Energy In South Africa Research Articles

ENERGY DEMAND AND RACE EXPLAINED IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE OF ELECTRICITY

The study investigated the influence of race in the demand for energy in South Africa using electricity as a case study. The driving force behind the study was to establish whether race still plays a role in access to energy in the country, 26 years into democracy. The study’s contribution is premised on influencing the development of policy that addresses energy inequality in South Africa and the world at large. Using the logistic regression analysis, the study found that race still plays a role in the demand for energy in South Africa. The odds of demand for electricity for the White population was 46.748 per cent higher than that of Blacks, Colored, and Indians combined. Other significant variables were gender, age of household head, net household income per month in Rand and household size. Despite constituting much of the populace in South Africa, the demand for electricity of the Black population was third compared to other races. Such findings reflect the reality that many of the Black households are suffering from energy poverty. Given these results, it is recommended that the South African government invests more in energy and alternative sources of clean energy such as solar and wind which can cater for much of the population.

Impact of green energy policy on sustainable environment in South Africa: an ARDL and Toda-Yamamoto approach

This paper examines the long-run relationship and the direction of causality between green energy consumption and some environmental variables like deforestation, natural resource depletion, carbon dioxide emission, and non-renewable energy in South Africa from 1986 to 2015. In order to determine the long-run relationship or the sustainability level of adopting the green energy policies on the environment, the study utilised the autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach to co-integration and the Toda-Yamamoto approach to check the direction of causalities among the variables. The study established a substitutability effect between green growth policies and the consumption of non-renewable energy. However, no evidence is found on the impact of green growth policies on the levels of deforestation and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as natural resource depletion in South Africa. This study does not only make contributions to the literature on the relevance of green growth policies for achieving environmental sustainability especially insights from natural resource depletion and deforestation in South Africa. It also recommends that South Africa and other developing countries should adopt continued implementations of green growth policies as a panacea for achieving environmental sustainability.

Impact of green energy policy on sustainable environment in South Africa: an ARDL and Toda-Yamamoto approach

This paper examines the long-run relationship and the direction of causality between green energy consumption and some environmental variables like deforestation, natural resource depletion, carbon dioxide emission, and non-renewable energy in South Africa from 1986 to 2015. In order to determine the long-run relationship or the sustainability level of adopting the green energy policies on the environment, the study utilised the autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach to co-integration and the Toda-Yamamoto approach to check the direction of causalities among the variables. The study established a substitutability effect between green growth policies and the consumption of non-renewable energy. However, no evidence is found on the impact of green growth policies on the levels of deforestation and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as natural resource depletion in South Africa. This study does not only make contributions to the literature on the relevance of green growth policies for achieving environmental sustainability especially insights from natural resource depletion and deforestation in South Africa. It also recommends that South Africa and other developing countries should adopt continued implementations of green growth policies as a panacea for achieving environmental sustainability.

Experimental performance assessment of a solar powered baking oven

There is increasing demand for energy in South Africa. With all the developments in townships, more people are getting water, sanitation and electricity services. This is good for the country because the quality of life is being improved daily even in the poorest of communities. However, the high demand needs to be met with high production capacity. This strains the South African power utility, Eskom. This high and increasing demand has led to very high electricity bills, power shortages, more frequent load shading, and power cuts. This negatively affects businesses. Bakeries are some of the most affected businesses. The whole production line depends on electricity. Baking requires air temperatures of 200oC - 250oC. Such temperatures can be achieved using renewable energy sources such as solar, which is abundant in South Africa. Solar irradiance in Johannesburg can be as high as 1 kW per square meter. The aim of this work was, therefore, to research, develop and design a solar powered oven for baking bread. Baking bread requires air at 2000C and oven inlet speed of 1.8m/s. Using these basic requirements, the collector size was determined and the fan parameters. The performance of the oven is evaluated by numerical modelling and shows good performance for the required airflow rates. The evacuated tube solar collectors were integrated with a domestic oven of dimensions 400×26×280mm. The system was found to require 2.182kW and with the average Johannesburg solar intensity(0.76), the required number of evacuated tubes was found to be 28. A fan is also placed at the system inlet to give good baking airflow rates, air circulation and to balance for frictional losses in the system.

