Antenna For Energy Harvesting Research Articles

Switch-Beam Antenna Techniques for Bridge Structural Health Monitoring With GaAs-Based Solar Energy Harvesting

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is addressed by leveraging two distinct but interrelated aspects: GaAs-based solar energy harvesting and switched-beam antenna strategies in combination with asynchronous media access control (MAC) protocols. The joint optimization of solar energy harvesting and switched-beam directional antennas at the nodes is considered and compared with an equivalent omnidirectional antenna network. To address the limited energy budget in battery-based sensor nodes which is a serious limitation in long-lived applications such as bridge SHM, an efficient solar harvesting solution is put forth based on the good performance of GaAs cells even under low-light conditions. Given the current state of the art in GaAs cells, single-junction cells were selected due to the cost of double-or triple-junction versions. The simulation model includes the residual energy capacity with GaAs-based solar energy harvesting of actual selected components (microcontroller, radio interface chip). The model was implemented on top of the Omnet<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$++$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and Silvaco Atlas simulator. The comparative study in this article provides insights into realistic bridge SHM sensor networks, leveraging solar energy harvesting and switched-beam antennas.</b>

A Compact Broadband Stepped Bow-Tie Antenna for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting

A Compact Broadband Stepped Bow-Tie Antenna for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting

Nano Antenna for Energy Harvesting

In this paper, the design &amp; development of a Nano Antenna for Energy Harvesting is presented in a nutshell. The ever-increasing demand for energy in today's world has compelled us to seek alternative energy sources. While photovoltaic devices are being researched and developed to improve their efficiency, they can only extract energy from the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently, a new device called a Nano antenna has been developed that can convert thermal energy from the infrared region of the spectrum into electricity. In the near future, it is expected to contribute significantly to various fields, including space communication, broadband wireless links, wireless optical communication, mobile communication (5G), radar detection, and higher-order frequency applications. Nano antennas can be fabricated using different techniques such as electron beam lithography, focused ion beam, and nanoimprinting lithography. This paper focuses on the nanoimprinting lithography technique, as it is a cost-effective and high-throughput method. Additionally, the issue of material selection for nano antennas is a significant challenge, and the paper will discuss strategies for overcoming it. The work done &amp; presented in this paper is the result of the mini-project work that has been done by the first sem engineering students of the college and as such there is little novelty in it and the references are being taken from various sources from the internet, the paper is being written by the students to test their writing skills in the starting of their engineering career and also to test the presentation skills during their mini-project presentation. The work done &amp; presented in this paper is the report of the assignment / alternate assessment tool as a part and parcel of the academic assignment of the first year subject on nanotechnology &amp; IoT.

Wirelessly powered large-area electronics for the Internet of Things

Powering the increasing number of sensor nodes used in the Internet of Things creates a technological challenge. The economic and sustainability issues of battery-powered devices mean that wirelessly powered operation—combined with environmentally friendly circuit technologies—will be needed. Large-area electronics—which can be based on organic semiconductors, amorphous metal oxide semiconductors, semiconducting carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional semiconductors—could provide a solution. Here we examine the potential of large-area electronics technology in the development of sustainable, wirelessly powered Internet of Things sensor nodes. We provide a system-level analysis of wirelessly powered sensor nodes, identifying the constraints faced by such devices and highlighting promising architectures and design approaches. We then explore the use of large-area electronics technology in wirelessly powered Internet of Things sensor nodes, with a focus on low-power transistor circuits for digital processing and signal amplification, as well as high-speed diodes and printed antennas for data communication and radiofrequency energy harvesting.

Digitally Printed Liquid Metal Composite Antenna for Energy Harvesting: Toward Energy‐Autonomous Battery‐Free Wearable Bioelectronics

AbstractRapid progress on wearable bioelectronics holds the promise for remote patient monitoring. However, there are concerns related with the use of batteries, including the need for frequent charging, user safety, and environmental pollution. The development of rapidly deployable battery‐free patches that harvest their energy from external sources is highly desired. Here, untethered battery‐free patches through far‐field energy harvesting are demonstrated. Taking advantage of a stretchable biphasic liquid metal‐based ink and digital fabrication techniques, that is, direct printing, and laser patterning, tailor‐made customized antennas are fabricated over various substrates, including polydimethylsiloxane, Kapton, and wound‐dressing medical‐grade adhesives. Folded dipole and planar inverted‐F antennas (PIFA) are evaluated and they are optimized for an over‐the‐body scenario. Compared to previous works that only show communication of data at &lt;1 Hz, here, battery‐free acquisition and transmission of electrocardiogram (ECG) data at 100 Hz via Bluetooth is demonstrated. It is shown that using 3 parallel PIFA antennas, it is possible to harvest ≈10 mW at 30 cm from the transmitter, which is ≈7× the required power by the ECG circuit. This study proves the feasibility of next generation of battery‐free wearable biomonitoring patches/e‐textiles and demonstrates materials and methods for fabrication of optimized printed antennas.

