Energy Input Research Articles

Study on Characteristics of Failure and Energy Evolution of Different Moisture-Containing Soft Rocks under Cyclic Disturbance Loading.

During the coal mining process in soft rock mines with abundant water, the rock mass undergoes cyclic loading and unloading at low frequencies due to factors such as excavation. To investigate the mechanical characteristics and energy evolution laws of different water-containing rock masses under cyclic disturbance loading, a creep dynamic disturbance impact loading system was employed to conduct cyclic disturbance experiments on various water-containing soft rocks (0.00%, 1.74%, 3.48%, 5.21%, 6.95%, and 8.69%). A comparative analysis was conducted on the patterns of input energy density, elastic energy density, dissipated energy density, and damage variables of different water-containing soft rocks during the disturbance process. The results indicate that under the influence of disturbance loading, the peak strength of specimens, except for fully saturated samples, is generally increased to varying degrees. Weakness effects on the elastic modulus were observed in samples with 6.95% water content and saturated samples, while strengthening effects were observed in others. The input energy density of samples is mostly stored in the form of elastic strain energy within the samples, and different water-containing samples adapt to external loads within the first 100 cycles, with almost identical trends in energy indicators. Damage variables during the disturbance process were calculated using the maximum strain method, revealing the evolution of damage in the samples. From an energy evolution perspective, these experimental results elucidate the fatigue damage characteristics of water-containing rock masses under the influence of disturbance loading.

Synergistic redox reactions toward co‐production of H2O2 and value‐added chemicals: Dual‐functional photocatalysis to achieving sustainability

AbstractIntegrating H2O2 evolution with oxidative organic synthesis in a semiconductor‐driven photoredox reaction is highly attractive since H2O2 and high‐value chemicals can be concurrently produced using solar light as the only energy input. The dual‐functional photocatalytic approach, free from sacrificial agents, enables simultaneous production of H2O2 and high‐value organic chemicals. This strategy promises a green and sustainable organic synthesis with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. In this review, we first elucidate the fundamental principles of cooperative photoredox integration of H2O2 synthesis and selective organic oxidation with simultaneous utilization of photoexcited electrons and holes over semiconductor‐based photocatalysts. Afterwards, a thorough review on the recent advancements of cooperative photoredox synthesis of H2O2 and value‐added chemicals is presented. Notably, in‐depth discussions and insights into the techniques for unravelling the photoredox reaction mechanisms are elucidated. Finally, critical challenges and prospects in this thriving field are comprehensively discussed. It is envisioned that this review will serve as a pivotal guidance on the rational design of such dual‐functional photocatalytic system, thereby further stimulating the development of economical and environmentally benign H2O2 and high‐value chemicals production.

Integrated micro/nano drug delivery system based on magnetically responsive phase-change droplets for ultrasound theranostics.

Phase-change droplets (PCDs) are intelligent responsive micro and nanomaterials developed based on micro/nano bubbles. Subject to external energy inputs such as temperature and ultrasound, the core substance, perfluorocarbon (PFC), undergoes a phase transition from liquid to gas. This transformation precipitates alterations in the PCDs' structure, size, ultrasound imaging capabilities, drug delivery efficiency, and other pertinent characteristics. This gives them the ability to exhibit "intelligent responses". This study utilized lipids as the membrane shell material and perfluorohexane (PFH) as the core to prepare lipid phase-change droplets. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (PEG-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles) and the anti-tumor drug curcumin (Cur) were loaded into the membrane shell, forming magnetic drug-loaded phase-change droplets (Fe-Cur-NDs). These nanoscale phase-change droplets exhibited excellent magnetic resonance/ultrasound imaging capabilities and thermal/ultrasound-mediated drug release. The Fe-Cur-NDs showed excellent anti-tumor efficacy for the MCF-7 cells under low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) guidance in vitro. Therefore, Fe-Cur-NDs represent a promising smart responsive theranostic integrated micro/nano drug delivery system.