Analysing the South African residential sector's energy profile

Given the significance of the residential sector in terms of energy consumption, a comprehensive understanding of households’ energy consumption patterns and choices is imperative. This paper focuses on analysing and understanding the South African residential sector's energy characteristics considering their energy-use profile, and other characteristics such as their geographical distribution and demographic characteristics.The findings show that despite poorer households who are connected to the national grid receiving 50 kW/h of free electricity per month to help them cover their basis energy needs, South African households – particularly low-income households – still use various sources of energy including wood and paraffin to satisfy their basic energy requirements. Solid fuels are predominantly used in rural areas where around 75% of non-electrified households rely on solid fuels for cooking, heating and lighting. Low-income South African households consume between 5% and 10% of their total energy in lighting; space heating and cooking account for the remainder 85–90% of their total energy consumption.After evaluating the relevant data regarding households’ access to electricity, the type of energy used by households and households’ expenditure on electricity and energy in South Africa from the NIDS dataset; it was concluded, that electricity access is reasonably high across South African households. Additionally, an increasing trend can be observed in their total expenditure on electricity. However, approximately 70% of households still spend on other energy sources.

Energy efficiency drivers in South Africa: 1965–2014

This paper presents an assessment of energy performance in South Africa from 1965 to 2014 using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). In this research, TOPSIS is used first in a two-stage approach to assess how energy in South Africa has performed using the most frequent indicators adopted by the literature. Afterwards, in the second stage, neural networks are combined with TOPSIS results as part of an attempt to produce a model for energy performance with good predictive ability. The results reveal different impacts of contextual variables such as the rise of China in foreign trade, the Apartheid Regime, and oil shocks on energy performance in South Africa.

Wind energy in South Africa: A review of policies, institutions and programmes

South Africa is promoting renewable energy such as wind power to address the objectives of both energy security and sustainable development. This paper reviews the nature of policies, institutional set-up and programmes in place to upscale especially onshore wind energy uptake, as reflected in publicly available documents. It shows that South Africa has put in place critical policies, institutions and programmes for wind energy uptake. Among key policy documents and policies are the White Paper on Energy (1998), Renewable Energy White Paper (2003), Energy Act of 2008, and National Climate Change Response White Paper (2011). There is also the Integrated Energy Plan, the Integrated Resource Plan (2010, revised 2013) and Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for Renewable Energy Projects of 2015. Key institutions noted include the South African National Energy Development Institute, the South African Renew-able Energy Council and the South African Wind Energy Association. The main programme is the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme, which resulted in more than 30 installed wind energy projects. Overall, wind energy promises to be among the viable and acceptable technologies in the renewable energy sector in South Africa.

Commercial-Scale Renewable Energy in South Africa and its Progress to Date

While South Africa’s electricity sector is heavily coal-dependent, the country has recently become an attractive destination for commercial‑scale renewable energy investment. This article examines ongoing developments and challenges to the country’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers’ Procurement Programme (RE IPPPP), from inception as a feed-in tariff in 2007, to its launch as a competitive bidding programme in 2011. The article discusses how the programme emerged out of a set of national conditions combined with international trends in renewable energy investment and technology development. The programme’s successes include progressive requirements for socioeconomic development. However, since 2016, South Africa’s renewable energy industry has faced complex challenges, including resistance by the electricity utility Eskom, itself embroiled within scandals of state capture and corruption, as well as the ability of Eskom’s transmission grid to integrate renewable energy generation. Subsequent delays to the programme have generated uncertainty for stakeholders and the future of the industry.

