Energy In Pig Diets Research Articles

Oils with different degree of saturation: effects on ileal digestibility of fat and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs

BackgroundOils are important sources of energy in pig diets. The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.MethodsEighteen crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) barrows (initial body weight: 29.3 ± 2.8 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets. The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U:S) to the basal diet. The 5 oils were palm oil (U:S = 1.2), canola oil (U:S = 12.0), and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5, respectively.ResultsThe apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of fat and fatty acids increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2. The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments (P < 0.05) except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and C18:2. Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14 (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.01), 2.91 (R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01) and 3.84 (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.01), respectively. The determined SID of fat, C18:1, C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat, C18:1, C18:2 and UFA. However, the determined SID of C16:0, C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values (P < 0.05). The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group, and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0, C18:0 and SFA (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14. The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs, whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils. Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.

170 Do you Have the Energy to Grind Feed Costs and Maximize Net Income in Demanding Economic Times?

Abstract Energy is not only the most expensive component of the diet, but also among the most complex. Energy impacts all aspects of the growth and metabolism of the pig. Therefore, when feed costs escalate, energy is a predictable though challenging target for increased attention. To achieve greatest success, a two-pronged approach is warranted. The first focuses on our understanding of the fundamentals of energy science and the second logically follows with applying this knowledge in practice. This presentation will address both the science and the application. Formulating energy in pig diets is a complicated process. For example, one can achieve equal dietary energy values with different proportions of protein, starch, fat and fiber. Each of these nutrients is used with a different level of efficiency by the pig, leading one to question whether equal performance should be expected just because ME or NE is the same. We will dig a bit more deeply into how energy values of ingredients are generated, what assumptions are made in this process and the limitations of these values in predicting pig performance. Beyond ME and NE, we will note that changing energy sources may also alter the microbiota, oxidative load, gut structure and function, and even the digestibility of dietary nutrients. This, in turn, can impact not only the performance of the pig, but also resistance to disease and susceptibility to environmental stress. We will also discuss why feed efficiency is sometimes highly correlated to dietary energy but in other cases, this relationship is quite weak; how can this be? On a positive note, the ME or NE of ingredients has been found to be highly correlated with certain dietary constituents. This infers that the prediction of the energy content of ingredients should be quite effective, and such predictions will improve the precision of diet formulation. Moving forward, it makes sense that wherever possible, energy response curves should be part of the toolkit available to swine nutritionists, but these curves should involve diverse diet composition, unlike the energy titration studies commonly used in our industry. When energy is the most expensive, and production margins are weakest, this is the very time to invest strategically in diet analysis to ensure that we are extracting every bit of energy we can from available ingredients. In other words, are we achieving our formulation targets? Because the topic of dietary energy is so large and complex, we will remind ourselves where we can have the greatest impact on net income by managing energy. In conclusion, energy drives feed costs and drives performance. As complex a topic as it is, we will be rewarded by understanding dietary energy more deeply, and applying that knowledge as effectively as possible in commercial practice.

Effects of feeding canola press-cake on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs

Canola press-cake (CPC) is a co-product of biodiesel production from small to medium-scale processing plants that mechanically press canola seed without pre-pressing conditioning, flaking, cooking and post-pressing solvent extraction. The CPC contains 370g/kg CP and 204g/kg remaining oil. Thus, CPC could be a source of AA and energy in pig diets. Growth responses to increasing dietary CPC inclusion have not been extensively evaluated in young pigs. In total, 240 pigs (7.5±0.31kg) starting 1 week after weaning at 19 d of age were fed five wheat-based diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200g/kg CPC replacing soybean meal in two phases (Phase 1 and 2). Diets were formulated to contain 10.3 and 10.1MJ NE/kg and 1.2 and 1.0g standardised ileal digestible (SID) Lys/MJ NE, respectively, and were fed for 2 weeks as Phase 1 (day 0–14) and 3 weeks as Phase 2 (day 15–35). Feed added and remaining and individual pigs were weighed weekly to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) per pen (four pigs per pen). Freshly-voided faeces were collected on day 12 and 13 and day 33 and 34 for Phase 1 and 2, respectively, to determine diet apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (CATTD) of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) value. Increasing dietary inclusion of CPC linearly reduced (P<0.05) the CATTD of GE, diet DE and calculated NE values for Phase 1 and 2. Increasing dietary inclusion of CPC did not affect overall (d 0–35) ADFI and ADG of pigs, but quadratically reduced (P<0.05) ADFI for day 29–35, linearly increased (P<0.05) ADG for day 15–21 and linearly reduced (P<0.05) ADG for day 29–35. Increasing CPC inclusion linearly increased (P<0.05) G:F for the overall trial and day 15–21 and quadratically increased (P<0.05) G:F for day 8–14. In conclusion, feeding up to 200g/kg of CPC reduced CATTD of GE and CP, but did not affect overall growth performance of weaned pigs fed phase diets balanced for NE and SID Lys/NE ratio.