Energy Budgeting and Efficiency Analysis of Organic Cotton: A DEA Approach

Background: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is crop of economic importance in global and national scale. India is the greatest producer of quality cotton, the third largest exporter and the second largest consumer. Conventional cotton farming creates environmental pressures and negative impact on public health. Organic farming is the sustainability option in cotton production. Cotton is the energy intensive crop, which uses high amount of input energy to produce seed cotton. Hence, energy budgeting is highly essential for better energy utilization and resource conservation and also measuring the input use efficiency of a farm/agronomic practices is vitally important in present day Indian agriculture. Methods: Sensing the economic importance of cotton, ten number of eco-friendly, ecologically safe organic nutrient management (ONM) practices were framed and field experiment was conducted in split plot design with two main plots (M) and five subplots (S) and replicated thrice. The direct and indirect energy used in different ONM practices were computed and energy coefficients were computed from energy equivalents and that has been used as inputs to generate efficiency coefficients by using an input oriented DEA approach. Result: Energy budgeting on field operation basis reported that, the field preparation and irrigation operation uses most of the energy (in non-renewable forms) which needs attention and there is the scope to find alternative energy conservation systems. Results on input use efficiency reported that the ONM practice, double green manuring followed by cotton and application of well decomposed poultry manure and foliar application of fermented fish extract at 5% concentration at 25 and 35 DAS are 100% efficient in terms of technical CRS, technical VRS, scale, allocative and cost efficiencies. This organic nutrient management practice would produce optimum output from the least amount of input and would be ideal for sustainable cotton production.

Assessment of the grindability and component variation of torrefied agricultural wastes for industrial furnace application

The utilization of agricultural solid biowastes is essential for resource saving and bioenergy conversion. By this way, the demand of industrial furnace for biomass would be compensated, and the energy structure would also be greener. Among them, torrefaction is a hopeful technology for solid biofuel production. This study investigates the grinding performance of torrefied biochar to achieve the grindability and component variation analysis of torrefied agricultural wastes for fluidized bed boiler, and thus realize pulverized biochar injection for industrial application. Totally crystallinity index (CrI), average particle size distribution, energy input for grinding process, component analysis, and elemental carbon state are adopted and analyzed around Hardgrove grindability index (HGI). The values of HGI are in the range of 45–120, 45–105, 60–120, and 60–135, respectively. The results indicate that torrefaction is conducive for biochar properties upgrading, especially for a higher temperature, and thus contributes to a higher HGI, lower particle size and grinding energy input, as well as better elemental carbon state. The produced powder from torrefied biochar is highly correlated to torrefaction temperature and biochar component, and thus leads to an excellent industrial application potential. Overall, this study is conducive for the agricultural biowastes conversion and solid biofuel production.

Comparison of Various Input Energy Spectra for the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the success of various seismic input energy spectra equations in capturing the energy content of the ground motion records of the Türkiye earthquakes since the acceleration response spectra of some records exceeded the design spectra. Although most existing spectra had limited success, especially near the corner period, some recent equations yielded accurate results. Based on the obtained results, it is envisaged that the energy-based seismic design concept will have the maturity to be included in the next-generation seismic design codes as a reliable alternative to the current approaches.

Model Biases in the Atmosphere‐Ocean Partitioning of Poleward Heat Transport Are Persistent Across Three CMIP Generations

AbstractThe observed partitioning of poleward heat transport between atmospheric and oceanic heat transports (AHT and OHT) is compared to that in coupled climate models. Model ensemble mean poleward OHT is biased low in both hemispheres, with the largest biases in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. Poleward AHT is biased high in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the vicinity of the peak AHT near 40°N. The significant model biases are persistent across three model generations (CMIP3, CMIP5, CMIP6) and are insensitive to the satellite radiation and atmospheric reanalyzes products used to derive observational estimates of AHT and OHT. Model biases in heat transport partitioning are consistent with biases in the spatial structure of energy input to the ocean and atmosphere. Specifically, larger than observed model evaporation in the tropics adds excess energy to the atmosphere that drives enhanced poleward AHT at the expense of weaker OHT.

