Energy In Egypt Research Articles

Energy recovery from landfill gas in Egypt

AbstractIn developing countries, the transition from dumpsites to landfills is particularly important for addressing the challenges of waste management and promoting sustainable development. The goal of this study is to determine the quantity of gas emissions from landfills in Egypt using LandGEM, Afvalzorg, and Mexico models, as well as analyze the financial benefits and greenhouse gas reductions of producing electricity from municipal solid waste, considering seven different landfills across Egypt. A financial assessment was conducted using the entire lifecycle cost, levelized cost of energy, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. While the environmental assessment adopted a methodology to determine greenhouse gas production and reductions due to landfill gas valorization, in a span of 30 years, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to be reduced by 81% following landfill gas utilization based on a 75% gas collection efficiency. Furthermore, the potential electricity generation reaches 358 gigawatt-hours, with plant capacities ranging between 3 and 40 megawatts. The positive net present values obtained demonstrate that landfill gas for electricity generation in Egypt is financially feasible for big landfills. This aims to provide first-hand technical knowledge to waste management stakeholders, including policymakers, planners, decision-makers, and investors, to guide waste management planning and promote financially feasible investment in landfill gas to energy in Egypt. Graphical Abstract

The Eectricity Crisis and the Feasibility of Nuclear Energy in Egypt

The power outage crisis is increasing in Egypt, negatively affecting many other sectors such as industry, agriculture, and trade. In light of the lack of sufficient capacity to meet the growing needs of consumers, which has led to regular power shortages and power outages. While Egypt needs additional energy, the production of gas and oil needed to generate thermal energy decreased in 2014, and Egypt moved from an exporter of natural gas to a net importer. In addition to this, the volume of subsidies allocated to energy increased, the rise in global prices for oil and natural gas, and the need for huge investments to create Power generation plants, development of transportation networks, and distribution of electrical energy, which led to pressure on the general budget. A continuous and reliable supply of electricity is needed for Egypt's social and economic development. Accordingly, the government encouraged the development of new energy, invited the private sector to participate in energy generation, and a number of government reforms were made in order to enhance competition in the energy market, which required the need to study the possibility of providing it using nuclear energy. Its stations have a high load capacity, operate almost at full capacity all the time, are characterized by the stability of the electrical network and energy independence, and avoid the risks of fuel price shocks, and the costs of generating electricity from them decrease with increasing production. The importance of this research lies in highlighting the challenges facing the structure of the electricity sector in Egypt, and studying the advantages enjoyed by nuclear energy as the most important renewable energy sources in the world. Its importance also lies in comparing nuclear energy with other energy sources, and trying to benefit Egypt from obtaining this energy for use. In economic development projects, rationalizing tariffs and supporting their access to the poor. <i>This research is divided into</i>:<i>The first topic</i>: The electricity generation crisis in Egypt and a development vision for the contribution of nuclear energy to its solution, <i>The second topic</i>: trends in development planning for establishing nuclear plants in Egypt. The electricity generation crisis in Egypt and a development vision for the contribution of nuclear energy to its solution.

Fulfilling the potentials of residential solar energy in Egypt

Energy plays a very important role in Egypt’s economic development, but the country has a gap between its produced energy and the demand of its growing population. Utilization of solar power systems in Egypt could help the country to close this gap and fulfil its national and international obligations. However, since 1980, the focus in Egypt has been on large-scale industrial solar projects. Limited attention is given to smaller systems for typical residential buildings. The aim of this research, therefore, is to highlight the potential of small residential solar systems (SRSS) in Egypt. With the huge number of residential buildings accommodating more than 115 million Egyptians, SRSS could be the unearthed gem of a sustainable source of energy in Egypt. The geographical location of Egypt and climate were used to generate solar data using the Global Solar Atlas application. The amounts of monthly and annual solar irradiations were calculated and analysed to decide the best orientation of the system (facing east, west, north, and south), identify the optimum tilt angle of the system, and determine the size of the solar panels. A case study was used to illustrate the procedures of designing SRSS for a typical residential building in Egypt. The results showed that a 26 kWp SRSS oriented facing the east with an optimum tilt angle between 15° and 30° could produce an annual total output of electricity more than the annual demand of the occupants of the studied residential building. Such a system would fit easily on the roof of the building. It was concluded that the installation of SRSS in Egypt could help the country meet the demand of its ever-increasing population if properly regulated, financed, and managed. It is recommended that Egypt develop and implement policies to make installations of SRSS an attractive choice among homeowners and investors by introducing encouraging incentives and creating a competitive market with affordable SRSS.