METHODOLOGY TO PRODUCE A WATER AND ENERGY STREAM MAP (WESM) IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

The increasing demand for water and energy in South Africa, and the capacity constraints and restrictions of both resources, have led to a rapid increase in their cost. The manufacturing industry remains South Africa’s third-largest consumer of water and second- largest consumer of national energy. The improvement of water and energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important theme for both organisational success and national economic sustainability. This paper presents the ‘lean based water and energy stream mapping framework’ developed for the manufacturing industry, with the specific objective of decreasing its water and energy intensity. As with the traditional value stream mapping tool, the water and energy stream mapping focuses on eliminating water- and energy-specific wastes within a process. Water and energy waste categories that will be used in conjunction with the framework will also be discussed. The key objective of this paper is to detail the process of creating the water and energy stream mapping, and the statistical forecasting methodology used to develop the baseline water and energy demand data. The outcome of the implementation of the framework is the future state water and energy stream mapping, which is effectively a blueprint for increased water and energy efficiency within a studied process.

Legal and policy barriers to renewable and sustainable energy sources in South Africa

Renewable energy is growing worldwide in terms of generation capacity and investment inflows. However, barriers to the transition to renewable energy remain in many countries. This article analyses the barriers to renewable energy in South Africa in the context of global growth, which in 2014, saw South Africa in the top 10 of investments into renewable energy. Regulation through law has potential to address many of the barriers to renewable energy, but investors should understand the nature and extent of these barriers to guide future investment decisions into renewable energy. Law is one of the social, regulatory, and economic instruments that can be used to control and shape development. However, in South Africa the energy and environmental law and policy have not sufficiently addressed the obstacles to renewable energy technologies. Cheap fossil fuel energy led to short-term economic growth, which, in the long term, is not environmentally sustainable. While a lot has been done to enable renewable energy, challenges remain that may make it difficult for investors and foreign corporations to enter the South African renewable energy market. This article concludes that, while the context (socioeconomic and political) of obstacles to renewable energy is relevant, legal and policy barriers are overriding and should be the focus of effort in order to create an enabling regulatory environment.

Regulating energy in South Africa: enabling sustainable energy by integrating energy and environmental regulation

The fragmented development of energy law and regulation on the one hand and environmental law on the other is militating against the adoption of a sustainable energy system in South Africa. This mirrors the absence of a global regime on energy to align with environmental developments at that level, despite the recognition that energy is central to sustainable development. Since 1996, environmental law in South African has been reformed to embed it in sustainable development, yet such reforms have not been in synergy with developments in energy regulation. This paper argues that one of the key strategies required in building a sustainable energy system is to create regulatory synergy between environmental law and energy law. Renewable energy and relevant environmental law should be facilitating the technology transition from unsustainable fossil based energy (that is behind climate change) towards renewable energy.

Towards Greening the South African Coal Supply Chain

South Africa is predominantly a carbon economy. The coal supply chain impacts on the environment commences with mining, processing, transportation and processing by the end users. The country possess the largest coal reserves in the African continent, it is among the leading producers in the world and one of the top twenty leading nations in carbon emissions globally. Coal is the primary source of energy in South Africa producing 88% of the total electricity generation and one-third of liquid fuels production. Hence, the needs for greening the coal supply chain.The South African government newly adopted national development plan for the next twenty years proposes future reduction for coal dependency by boosting development of renewables sources of energy despite their high implementation cost. There are new legislations in support of clean energy development and sustainability initiative as mandated by the United Nations Convention on Climate Change. Greening the coal supply chain require combined efforts from the government and the industry. The focus areas include use of clean technologies in mining, processing, burning coal at power stations and the industries. Improved transportation system in form of intermodal transport with emphasis on the rail use over the road and maintaining or increasing the use of conveyor belts where appropriate would be the future for the coal value chain. However, increased use of renewable energy, use of natural gas and shale gas for the generation of electricity as they produce less carbon emissions would be the ultimate goal for greening the South African coal supply chain. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p1632

THE STRUCTURE OF THE KAROO-AGE ELLISRAS BASIN IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA, IN THE LIGHT OF NEW AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL DATA