Paired photoelectrochemical conversion of CO2/H2O and glycerol at high rate

Photoelectrochemistry holds the promise of directly converting sunlight to valuable chemical products. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) methods, however, lag behind their electrochemical counterparts in terms of current density. In this work, we demonstrate that, by using concentrated sunlight, we can achieve current densities similar to electrochemical methods, but with lower energy input. Specifically, we combined the direct PEC oxidation of glycerol with the dark hydrogen evolution or CO2 reduction in a membrane-separated continuous-flow PEC cell. We achieved over 110 mA cm−2 photocurrent density, which is at least an order of magnitude larger than those typically reported in the literature. We demonstrated that the product distribution of glycerol oxidation is notably different in PEC and electrochemical scenarios at the same current density, and the parasitic oxygen evolution reaction can be suppressed in the PEC case. This approach raises opportunities to drive complex electrochemical reactions in a more selective manner.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V/W bimetallic structure via selective laser melting

The titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) and tungsten (W) possess excellent complementary properties that would be useful for a wide range of industrial applications if they could be suitably combined. Selective laser melting was applied to prepare TC4/W specimens with a bimetallic structure. A strong bond without interfacial macrocracks was obtained by adjusting the laser line energy density to <0.75 J/mm. The bond interface of the bimetallic structure reached a microhardness of 503 ± 20 HV, which was harder than that of the two base materials, and the transverse and longitudinal ultimate compressive strengths were 1510 ± 40 MPa at strains of 20%–22.5%. Three-point bending experiments showed that when TC4 was used as the base material, the flexural strength of the specimen was 2210.5 ± 44.5 MPa. The high strength of the bond interface was attributed to sufficient agitation of the molten pool and reinforcement by fine crystalline grains. The agitation was provided by the melting and elemental diffusion of TC4 owing to the high energy input during the formation of W, and the fine crystalline grains were obtained by the dispersed W particles providing multiple nucleation sites for liquid TC4. The bimetallic structure retained the strength of W and toughness of TC4, which bodes well for its industrial application.

Can the Integration of Water and Fertilizer Promote the Sustainable Development of Rice Production in China?

Rice production is the agricultural activity with the highest energy consumption and carbon emission intensity. Water and fertilizer management constitutes an important part of energy input for rice production and a key factor affecting greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields. Water–fertilizer integration management (AIM) is an automated water and fertilizer management system for large-scale rice production, which can effectively save water and fertilizer resources. At present, the energy utilization and environmental impact of AIM in rice production are not clear. To clarify whether AIM is a water and fertilizer management measure that combines energy conservation and carbon emission reduction, a comparative study between the widely used farmers’ enhanced water and fertilizer management (FEM) in China and AIM was conducted in this paper. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the rice yield, carbon emission, energy utilization, and economic benefits of the two management methods. The results showed that AIM reduced water and fertilizer inputs, energy inputs, and economic costs by 12.18–28.57%, compared to FEM. The energy utilization efficiency, energy profitability, and energy productivity under AIM were improved by 11.30–12.61%. CH4 and N2O emissions and carbon footprint were reduced by 20.79%, 6.51%, and 16.39%, respectively. Compared with FEM, AIM can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer resources and reduce carbon emissions. This study presents a mechanized water and fertilizer management approach suitable for large-scale rice production systems in China. By analyzing rice yield, resource utilization efficiency, and environmental benefits, AIM can serve as a crucial management strategy for enhancing productivity, economic returns, and environmental conservation within profitable rice production systems. In the future, further investigation into the impact of AIM on the microbial mechanisms underlying rice yield formation and greenhouse gas emissions is warranted.

Enhancing Thermal Performance of Thermodynamic Cycle through Zeotropic Mixture Composition Regulation: An Overview

Composition regulation of zeotropic mixture working fluid for a thermodynamic cycle is an effective way to improve energy conversion efficiency, which offers the potential to construct efficient, flexible and intelligent cycles. Current research on cycle construction of zeotropic mixture composition regulation still heavily relies on construction methods using pure working fluids, where the characteristics of flexible composition variations fail to be utilized. In this paper, the research progress of cycle construction methods and composition regulated structures are comprehensively reviewed, aiming to clarify the potential for enhancing a thermodynamic cycle based on composition regulation. The characteristics of different cycle construction methods are firstly summarized and compared. Then, the composition-regulated structures of a physical-based method and chemical-based method are introduced, and the composition regulation performance are also concluded. Finally, a future outlook on the cycle design and structure design is provided. The review results show that the combination of 3D construction method and superstructure/intelligences construction method has the potential to maximize the cycle performance, where the improvement of each thermal process and the optimization of complex cycles can be considered simultaneously. The composition regulation based on a passive physical method has the advantage of being readily applicable; however, the composition regulation range is limited. In addition, the distillation and hydrate method have a wider regulation range through extra energy input, where the trade-off between energy consumption and cycle performance improvement should be considered in the future. This study greatly assists in the design of thermodynamic cycles involving zeotropic mixture composition regulation and the corresponding composition regulation structures.