Tackle power outage effects for Egypt's energy crisis via localized optimum load shedding

This paper presents an approach for selecting optimal load-shedding values for individual subscribers or consumers. Implementing this method can bring positive outcomes for consumers by minimizing risks and economic losses caused by power outages. It enables network operators to address power supply deficits and overcome network issues, especially those affecting weaker areas. The optimal load-shedding values are determined by employing IGWA (Improved grey wolf algorithm) through a Graded Objective Function Strategy. The proposed method essentially centered on categorizing loads into two levels based on their importance. The first level includes essential loads, the disruption of which results in risks or significant economic losses. The second level comprises less critical loads, and they do not have more risks or economic losses when power outages. This approach applies specifically to residential loads. The control scheme diagram of disconnecting and reconnecting the current is established by estimating the critical load limit during power outage periods. The necessary arrangements can be made, leading to a proactive measure against risks and losses. The proposal has been implemented in Egypt's electricity network. this proposed method provides a simple and effective solution to the ongoing crisis and provides permanent resolution of problems arising from power outages.

A case study on optimizing industrial air conditioning with thermal solar energy in Egypt

This study investigates the feasibility of implementing a solar-assisted adsorption chiller in an industrial building at the Oriental Weavers International factory located in 10th of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt. The objective is to replace an inefficient split air conditioning system currently used to cool the Jacquard units during carpet manufacturing. The research begins by analyzing the performance of the existing cooling system to establish a baseline. It then explores the potential energy savings achievable by replacing the current system with a solar-assisted adsorption chiller. The existing oversized boiler will serve as an auxiliary heater for the new system. TRNSYS simulation tools are employed to model the building, simulate its thermal performance, and develop a solar-assisted cooling system. A parametric analysis investigates the impact of varying collector area and hot/cold-water storage tank volumes on key energy performance indicators. This analysis aims to determine the optimal component sizes needed for efficient system operation. Results indicate that a collector area of 90 m2 offers the optimal balance between performance and cost. There are minimal benefits to increasing the collector area beyond 100 m2. Larger hot water storage tanks demonstrate reduced outlet temperatures, reaching a maximum solar fraction at a capacity of 4 m³. The impact of cold-water storage tank volume on the system is minimal. The economic assessment reveals a payback period of 7.6 years, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 14.3 %, and a Return on Investment (ROI) of 34.5 % over a 10-year period, indicating the financial viability of the proposed system. Furthermore, the solar-assisted adsorption chiller system has the potential for substantial environmental benefits. The system has the capacity to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 7200 metric tons. This highlights not only the technical feasibility of the system but also its economic and environmental advantages.

An Analytical Study of Renewable Energy in Egypt Regarding of Transitioning to a Green Economy

An Analytical Study of Renewable Energy in Egypt Regarding of Transitioning to a Green Economy

Incorporating operational constraints into long-term energy planning: The case of the Egyptian power system under high share of renewables

This study assesses the performance of Egypt's energy system on a short-term basis to ensure that it can handle a high share of renewable energy, as predicted in the long-term planning up to 2040. PLEXOS software is used for short-term analysis to simulate operational performance on an hourly basis while considering the constraints of Unit Commitment (UC) and Economic Dispatch (ED). The long-term energy planning model, which covered the years 2020–2040 with chosen representative years (2020 as the base year and 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040), was validated by the short-term operational model. The results from the short-term analysis indicate that by the year 2040, 69.5 % of the electricity mix from renewable energy sources (excluding hydro) can be accommodated, representing a slightly lower capacity than the 70 % predicted by the long-term plan. Due to the high share of intermittent renewable energy sources, traditional generators will experience excessive cycling in 2040. The average weighted short-run marginal cost in 2040 is projected to be 7.8 USD/MWh, compared to 18.37 USD/MWh in 2020, due to the low operating costs of renewable energy plants and their high penetration in 2040. Various operational techniques have been suggested to reduce the curtailment of renewable energy to achieve only 1.2 % of the total energy generation of the system by 2040. Additionally, other adjustments to the system operation are being considered to maintain a balance in the power system on a short-term basis.