ISM 2.4 GHz Band Antenna Model for RF Energy Harvesting Systems

In today’s world many technological devices can operate with very low power levels. Despite this situation, these devices need to be fed with a sustainable energy source and constantly charged. This low level power need can be attained from ambient electromagnetic waves from any radio frequency sources. Radio frequency energy harvesting systems can be offered to feed these type of devices and these systems have been used in many areas in recent years. In this study, an antenna designment that can be used in RF energy harvesting systems is emphasized. Within the scope of this study, an RF energy harvesting antenna operating at 2.4 GHz frequency has been modeled. The electromagnetic performance and antenna fundamental parameters of the RF energy harvesting antenna are numerically calculated using a commercial 3D based on a transmission line matrix (TLM) and the finite integration technique (FIT). The physical extents of the antenna are 35 x 28 x 1.6 mm. The proposed RF energy harvesting antenna has 2.1 dBi directivty and %98.1 radiation efficiency performance parameters. The antenna proposed here can be have usage areas such as an RF energy harvesting antenna for low-power medical devices, self sustainable wireless devices in Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) devices.

A Comprehensive Review on High-efficiency RF-DC Converter for Energy Harvesting Applications

The design of radiofrequency energy harvesting (RFRH) circuit for wearable devices, wireless sensor networks, and IoT applications can be classified mainly into radio frequency to direct current (RF-DC) converter, a transmitter and receiver antenna, an impedance matching network, and a storage device or a load. By scavenging RF energy from the ambient environment, this developing technology allows low-power wireless devices to be self-sustaining and environment friendly. To eliminate the need for batteries, RFEH technology has become a dependable and promising alternative for extending the lifetime of power-constrained wireless networks. This paper mainly focused on the input and output power, Power conversion efficiency (PCE), and sensitivity. Due to the weak and limited signal strength of received RF power, high-efficiency state-of-the-art RF energy harvesters must be designed to provide sufficient DC supply voltage to wireless networks. We provide in-depth information on the system’s parameters. Optimum efficiency and maximum output power are the main concerns of an RFEH system. Therefore, RF Energy harvesting system review, antenna design, impedance matching, and RF-DC converter are presented in this paper to provide a deep insight into the design of the RFEH system. This article may help in identifying new research in the field of RF Energy Harvesting.

An Overview about Microstrip Antenna for Energy Harvesting in Agriculture

An Overview about Microstrip Antenna for Energy Harvesting in Agriculture

Multiband Dual-Polarized Hybrid Antenna With Complementary Beam for Simultaneous RF Energy Harvesting and WPT

A novel hybrid antenna for simultaneous RF energy harvesting (RF-EH) and dedicated wireless power transfer (WPT) is proposed. The hybrid antenna consists of a multiband dual-polarized omnidirectional antenna element (covering GSM-1800, UMTS-2100, ISM-2400/5800, 5G-3500, and wireless local area network (WLAN) bands) and a 2.4 GHz dual-polarized high-gain directional patch array element. In the WPT band (ISM-2400), directional beams locate at the null of omnidirectional beams, and a pair of spatially complementary beams is obtained. The omnidirectional beams are capable of capturing the ambient RF energy from low-elevation space for low-power circuits, while the directional beams receive the power from a dedicated source to activate high-power modules. Also, the spatially complementary feature contributes low mutual couplings between ports that support the independent operation of WPT and RF-EH. For validation, an outdoor RF-EH test and an indoor WPT test are conducted. The measured results agree with the simulated ones.

Effect of fabric structure on the performance of screen-printed ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification tag antenna for wireless radio frequency energy harvesting

Textile materials are the ideal substrate of the antenna of eco-friendly wireless radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technology for sustainable battery-free operation of wearable electronic devices, while few of the work published have been focused on the effect of textile properties on the energy harvesting performance. This work will clarify the effect of typical fabric surface structures on the energy harvesting performance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antenna. The antennas were screen-printed onto three different weave structures, and performance for the different fabric-based antennas were studied. The results showed that the antenna printed on plain fabric, which has the smallest porosity and lower surface roughness, was able to achieve a maximum transmission distance of 110 cm and output voltage of 3.003 mV at 69 cm. Consequently, in order to improve the energy harvesting performance of antenna, the smooth and compact fabric surface is more beneficial to highly efficient energy harvesting.