Research Article| December 01, 2014 THE STRUCTURE OF THE KAROO-AGE ELLISRAS BASIN IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA, IN THE LIGHT OF NEW AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL DATA C.J.S. FOURIE; C.J.S. FOURIE Tswane University of Technology (TUT), Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences Department, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, e-mail: fouriecjs@tut.ac.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G. HENRY; G. HENRY Centre for Mining Innovation (CMI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, e-mail: ghenry@csir.co.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar L.P. MARÉ L.P. MARÉ Council for Geoscience, Geophysics Division, Private Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa, e-mail: leoniem@geoscience.org.za Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar South African Journal of Geology (2014) 117 (2): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.117.2.193 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation C.J.S. FOURIE, G. HENRY, L.P. MARÉ; THE STRUCTURE OF THE KAROO-AGE ELLISRAS BASIN IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA, IN THE LIGHT OF NEW AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL DATA. South African Journal of Geology 2014;; 117 (2): 193–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.117.2.193 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySouth African Journal of Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The Coaltech Research Association funded an airborne magnetic and radiometric survey over the Karoo-age Ellisras Basin in the Northern Province of South Africa in 2008. The Waterberg Coalfield, which is destined to become the major source of energy in South Africa in the future, is situated in this sedimentary basin. Interpretation of the processed geophysical datasets has added significantly to our understanding of the structure of the Ellisras Basin, in addition to providing additional constraints on lithological and structural mapping. The filtered magnetic and ternary radiometric images have yielded abundant information that will be important in future mapping. Two-dimensional modelling of the magnetic data has provided a new confirmation of the half-graben model for the structure of the Ellisras Basin. The Zoetfontein Fault Zone (ZFZ), which forms the northern boundary of the basin against Archaean Limpopo Belt rocks, is block-faulted and generally steeply dipping. The thickest development of the Karoo Supergroup rocks is against this fault, attaining up to 550 m. The sediment thickness decreases gradually to the south, indicating an asymmetric basin fill. The present southern boundary of the basin is formed by the Eenzaamheid Fault Zone, south of which the ~2.0G a Waterberg Group rocks are developed.Despite its economic importance, the Ellisras Basin has not been well-studied, and there is a need to correct this in the near future as South Africa becomes more reliant on energy from the Waterberg Coalfield. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Renewable energy in South Africa's minerals-energy complex: a ‘low carbon’ transition?

This paper questions the extent to which the introduction of utility-scale, privately generated renewable energy into South Africa's coal-dominated electricity supply can be considered a ‘low-carbon transition’. Rather, the renewable energy projects in question are embedded within and contribute to South Africa's high-carbon, electricity-intensive ‘minerals–energy complex’. An empirical consideration is provided of some of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of the wind industry in South Africa, and the possibilities and pitfalls for its long-term sustainability.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIND FARMS

The Eastern Cape in South Africa has been identified as having ideal characteristics for the development of wind farming, and thus the industry has grown in this area. Wind energy has been identified as a tool to create jobs; as the demand for electricity increases and renewable energy sources become a necessity, the South African Government has provided targets and incentives to attract investors into the industry. This study investigates why wind farms attract public resistance. It also investigates if wind energy is expensive compared to other sources of energy in South Africa and the Eastern Cape. A descriptive survey was conducted with two associations related to the study. Essential findings include: The largest impact that wind farm developments have on the environment is their visual pollution. Wind-generated energy provides the best return on investment and the second-best capital cost per megawatt in comparison with other sources of energy. In the Eastern Cape, wind as a resource is consistent enough to realise a financial return, and could be used to a large extent in terms of provision of power to the national grid.

Hybrid System Configurations and Charging Strategies for Isolated Electric Tuk-Tuk Charging Station in South Africa