Potential impacts of climate change on renewable energy in Egypt

The need for renewable energy sources is recently necessitated by attaining sustainability and climate change mitigation. Accordingly, the use of renewable energy sources has been growing rapidly during the last two decades. Yet, the potentials of renewable energy sources are generally influenced by several climatic factors that either determine the source of energy such as wind speed in the case of wind power or affect the performance of system such as the reduction in solar PV power production due to temperature increase. This highlights the need for assessing climate change impacts on renewable energy sources in the future to ensure their reliability and sustainability.This paper is intended to assess impacts of climate change on wind and solar potential energy in Egypt by the year 2065 under RCP 8.5 scenario. For this purpose, a GIS-based methodology of three main steps was applied. The results revealed that solar energy potential in Egypt is expected to be relatively less vulnerable to climate change compared to wind energy. In this respect, it was found that while wind energy potential was estimated to range ± 12%. By the year 2065 under RCP 8.5 scenario, PV module power is expected to decrease by about 1.3% on average. Such assessment can assist in developing more sustainable and flexible renewable energy policy in Egypt.

Quantifying the Saved Social Costs of the Solar Energy Projects Funded by the EBRD in Egypt

The world is changing into a village due to the common need to meet the population’s energy demands. Scholars link such transformation with energy’s relevance in meeting economic and social development and improving human welfare. This paper aims to evaluate the social cost savings of solar energy projects funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in Egypt. The paper provides an overview of the EBRD's involvement in promoting renewable energy in Egypt and its impact on the country's energy mix. The paper analyzes the three solar energy projects funded by the EBRD and their contribution to reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. Through calculating the avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the saved social costs of these projects, the study concludes that the contribution of the EBRD is substantial, which highlights the importance of partnering in renewable energy to achieve sustainable development goals and mitigate climate change.

Renewable Energy as a Constitutional Commitment: An Analytical Study Considering. The Egyptian Constitution and International Agreements

Objective: This study examines the transition to clean energy in Egypt as a constitutional commitment mandated by the Egyptian Constitution and as an international demand emphasized by numerous international agreements due to the increasing environmental risks of greenhouse gas emissions.
 
 Methods: This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach to describe and analyze the current reality of renewable energy in accordance with the current Egyptian Constitution and international demands for environmental protection. The study relies on a combination of primary and secondary sources, as well as scientific publications, to support the analysis and draw conclusions.
 
 Results: The study findings indicate that international climate agreements cannot achieve their objectives unless parallel national mechanisms are established to serve the same goal. The study also confirms that the legislative system in a country can significantly contribute to climate protection goals, which are a global demand, by creating a conducive legislative environment for transitioning to clean energy. Additionally, transitioning to clean energy is identified as the most effective method to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as long as there is societal awareness about environmental protection. Lastly, the study underscores the need for continuous and sustainable development of national and international legislations related to renewable and clean energy to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which have become a global environmental threat.
 
 Suggestions: It is recommended to implement comprehensive legislative reforms to support innovation and technological transformation in the renewable energy sector and develop policies to facilitate the implementation of renewable energy and streamline administrative processes. Enhancing environmental awareness and education programs is essential to promote interest in clean energy, while continuously evaluating and adapting legislative and regulatory standards is necessary to address evolving challenges. Furthermore, encouraging public-private partnerships and offering incentives to attract investment in clean energy projects is also encouraged.