A square ring and single split resonator based wearable antenna for Microwave energy harvesting for IoT nodes

A wearable antenna utilising metamaterial radiating elements, which operates at two frequency bands, are presented in this paper. A closed-ring resonator and a single split-ring resonator of square shape have been used to provide dual resonance. The work develops a compact microstrip patch antenna having radiating patch dimensions of 24.8 × 24.8 mm2, that generates electromagnetic energy exhibiting dual band from 2.3 to 2.5 Giga Hertz (WiMAX, ISM) and 3.4 to 3.6 Giga Hertz (WiMAX band). This work provides relevant parametric analyses, such as free space, on-body, and antenna bending effects. Microstrip antenna is designed to be built on flexible dielectric substrate named Rogers RT-5880 Material with dielectric constant 2.2 and thickness of 0.787 mm. The design is validated by a comparison of numerical and actual antenna measurements. Between simulated and measured findings, good equivalence has been discovered. The fabricated antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 1036 Mega Hertz in lower and 352 Mega Hertz in upper-frequency range, a gain of 2.7 dB,2.35 dB, the directivity of 3 dB, 2.9 dB, the radiation efficiency of 93.32%,88.21 % at 2.4 and 3.6 Giga Hertz respectively in free space condition. The results highlight the applicability of an energy efficient dual-band proposed antenna in wearable applications and microwave energy harvesting for IoT nodes within the ISM and WiMAX bands.

A Broad Dual-Band Implantable Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting and Data Transmitting.

An implantable antenna, operating at the dual Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands of 902–928 MHz and 2.4–2.48 GHz, is presented for RF energy harvesting and data transmission. By introducing multiple radiating branches and etching a C-shaped slot, multiple resonant frequencies were generated to produce the wide dual bands. The proposed antenna has compact dimensions of 7.9 × 7.7 × 1.27 mm3. The simulated impedance bandwidths of the antenna are 0.67–1.05 GHz (44.2%) and 2.11–2.96 GHz (33.5%), and the peak gains are −28.9 dBi and −29.5 dBi, respectively. The lower band can be applied in RF energy harvesting, while the upper band is designed for data transmission with external medical equipment. Furthermore, to convert RF power into DC power, in RF energy harvesting, a voltage-doubled rectifier was positioned under the ground plane of the proposed antenna. The rectifier circuit can achieve a maximum conversion efficiency of 52% at an input power of 5 dBm. Furthermore, the integrated scheme of the implantable rectenna was fabricated and the numerical performance of the wireless power transfer was verified with the measurement results.

Wearable Circular Polarized Antennas for Health Care, 5G, Energy Harvesting, and IoT Systems

Novel circular polarized sensors and antennas for biomedical systems, energy harvesting, Internet of Things (IoT), and 5G devices are presented in this article. The major challenge in development of healthcare, IoT, 5G and communication systems is the evaluation of circular polarized active and passive wearable antennas. Moreover, a low-cost wearable sensor may be evaluated by printing the microstrip antenna with the sensor feed network and the active devices on the same substrate. Design considerations, comparison between simulation and measured results of compact circular polarized efficient sensors for wireless, 5G, energy harvesting, IoT, and medical systems are highlighted in this article. The electrical performance of the novel sensors and antennas on and near the user body were evaluated by employing electromagnetic software. Efficient passive and active metamaterial circular polarized antennas and sensors were developed to improve the system electrical performance. The wearable compact circular polarized passive and active sensors are efficient, flexible, and low-cost. The frequency range of the resonators, without Circular Split-Ring Resonators CSRRs, is higher by 4% to 10% than the resonators with CSRRs. The gain of the circular polarized antennas without CSRRs is lower by 2 dB to 3 dB than the resonators with CSRRs. The gain of the new passive antennas with CSRRs is around 7 dBi to 8.4 dBi. The bandwidth of the new circular polarized antennas with CSRRs is around 10% to 20%. The sensors VSWR is better than 3:1. The passive and active efficient metamaterials antennas improve the system performance.

A novel single-feed hybrid reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communication and radio frequency energy harvesting applications at 28/38GHz.