Parameterization scheme of the sea surface drag coefficient considering the influence of wave states and sea spray stress

The drag coefficient of the sea surface is crucial for the exchange of momentum between the ocean and atmosphere. The wave state significantly influences the variability of the drag coefficient. In the past, researchers commonly employed single-parameterization methods to describe this influence. However, the influence of wave conditions on drag coefficient is complex and variable, and it is difficult to accurately describe it with a single parameter alone. Wave age represents the ability of wind-induced waves to input energy, while wave steepness reflects the stability of the waves. By simultaneously considering wave age and wave steepness, a more accurate characterization of the dynamic nature of waves can be achieved. Additionally, the presence of sea spray profoundly impacts the distribution of the momentum flux between the ocean and atmosphere, thereby influencing the drag coefficient of the sea surface. In this study, we established a novel sea spray generation function that bases on both the wind speed and wave states (wave steepness and wave age). Considering this function, the momentum flux of sea spray droplets was analyzed under different wave states. Moreover, with increasing wave age or wave steepness, the effective sea surface drag coefficient is attenuated at low to moderate wind speeds. Considering the challenge of simultaneously obtaining wave age and wave steepness data, this paper proposes a relationship equation between the two wave state parameters. When the wave age is greater than 0.4, the correlation between the wave age and the wave steepness is strong. As the wind speed increases from low to high, there is a noticeable decrease in the effective sea surface drag coefficient with the corresponding increase in wave age. When the wave age is less than 0.4, the wave steepness reaches a maximum value, and the effective sea surface drag coefficient increases with the increase of the wave age at medium and low wind speed. With further increases in wind speed, the momentum flux derived from the air also increases. Simultaneously, the effective sea surface drag coefficient exhibits a decrease as wave age increases.

Energy-constrained production optimization for the in-situ conversion process of oil shale based on deep learning algorithms

The in-situ conversion process (ICP) involves complicated thermal-reactive-compositional flow processes where the production parameters are closely interdependent. Therefore, manual optimization of the production parameters of ICP through numerical simulation is arduous and time-consuming. This paper introduces a computational framework that integrates deep learning techniques and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to automatically optimize the values of production parameters of ICP, and thus locating the highest energy efficiency and the optimum energy usage. This approach utilizes a 3D CNN model to predict key metrics. The prediction process considers the detailed 3D heterogeneity of oil shale, resulting in remarkably high prediction accuracy, as evidenced by determination coefficients (R2) above 0.99. Subsequently, the trained CNN model is integrated to the PSO algorithm to automatically fine-tune the production parameters to optimize the energy efficiency of ICP.The optimization results yield three significant findings. First, as the energy consumption limit increases, the optimal number of heaters, well spacing, and heating temperature exhibit an upward trend, but stabilized beyond the threshold of 7 × 105 kWh. Secondly, the optimal input energy (7 × 105 kWh) is found for the given ICP model. Lastly, the analysis reveals that variations in initial reservoir pressure or bottomhole pressure have limited impact on cumulative oil production and energy usage.

Study on Dynamic Post-Buckling Stability of Thin-Walled Cylinders Subjected to Horizontal Vibration

Abstract As a lesson learned from the Fukushima nuclear accident, the importance of accident mitigation for beyond design basis events (BDBEs) is recognized. Excessive earthquake is a typical BDBE. During such events, the fast reactor main vessel (FRMV) is vulnerable to buckling because of its thin-walled cylindrical structure. Buckling deformation without causing immediate collapse should not be considered as a limit state in BDBEs. Instead, the objective is to achieve a stable post-buckling state. In the present study, dynamic post-buckling behavior of thin-walled cylinders under intense horizontal vibration is experimentally studied, which simulates loop-type FRMV design. Finite element method (FEM) simulation is also conducted and validated by experimental data. Based on results analysis, a global response stability after buckling is confirmed. The buckled model shows resilience to withstand catastrophic collapse even when intense excitation continues to apply. Using equivalent linear response method, dynamic mechanisms behind the stability are revealed. Due to substantial degradation of structural stiffness, the post-buckling response shifts into the out-of-phase domain such that response divergence is prevented. Meanwhile, the response is notably delayed from the input, which impedes the conversion of input energy into kinetic energy, reducing the inertial impact to the structure. These mechanisms are found to be independent of input waveforms and can be applied to a general seismic scenario. Moreover, the limit for global response stability after buckling and the effect of input frequency on the post-buckling behavior are clarified.