Economical study for hydrogen production from seawater using renewable energy in Egypt

AbstractThis study looks into the possibilities of hydrogen production in the north coast and red‐sea Zone, Egypt, to conver renewable energy to hydrogen (power to gas). The main purpose is to estimate the power needed for each kg of hydrogen production from seawater using renewable energy and then the quantity of desalinated seawater needed to cover this cost. We will discuss different scenarios; the main two scenarios are photovoltaic (PV) solar with reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and concentrating solar power (CSP) with multi‐effect desalination (MED).

Wind Energy Conversion Systems Based on a Synchronous Generator: Comparative Review of Control Methods and Performance

Recently, controlling a wind energy conversion system (WECS) under fluctuating wind speed and enhancing the quality of power delivered to the grid has been a demanding challenge for many researchers. This paper provides a comprehensive review of synchronous generator-based WECSs. This paper will investigate the growth of wind energy in Egypt and throughout the world, as well as the technological and financial significance of wind energy. The block diagram of a typical grid-connected WECS, power control techniques, characteristic power curve-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and MPPT techniques are also presented in this study. Moreover, this study compares different power converter topologies for grid-connected and independent WECSs that use a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).

Deep heat source detection using the magnetotelluric method and geothermal assessment of the Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

Nonrenewable hydrocarbon energy sources provide the bulk of Egypt's energy. However, the nation needs to diversify its energy portfolio and use conventional and renewable energy in tandem to ensure its long-term economic growth; therefore, harvesting untapped geothermal resources might help Egypt meet its energy needs in a sustainable and effective manner. The Farafra Oasis is located in the midst of Egypt's Western Desert and has been selected as the focal point for sustainable long-term development in the Western Desert.Using a magnetotelluric (MT) survey, a deep exploration of the Farafra region has been conducted to explore the underlying geological state and, as a result, explain the origin of several thermal wells around the oasis. None of the prior studies reached the necessary depths to offer information on the surface of deep igneous rocks, which may be the source of heat in the study area. Two field excursions were conducted to measure 19 stations along a line crossing the Farafra Oasis and extending more than 130 km. The MT instrument measured periods greater than 1000 s to gather low-frequency data with great efficiency.On the basis of 2D inversion of MT data, a mathematical model of the Farafra region's geothermal system was built to visualize and characterize the heat sources underneath the Farafra Oasis. It was shown that the existence of a high-temperature pluton at considerable depth is the primary cause of the temperature rise in the aquifer under the Farafra Oasis, as the water mass builds up on top of plutonic rocks and flows upwards via fractures and faults.

Methods of increasing the efficiency of the use of multiple sources of energy through management information systems ( Applied study :on solar energy in egypt )

Methods of increasing the efficiency of the use of multiple sources of energy through management information systems ( Applied study :on solar energy in egypt )

Feasibility study and performance analysis of microgrid with 100% hybrid renewables for a real agricultural irrigation application

Recently, wide attention has been paid to the techno-economic viability for electrifying rural and remote areas while less awareness for agricultural irrigation pumps is given. Diesel generators are still utilized for agricultural facilities, causing ecological issues and energy price growth. In this paper, an integrative techno-economic design optimization framework for adequate planning of fully renewable energy system including photovoltaic units, wind turbines and batteries fed a real case-study of an agricultural load of 240 kWh/day in Al-Sadat city, Egypt, is proposed using HOMER Pro. The project site is favorably chosen since Egypt holds great potential for renewables; manipulating these resources becomes crucial for achieving national sustainability as per Egypt 2030 vision. The feasibility and performance of the proposed energy system are evaluated and analyzed regarding its technical and economic dimensions and compared with four different energy alternatives, including the existing real system and the standalone diesel system, for fair comparisons. The design optimization is followed by parametric and reliability analyses to uncover the impacts of uncertainty in seven key input parameters and power generation shortage on optimal economic behavior. The achieved outcomes reveal that the fully renewable solar/wind/batteries/converter system is of optimal behaviours over other alternatives to fulfil the load demand. The proposed system acquires the minimum net present cost ($194,017) and cost of energy (0.119 $/kWh) and efficiently attains a negligible ratio in both capacity shortage and unserved load with only 0.098%. Besides, a productive amount of surplus energy (61.7%) is achieved for further deferable loads supplying. Moreover, the parametric analysis proves the great reliance of system cost on the uncertainty of discount rate, project lifetime and components’ capital costs while the uncertainty in renewable resources has a slight impact on the system performance. In addition, the reliability analysis indicates that a small and tolerable loss of power supply by 2% results in considerable financial benefits while optimizing the microgrid design. The study is expected to raise the awareness of exploiting renewable energy in Egypt and provide a valuable proposal for replacing the existing energy system of the addressed case-study.

