992 cross sectional surveys. 2059 subjects aged 30-64 years were randomly selected from the respondents of the 1992 survey to take part in the nutrition survey. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids in pooled serum samples from men and women from the two surveys; measured and predicted change in serum cholesterol concentration. From 1987 to 1992 total cholesterol concentrations fell significantly by 0.79 mmol/l (P < 0.001) in men and 0.82 mmol/l (P < 0.001) in women. The estimated intake of saturated fatty acids decreased by 3.5% of energy intake in men and by 3.6% in women, and the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by 5.5% and 5.6% of energy intake, respectively. These changes were reflected in changes in the fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids, and according to Keys' formula these changes explained much of the decrease in serum cholesterol concentrations (predicted decrease of 0.38 mmol/l in men and by 0.40 mmol/l in women). Dietary changes that entailed a reduction in the saturated fat content of a ubiquitous cooking oil explained most of the observed decrease in serum cholesterol concentration over five years in the population of Mauritius.

Diet Composition Related to Body Fat in a Multivariate Study of 203 Men

Objective To assess whether usual diet (especially intake of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and fiber) was related to body fat percentage in healthy men. Design A written questionnaire provided data on demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, protein, and fiber intakes were analyzed using the National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaire. Percentage of body fat was determined using three-site skinfold measurements, and a submaximal treadmill test was used to estimate aerobic fitness. Subjects Subjects were 203 healthy men (14.0±5.3% mean body fat) aged 21 to 71 years. The subjects were chosen from randomly selected districts within Utah County and volunteered for free diet and fitness evaluations. Statistical analysis Multiple regression analysis determined the extent to which the individual diet components predicted body composition before and after controlling for energy intake, fitness level, body weight, and age. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare relative body fat groups in regard to dietary variables. Results Reported intakes of carbohydrate ( P=.0085, R 2=.022), complex carbohydrate ( P=.0127, R 2=.024), and fiber ( P=.002, R 2=.03) were inversely associated with body fat after controlling for age, energy intake, and fitness level. Energy intake was positively related to body fat after controlling for age, fitness level, and body weight. When subjects were separated into low-, moderate-, and high-body-fat groups, the fattest subjects reported eating significantly more dietary fat ( P=.05) and less carbohydrate ( P=.01), complex carbohydrate ( P=.01), and fiber ( P=.005) than the leanest subjects. No significant difference in reported energy intake was noted across body fat groups. Applications Composition of the diet may play a role in obesity beyond energy intake in men over the long-term. Lifestyle changes for men should probably include modifications in diet composition, especially increased consumption of foods high in complex carbohydrate and fiber. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:771–777.

The nutritional status of Finnish home-living elderly people and the relationship between energy intake and chronic diseases.

The nutritional status and the impact of non-progressive chronic diseases on energy intake were determined in 90 home-living people aged from 73 to 94 years. The nutritional status was assessed by dietary, anthropometric, biochemical and haematological methods. Energy intake (6.0, SD 1.7 MJ) in women was low compared with the Nordic Nutrient Recommendation but in men it (8.0, SD 2.1 MJ) was in keeping with this recommendation. Despite the low energy intake the mean BMI value of women was moderately high (27, SD 5.3 kg/m2). In men the mean was 26, SD 4.0 kg/m2. The intakes of vitamins and minerals met the recommendation, except for those of folic acid and zinc. The blood levels of both these two nutrients were within reference limits. Men suffering from chronic diseases received less (p < 0.015) energy (7.5, SD 1.76 MJ) than other men (8.9, SD 2.0 MJ). This relationship was not found in women. In conclusion, the nutritional status of people aged over 70 years old living at home was good. The presence of chronic diseases affected the energy intake in men but not in women.

Effects of long-term monounsaturated- vs polyunsaturated-enriched diets on lipoproteins in healthy men and women

The effect of dietary-fat saturation on plasma lipoprotein concentrations was assessed in 46 men and 32 women placed on a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil) for 12 wk and, under isocaloric conditions, on a diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) for the next 16 wk in men and 28 wk in women. Fat comprised 37% of the total energy intake in men and 36% in women. At the end of the monounsaturated fatty acid diet no change occurred in total cholesterol (TC) in men but it increased by 9% in women. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased by 17% in men and by 30% in women. The atherogenic index (TC:HDL cholesterol) fell significantly in both sexes. No significant changes occurred in plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol or in total triglycerides values. These data show that when compared with polyunsaturates, monounsaturates increased HDL cholesterol and reduced the atherogenic risk profile in both sexes.

Caffeine reduces spontaneous energy intake in men but not in women

The present study was conducted to determine whether a sex difference exists in the short-term adaptation of energy intake following caffeine consumption. To investigate this phenomenon, spontaneous food intake was measured on two occasions in young men (n=10) and women (n=10). At the beginning of the sessions, subjects randomly consumed 300 mg caffeine or a placebo 30 min before they had free access to various foods. Following the ingestion of caffeine, energy intake was reduced by 21.7% in men in comparison to their control situation (816±221 vs 1043±209 kcal, p<0.05). On the other hand, caffeine had essentially no effect on energy intake in women (603±205 vs 625±208 kcal, p>0.10). This demonstration of a sex dimorphism in the short-term adaptation of energy intake in response to caffeine is consistent with the concept that women tend to preserve their body energy stores more than men when they are exposed to factors activating the sympathetic nervous system.

Nutritional behavior of non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes patients using the KALI 2.1.2 computer program

Forty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were investigated regarding their individual diet history, including dietary pattern and dietary habits. The energy intake in men was 2,180 +/- 460 kcal/day. The carbohydrate content was 192 +/- 57 g/day (38 +/- 7%), protein 93 +/- 20 g/day (19 +/- 3%) and fat 96 +/- 26 g/day (43 +/- 7%). Nutritional intake of saturated fatty acids was 37 +/- 11 g/day, whereas the intake of polyenic acid was 14 +/- 5 g/day. Thus the p/s-quotient was 0.4 +/- 0.1. The cholesterol intake amounted to 396 +/- 165 mg/day. The dietary fibre content was 33 +/- 21 g/day. The caloric intake of women was 1,800 kcal/day. The daily amount of carbohydrate was 154 +/- 46 g/day (37 +/- 6%), of protein 82 +/- 21 g/day (20 +/- 4%), of fat 82 +/- 32 g/day (43 +/- 6%). Saturated fatty acids were 33 +/- 14 g/day, polyenic acid 11 +/- 5 g/day, the p/s-quotient 0.4 +/- 0.2. The cholesterol intake was calculated to be 341 +/- 118 mg/day. The supply of electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins was often marginal. We found that usually practiced diabetes diet is too fatty, rich in cholesterol and poor in carbohydrate and fibre. As a result of the high amount of fat, which comprises 43% of the total calories and the low p/s-quotient of 0.4, the diet must be considered atherogenic.