A mass and energy balance for a specific refuelling of Angra 2 nuclear power plant from a life cycle perspective

This work presents a detailed analytical balance of the material and energy flows associated with the nuclear fuel dynamics of the Angra 2 nuclear power plant (Brazil). A model is proposed for tabulation of material and energy flows, applied to each life stage of the nuclear fuel cycle, from extraction of raw material and production of nuclear fuel to post-use of fuel assemblies (FAs), when these are transformed into nuclear tailings. The tabulated and systematized data refer to the plant operation over a full load period. Approximately one year is the period of the plant operation after a regular refuelling and, at this period, all the materials and energy inputs are considered in addition to the wastes generated by the nuclear fuel cycle, including the ones due to operation and maintenance of the power plant in that period. Since 1/3 of the FAs of the core are replaced by fresh FAs, this analysis considers energy and material flows related to the production of fresh FAs. Related to these processes, it is taken into account what follows: 1) Uranium mining and processing, 2) Conversion of uranium concentrate into uranium hexafluoride (UF6), 3) Uranium (UF6) enrichment, 4) reconversion of the enriched UF6 to uranium dioxide (UO2), 5) Production of nuclear fuel - from the pellets to FAs, 6) Power generation from plant operation, and 7) Generation and management of nuclear tailings arising from the regular operation of the plant in that period. The analysis of systematized data from the various stages of the cycle allows a broader analysis and the perception of critical aspects, such as the need for technological improvements, logistical advances, care for the environment and public health, increased energy efficiency, in addition to the need for materials recycling, among other possibilities.

120-day variability in migrating tides from CMAM30 winds

Migrating tides and their variability are investigated using Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM30) zonal and meridional wind data from 1979 to 2010. Migrating diurnal (DW1) and semi-diurnal (SW2) tides show strong annual and semi-annual variations. The former is stronger in the Southern Hemisphere and the latter is significant over sub-tropical latitudes in the mesosphere. Wavelet analysis in the mesopause region shows a 120-day variability in SW2 tide over equator and ∼±20∘ with no apparent connection with solar activity. A close inspection shows that the 120-day variation is not due to variations in solar energy inputs.

Impact of densification process on unprocessed biomass and post-hydrothermal carbonization

The pulp and paper industry use biomass residues, such as paper sludge and bark as fuel to provide energy for their plants. However, issues such as high-water content or low heating value limit the amount of energy that can be utilized. Processes to improve heat generation include biomass densification, which facilitates transportation and handling and can increase energy yield. However, the technical feasibility of briquetting is a function of the feedstock and preprocessing. This study introduces a novel approach to briquette production from biomass residues by utilizing wet biomass with water as a natural binder, contrasting with conventional methods that require forced drying and/or the addition of binders. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of briquetting both unprocessed biomass and post-hydrothermal carbonization. The study focused on manufacturing briquettes derived from different sources, including bark (Balsam fir), paper sludge, and hydrochar of paper sludge. The feedstock was characterized for ash content and higher heating value. Biomass particle size (range), moisture content (range), process temperature (range), process pressure (range), and process residence time (range) were varied in briquetting experiments to determine conditions to produce high-quality briquettes with minimal energy input. Moisture content as high a 50 wt% in feedstock produced technically feasible briquettes, with appropriate physical-mechanical properties (durability, volumetric expansion and apparent density), and energetic potential (calorific value). The addition of heat (pressing temperature of 150 °C) during the pressing process resulted in briquettes with enhanced physical-mechanical, and energetic properties, surpassing those produced at room temperature. Further tests with additional steps in the production process are required to meet commercialization standards in Canada, but the treatments conducted in this study effectively improved the energy potential of biomass for internal industrial energy gains.