Abstract — The success of renewable powered electric vehicle charging station in isolated areas depends highly on the availability and sustainability of renewable resources all year round at a selected location. The main focus of this paper is to discuss the possible charging strategies that could be implemented to find the best possible configuration of an electric Tuk-Tuk charging station at a given location within South Africa. The charging station is designed, modeled and simulated to evaluate its performances. The techno-economic analysis of different feasible supply configurations of the charging station using renewable energies is simulated using HOMER software and the results compared in order to select the best possible charging strategies in terms of cost of energy consumed. Keywords — Electric Tuk-Tuk, Renewable energy, Energy Storage, Hybrid systems, HOMER.I. I NTRODUCTION OUTH AFRICA’s population as well as the economy has grown significantly in recent years, so the demand for passenger transport, electricity as well as private vehicle, water and sanitation has also increased. And it is a well-known factor that the countries transportation sector is facing significant challenges, with the vast majority of rural and township occupants relying on public transport, making this form of transport a critical tool for getting the workforce to and from work. Transportation sector is one of the largest consumers of energy in South Africa and it is vital for economic development, hence making the provision of affordable, safe and reliable transportation of goods and people critical to the development of the country [1], [2]. However traditional ways of transport with combustion engines that rely on fuel will prove to be unsustainable in future because of their carbon foot print and the country’s economy, due to the ongoing reliance on imported fuel since most of country’s imported fuel fossil is used mainly in the electricity generation and transportation sector [3]. Tuk-Tuks are portable and reliable three-wheeled vehicles which have been used for over 60 years in Asian, European, Central American, South American and in some African countries, and where introduced to South African roads due to their efficiency, stylistic simplicity, low oil consumption,

An analysis of the solar service provider industry in the Western Cape, South Africa

Scientists agree that rising electricity usage of the rapidly growing human race to improve its standard of living is negatively affecting the environment. To create a sustainable environment for future generations, renewable and environmentally friendly resources have to be exchanged for the present finite resources. In South Africa, coal plants are responsible for more than 90% of electricity production. This means that action has to be taken now to start a process of change to sustainable electricity resources.This paper focuses on the South African solar industry. Due to the high sun radiation levels, solar technology is one of the renewable energy sources with the greatest potential. The industry is in its infancy, characterised by accelerated growth expectancy and fuelled by factors such as government subsidies, the fluctuations of fossil fuel prices and the increasing focus on economical long-term sustainability. The expected growth necessitates a focus on the market positioning of solar service providers in the Western Cape, with the aim of taking full advantage of the opportunities associated with this industry.The main objective is to determine the current structure of the solar service provider value chain and subsequently areas of improvement to increase growth, stakeholder satisfaction and sustainability. A literature review was conducted to address the research objective, relevant approaches and the broader electricity industry. Porter’s Value Chain approach was used as a foundation for the adaptation to the solar service provider value chain. Porter’s Five Forces model was also used as a secondary approach, which analysed the competitive environment of the solar service provider industry in the Western Cape. The methodology entailed a qualitative research approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. All respondents were general managers or owners of a solar service provider, who were interviewed face to face. The research focused on the entire population of solar service providers in the Western Cape. Seventy-seven different service providers were targeted, of which 18 were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using content and frequency analysis. To guarantee reliability, a pilot study was conducted to ensure that the respondents understood the questionnaire. The findings show that customer service is the foremost value driver for solar service providers. This entails the actual installation of the product as well as the people skills of the installation team. As most customers only have to be served once due to the long life span of the products, marketing also plays an obvious role in attracting new customers. The most important outcome of this paper is the determination and a better understanding of the solar service provider value chain in South Africa. The recommendations, especially with regard to marketing and service elements, could improve the performance of solar service providers. The consequence could be an increase in stakeholder satisfaction and an enhanced usage of solar energy in South Africa. Future research should focus on customers to reveal preferences and opportunities for marketing approaches.