Reuse of Abandoned oil and gas wells for Power generation in Western Dessert and Gulf of Suez fields of Egypt

This study investigates the capable outcome of using existing abandoned oil and gas wells as a geothermal energy source in Egypt. Geothermal resources of Egypt are mainly located along the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea in addition to some additional spots with lower potential in the Western Desert of Egypt. In Gulf of Suez the geothermal potential identified data and parameters dignified from oil and gas wells under the regulation of the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation. Using abandoned oil and gas well which already lost their economic value would save drilling time and cost which would decrease the ROR of the investment. In this paper a simulation model cycle has been made by ASPEN HYSYS software to show the reliability of using the abandoned oil and gas wells outlet fluid as a source geothermal energy in Egypt by mapping the geothermal favorability locations with the oil and gas field area. Mapping shows that in Egypt there is potential of extracting low, medium and high temperature extractions from wells according to the location. Results demonstrates that the output power for the simulation geothermal power plant in different locations of Egypt and at various temperatures. Showing that in western desert the maximum output power that can be generated from the modified binary cycle is 3.063 MW at output temperature of 125 °C. Whereas in the Gulf of Suez proposed maximum output is 44.6 MW that can be produced from modified Flash steam cycle at an output temperature of 300 °C.

Comprehensive Review on Renewable Energy Sources in Egypt—Current Status, Grid Codes and Future Vision

The development of the energy sector in Egypt is considered an urgent issue due to the rapid population rise rate. In particular, renewable energy sources (RESs) applications play an essential role in the coverage of energy demand. Therefore, Egypt has ambitious plans towards RESs to combine a sustainable energy future with economic growth. Egypt has high potentiality for RESs and their applications, nevertheless, the study of this modality remains below the required level. Due to the widespread use of RESs, communities are facing stability issues as the power converters-based RESs create a significant lack of power inertia, causing system instability and power blackouts as well as issues of power quality such as harmonics or resonances due to the power converters and their interactions with the system. This work presents a recent review supported by a statistical analysis about the current situation in Egypt according to the last data carried out from local/global reports. In addition, this review discusses specifications of technical design standards, terms, and equipment parameters for connecting small, medium, and large-scale solar plants, respectively to the Egyptian grid in accordance with the Electricity Distribution Code (EDC), Solar Energy Grid Connection Code (SEGCC), and the Grid Code (GC). Interestingly, the use of hydropower and emergent solar energy is considered the most promising RES variant, besides the wind energy at the coastal sites. This review characterizes the progress in Egypt and classifies interest areas for RESs recent study, e.g., photovoltaic (PV), solar chimney (SC), concentrated solar plant (CSP), and wind energy in Egypt. To maximize the RES hosting capacity in Egypt, various energy storage systems are required to be integrated into the distribution networks. Finally, a view of existing gaps, future visions and projects, and visible recommendations are defined for the Egyptian grid.