The use of glycerol in diets for finishing pigs

The production of fuel from renewable energy sources has generated increasing interest in recent years and biofuel production is being encouraged within the United Kingdom. If current government targets are to be met, approximately 2.7 million tonnes of oil seed rape are needed to supply biodiesel which will result in a significant amount of the by-product glycerol. Glycerol may be a useful source of energy in diets for pigs but there is limited research on the optimum level of inclusion, digestible energy (DE) content or on the effect on performance. Research by Mourot et al (1994) suggested that glycerol tended to reduce performance but significantly improved meat quality as assessed by drip loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glycerol inclusion in finishing pig diets on performance and meat quality.

An evaluation of a dry-fat product as a source of supplemental energy in pig diets.

Three feeding trials (278 pigs) and one balance trial (14 pigs) were conducted to evaluate acceptance and utilization of diets containing a dry-fat product containing 90% fat. The fat was a mixture of equal parts vegetable and animal fats. In Trial 1, 4-wk-old pigs fed diets with 5% dry-fat added had average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed (G/F) values equal to pigs fed the diet containing 4.5% liquid fat, the unprocessed equivalent to the dry-fat. Values for G/F with both diets were higher (P less than .05) than for pigs fed the unsupplemented control diet. In Trial 2, dry-fat and roasted soybeans were compared as sources of supplemental fat in diets for finishing pigs. Both were efficiently utilized, with no differences (P greater than .05) among diets. In Trial 3, diets with 0, 5 and 10% levels of added dry-fat were fed to pigs from 34 to 100 kg. Rates of gain were not affected, but ADFI decreased (P less than .05) and G/F increased (P less than .05) with increased fat level. Carcass measurements were not affected by dietary treatment, but iodine number of backfat increased (P less than .05) with dietary fat level. In Trial 4, values for grams of N absorbed and retained and megacalories of energy absorbed and metabolized did not differ (P greater than .05) between diets with 0 and 5% added dry-fat. These results show that the dry-fat product was efficiently utilized by growing and finishing pigs.

Prediction of the digestible energy in pig diets from analyses of fibre contents

SUMMARYDigestible energy (DE) values were determined for 15 pig diets with pigs 8 to 18 weeks old by standard digestibility procedures. The 15 diets contained 4360 to 4920 kcal gross energy (GE)/kg dry matter (DM), 2750 to 4070 kcal DE/kg DM, 2·8 to 15·8% crude fibre (CF), 2·4 to 21·1% acid-detergent fibre (ADF), and 7·3 to 33·8% neutraldetergent fibre (NDF).The prediction equations obtained were all highly significant. DE was most accurately predicted when the fibre value used was NDF, the regression equation being: DE = 4314·37·22 NDF (residual SD + 265). The inclusion of GE in the regression equation considerably improved its accuracy: DE = 1·510 GE-2579·39·37 NDF (residual SD ±127).However, the greater digestibility by pigs of NDF in diets containing sweet lupin seed meal (SLSM) resulted in these diets being more efficiently digested than diets containing other common protein supplements. Omitting the four diets containing SLSM from the regression analysis resulted in an even more accurate prediction equation: DE = 1·177 GE-1085·40·22 NDF (residual SD±107). It is suggested that this equation may be used to predict DE of pig diets compounded from commonly used constituents.