The investigation of CO2 storage potential in the Algoa basin in South Africa

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as one of the technical approaches that can be used to mitigate global climate change in fossil fuel dominated countries such as South Africa. Approximately 90% of primary energy in South Africa is derived from fossil fuels, with coal providing 92% of electricity production in the country. The South African Centre of Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS) was established in 2009 (by the South African government with the assistance from international governments and industry) to investigate the potential of CCS in the country. SACCCS is addressing its mandate in line with the South African CCS Roadmap, which has been endorsed by the South African government. SACCCS's role in the South African CCS Roadmap is as follows:2004Assessment of the potential for CCS in South Africa2010Development of a South African CO2 Geological Storage Atlas2017Commencement of a Pilot CO2 Storage Project (10,000 - 50,000t CO2 stored)2020Facilitate the commencement of a CCS demonstration plant (in the order of 100,000t CO2/year)2025+Inform the implementation of commercial CCS deployment (over 1,000,000t CO2/year)Ongoing:Provide support to other CCS activities in South Africa The results from the assessment of CCS potential in South Africa were summarised and documented in the Atlas (which was published in 2010) with the majority of storage potential occurring in Mesozoic basins of South Africa. There is 150 Gt of theoretical storage capacity is identified, of which 98% occurs offshore. After the completion of the Atlas the next stage on the Roadmap, the Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP), has become the focus of SACCCS activities. The scope and available funding of the PCSP led to the decision to focus on the onshore portions of the Algoa and Zululand basins as possible sedimentary basins for the PCSP programme. This paper will discuss the progress associated with the ongoing investigation of CO2 storage potential in the Algoa basin which forms the onshore extension of the offshore Outeniqua basin. The middle Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) Uitenhage Group constitutes the syn-rift basin-fill succession with stratigraphy dominated by the fluviatile Kirkwood Formation, and shallow marine Sundays River Formation. Due to limited and reasonably poor data availability, the need for new data and more tests on existing data to confirm any potential storage areas/sites was cited. SACCCS is now planning additional analysis of data to potentially allow for reinterpretation of the older data. The results from the analysis and reinterpretation will inform the next stage of the PCSP.

The investigation of CO2 storage potential in the Zululand Basin in South Africa

Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as one of the technical approaches that can be used to mitigate global climate change in fossil fuel dominated countries such as South Africa. Approximately 90% of primary energy in South Africa is derived from fossil fuels, with coal providing 92% of electricity production in the country. The South African Centre of Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS) was established in 2009 (by the South African government with the assistance from international governments and industry) to investigate the potential of CCS in the country. SACCCS is addressing its mandate in line with the South African CCS Roadmap, which has been endorsed by the South African government. SACCCS's role in the South African CCS Roadmap is as follows: 2004 Assessment of the potential for CCS in South Africa 2010 Development of a South African CO 2 Geological Storage Atlas 2017 Commencement of a Pilot CO 2 Storage Project (10,000 - 50,000t CO 2 stored) 2020 Facilitate the commencement of a CCS demonstration plant (in the order of 100,000t CO 2 /year) 2025+ Inform the implementation of commercial CCS deployment (over 1,000,000t CO 2 /year) Ongoing: Provide support to other CCS activities in South Africa The results from the assessment of CCS potential in South Africa were summarised and documented in the Atlas (which was published in 2010) with the majority of storage potential occurring in Mesozoic basins of South Africa. There is 150 Gt of theoretical storage capacity is identified, of which 98% occurs offshore. After the completion of the Atlas the next stage on the Roadmap, the Pilot CO 2 Storage Project (PCSP), has become the focus of SACCCS activities. The scope and available funding of the PCSP led to the decision to focus on the onshore portions of the Algoa and Zululand basins as possible sedimentary basins for the PCSP programme. This paper will discuss the progress associated with the ongoing investigation of CO 2 storage potential in the Algoa basin which forms the onshore extension of the offshore Outeniqua basin. The middle Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian) Uitenhage Group constitutes the syn-rift basin-fill succession with stratigraphy dominated by the fluviatile Kirkwood Formation, and shallow marine Sundays River Formation. Due to limited and reasonably poor data availability, the need for new data and more tests on existing data to confirm any potential storage areas/sites was cited. SACCCS is now planning additional analysis of data to potentially allow for reinterpretation of the older data. The results from the analysis and reinterpretation will inform the next stage of the PCSP.

HySA Infrastructure: producing and using hydrogen for energy in South Africa

The Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) strategy was established to take better advantage of the country's huge platinum group metal (PGM) resources, i.e. PGM beneficiation. HySA comprises three Centres of Competence: HySA Infrastructure, HySA Catalysis, and HySA Systems. This article presents an overview of HySA, and the role of the HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, whose scope is to develop applications and solutions for small- and medium-scale hydrogen production through innovative research and development to promote PGMs.