A Study on Pesticide Sprayer Powered by Solar Energy Appropriate for Small Farms

The study was conducted on a knapsacksprayer powered by a DC motor through a 12 V lead acid battery charged from a solar panel (photovoltaic) directed to sun rays. The system was installed and tested in the western desert on a small-scale farm at Frafra Oasis (New val-ley). This study aimed to evaluate and develop a knapsack sprayer powered by a solar energy for overcoming operator fatigue and shortage of traditional energy in Egypt’s western desert. The experiments were conducted during the period which starts in August 2019 till Febru-ary 2020. The main parts of the system consist of photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells, charger controller, rechargeable battery, and DC motor speed control with dimmer and pump which was attached with a tank 20 liters capacity for sucking and pressurizing the liquid to the boom of the sprayer through a flexible hose. The main results of experiments were as fol-lows: The time for recharging the battery com-pletely was found 330 minutes (5.5 hours) to charge completely from 10.55 V – 13.85 V, with current intensity 1.67 Ampere. The bat-tery discharge time was varied due to drop the battery voltage from 13.85 – 10.55 Volts. De-pending on the motor speed, which is the time for discharging the battery was found 4 – 9 hours, when motor pulled 0.85 - 1.85 Amps at 2000 - 3400 rpm and this time at deferent speed is enough to spray area 3 - 6.82 fed/day day work = 6 hours with application rate 67 - 104.7 l/fed. The number of droplets and the area coverage percentage ranges from 30 – 146.33 drops and 13.96 – 27.97% for one cm2 of simulator targets at a speed ranging from 2000 – 3400 rpm, respectively.

Key elements of green supply chain management drivers and barriers empirical study of solar energy companies in South Egypt

PurposeThere are several important strategic projects in the field of renewable energy in Egypt. Benban project is considered as one of the largest solar generation facilities in the world, which aims to increase clean energy produced, provide electricity needs for citizens and help to increase the volume of Egypt's electricity exports. The purpose of this paper is to explore the most important drivers and barriers that affect the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the field of solar energy production.Design/methodology/approachIt is an exploratory research that conducts a case study about solar energy companies operating in Benban, south Egypt. It adopts a mixed approach; qualitative and quantitative research strategy to test the relationship between dependent and independent variables through a survey.FindingsThis research concluded that normative drivers involving stakeholder pressure are of the greatest drivers of GSCM practice, while external barriers including lack of government regulations and government support, poor supplier commitment, customers’ unawareness of sustainable green products, lack of markets receiving and manufacturing recycled materials, lack of renewal or technological innovation in markets and lack of human resources or expertise in market are among the biggest barriers to GSCM implementation.Research limitations/implicationsThe researchers collected 30 responses during the field survey, which is a nonrandom sample that does not allow generalization. In addition, samples are only from companies in the solar energy sector only.Originality/valueAs there is a need for research that addresses sustainability practices and solutions in developing countries, especially in Egypt, this paper theoretically contributes to literature by proposing a conceptual framework that identifies the drivers and barriers of GSCM from the existing literature, then investigates and measures their impact on the implementation of GSCM on an Egyptian case study. As regards the practical contribution, this research is a trial to experimentally test the importance of top management’s role in motivating and training employees to improve the brand image of their company and making them aware of the benefits of the successful GSCM implementation.

THE ROLE OF THE DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT

Many developing and developed countries alike are striving to attract foreign direct investment because of its impact on economic development, transferring expertise, and development of mechanisms for the business models of the host economy. This research drives at studying foreign investments by analyzing their inflows and their relative importance to Egypt; identifying as well, the reasons that prevent outmost and optimal benefit by drawing on the experiments of some countries. The research also aims to examine foreign direct investment in the field of clean energy in Egypt, to study the patterns of joint cooperation between foreign investments and the various ministries and agencies in the energy field; studying as well, the obstacles that prevent some of the memorandums of understanding signed with foreign companies from being implemented. The practical side of the study is explained through the applied study by analyzing the data issued by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development using descriptive statistical and inductive measures to test the relationship between the study variables. The results of the study showed through statistical analysis when testing the hypotheses that there is a positive significant effect between foreign direct investment and the real economic growth rate, and that it contributes to development but in a small amount due to the nature of these investments and their sectoral distribution. There is a positive non-significant impact between foreign direct investment and total exports and imports as a percentage of the gross domestic product. Its impact is negligible and poor, given that the majority of it flows into the petroleum sector. There is also a positive significant impact between foreign direct investment and total human capital as a percentage of the gross domestic product in a small percentage given that the majority of foreign investments do not require large labor. There is a negative significant effect between foreign direct investment of the inflation rate due to its sector distribution which is mostly focused in the petroleum sector and between tourism and real estate.