Damping dissipation analysis of damped outrigger tall buildings with inerter and negative stiffness considering soil-structure-interaction

This paper analyzes the damping dissipation of damped outrigger tall buildings with inerter and negative stiffness considering soil-structure-interaction (SSI). A unified characteristic equation is established concerning different soil conditions and outrigger systems. By solving the unified characteristic equation, the multi-mode damping effect are parametrically investigated to evaluate the influence of SSI on tall buildings installing conventional outrigger (CO), conventional damped outrigger (CDO), negative stiffness damped outrigger (NSDO), and inerter damped outrigger (IDO). Then, the vibration performances of damped outrigger systems considering SSI are evaluated under both wind and earthquake loadings. Two key points are highlighted: (i) the interaction between the soil rocking behavior and the outrigger rotation in tall buildings; (ii) the influence of frequency variation caused by SSI on the damping effect of IDO and NSDO with frequency-dependent/independent features. Analyzing results indicate that a stronger CO would increase the damping effect of the foundation soil as long as the CO is not installed at lower stories. The SSI effect will render CDO itself undergo more dissipation for the first mode but limit CDO's damping effect on higher modes. IDO can be effective for the target mode, but is very sensitive to SSI effect due to its frequency-dependent feature; a re-optimization of IDO to proper vibration mode is always needed in resisting wind and earthquake. In contrast, NSDO's damping effect is less sensitive to the SSI effect and can be effective to multiple modes due to its frequency-independent feature. For example, the majority of the input energy from winds (over 90%) and earthquake (over 70 %) will be dissipated by NSDO, and such high values change little under SSI conditions, validating NSDO can provide effective and robust control to multiple hazards.

Evaluation of Field Performance and Energy Consumption of a Medium-sized Combine Harvester for Harvesting Glutinous Rice in Malaysia

A medium-sized combine harvester has been recently deployed to harvest newly introduced high-value glutinous rice in Malaysia. Thus, efficient utilisation of combine harvesters during harvest is essential to minimise operating costs and grain loss. This study evaluated a medium-sized combine harvester’s performance and energy consumption for harvesting glutinous rice. The experiment was carried out on a one-hectare paddy field with three sub-plots using a central composite design (CCD). A time-motion study was conducted during the harvesting operation to determine the combine harvester’s performance parameters, which included field operating speed (FS), field efficiency (FE), theoretical field capacity (TFC), effective field capacity (EFC), grain throughput capacity (GTC), fuel consumption (FC) and field machine index (MI). The energy expended during the operation, which included machinery energy (ME), fuel energy (FCE), human energy (HE), and total energy (TE) input, were also computed. The average FS, FE, TFC, EFC, FC, and MI values were 2.42 km/h, 59.78%, 0.56 ha/h, 0.33 ha/h, 14.89 l/ha, and 0.30, respectively. The mean values of ME, FCE, HE, and TE were 305.35, 711.69, 3.62, and 1020.66 MJ/ha, respectively. The combine harvester achieved an average grain throughput capacity (GTC) of 1796.91 kg/h, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling glutinous rice harvesting. The average time distribution for the harvesting operation, such as effective harvesting time, turning/reversing time, and unloading time, was 1.85 h/ha, 0.38 h/ha, and 1.05 h/ha, respectively. Based on the results, it is concluded that the medium-sized combine harvester is technically and economically suitable for harvesting glutinous rice.

Combined control of PM and NOx emissions by corona discharge

This work investigates the potential of corona discharge to control particulate matter and NOx emissions from small-scale biomass combustion. The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was designed and used to suppress emissions from a 15-kW heating unit. The ESP was operated at different power modes at both polarities and demonstrated the capability to reduce NOx emissions with a removal efficiency of 78 % while PM concentration was reduced to a magnitude of particle content in ambient air. The efficiency of ESP was evaluated considering the technological parameters, namely the reduced electric field, Nt-product, and specific input energy. The growth in NOx abatement was observed when the energy input exceeded 1 J/L for both polarities and Nt-product exceeded 4.5 × 108 s/cm3/1 × 109 s/cm3 for negative/positive corona. The results of this work may contribute to understanding the processes in corona discharge and optimising corona discharge systems for various applications.