Reconfigurable antennas have received much attention in RF energy harvesting models owing to their selectivity for operating frequency and polarization. The characteristic of having frequency selectivity and polarization selectivity can be termed as frequency diversity and polarization diversity, respectively. This paper investigates a rectenna device with a new proposed topology in order to eliminate coupling between input and output lines and increase the rectification efficiency with the use of single feed hybrid reconfigurable antenna, switch between 28GHz and 38GHz frequency. Moreover, it is designed to charge a rechargeable battery of 1watt(W). The Reconfiguration mechanism is realized by electronically controlling different states of Switches. PIN Diode (as RLC Equivalent circuit) is used as a switch for ON/OFF states. This antenna mainly comprises rectangular shaped patches (28GHz and 38GHz) with Triango-Truncated edge at the corners. Eighteen PIN Diodes are placed symmetrically throughout the antenna presenting as, S1 & S2 for frequency reconfiguration, S3 to S6 & S7 to S10 connects Triango Truncated edge at the corners for polarization reconfiguration, and for radiation pattern reconfiguration at S11 to S14 & S15 to S18 has been used. The proposed antenna model is capable of simultaneously changing, the radiation patterns as clock and anti-clockwise directions at ±90-degree shift in E and H planes, circularly polarized (CP) states among, Linear Polarization (LP), Right Hand Circularly Polarization (RHCP), and Left Hand Circularly Polarization (LHCP). The current design describes using single antenna for energy harvesting and 5G mobile communication application. This would lead to higher output currents, leading to the ability to efficiently charge a wide variety of batteries. A fully functional prototype has been designed, fabricated and its compound reconfiguration characteristics have been validated for simulated and measured results. For validation of results, the experimental results and the simulation results from the proposed mathematical model were made into comparison, and excellent correlation between the measured and simulated results was obtained.

Dual-Function Triple-Band Heatsink Antenna for Ambient RF and Thermal Energy Harvesting

The Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure requires billions of devices that must ideally be self-powered. Ambient RF and thermal energy have great potential since they are both available continuously throughout the day. An RF harvester is a rectenna that is a combination of a receiving antenna and a rectifier. Thermal energy harvesters (TEH) are typically static type, with a fixed hot source at one end and a cold source at the other. Here, we present a transient type TEH that generates energy from diurnal cycle temperature fluctuations. Smart integration is achieved by designing the antenna to also act as the heatsink for the TEH. The antenna must be optimized while considering the electromagnetic radiation as well as the heat transfer performances. Thus, two simulators, Ansys HFSS and Ansys Fluent, were employed. The antenna operates at GSM900, GSM1800, and 3G bands simultaneously, with measured gains of 3.8, 4, and 5.3 dB, respectively, which have increased by ~3–4 dB (radiation efficiency doubled from ~40% to ~80%) compared to the flat antenna (with no heatsink fins). The TEH is in the form of a square box where two identical rectennas cover the four sides. Through RF field testing, ~250 mV is consistently collected at any instance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6.25 {\mu }\text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for a 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{k}\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> load). Without the heatsink antenna, the average power collected from the TEH is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$13.6 {\mu }\text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , which increases by 2.3 times when the heatsink antenna is integrated, highlighting the utility of this co-design and monolithic integration, which enhances both RF and thermal harvested powers.

Comparison of Metallization Schemes on Glass Dielectrics for X-Band Glass Antennas and Energy Harvesting.

We prepare and test four types of glass antennas for X-band applications and energy harvesting. These antennas are made of three different glass metallization schemes, including conductive copper foil (CCF), conductive silver paste (CSP) and indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film. Compared with conventional microstrip patch antennas, the dielectric substrate materials of these designs are replaced with silicon-boron glass (εr = 6, tangent δ = 0.002). The antenna with CCF as a radiator and ground plane (case one) is compared with the antenna with ITO replacing the radiator (case two) and ground plane (case three), respectively, and the glass antenna made of CSP (case four) is also presented. In this paper, these four types of glass antennas are measured and analyzed, and a comparison of the fabrication process and performance of these antennas is demonstrated. This study could contribute to the development of human-machine interactivity (HMI) systems with glass dielectric substrates.

An antenna capable of harvesting radio frequency, vibration, and light energy based on piezoelectric and solar film materials

This article proposes a new type of antenna capable of harvesting radio frequency, vibration and light energy based on piezoelectric and solar film materials. The antenna is designed by using solar film and Polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) piezoelectric film as the medium. Due to the high dielectric constant of the antenna medium, the size of the energy harvesting antenna can be effectively reduced. A stacked circle patch was designed for the microstrip antenna, and the antenna size is 53 mm × 60 mm × 0.6 mm. In order to improve the conversion efficiency, the rectifier circuit is optimized, and the modal analysis of PVDF is carried out. Test results show that the bandwidth of the antenna is 2–3 GHz. When the antenna is 50 cm away from the signal emission source with 3 dBm at 2.4 GHz, the output voltage is 2.02 V; under 75 Hz vibration excitation, the output voltage and power can reach 1.5 V and 1.13 mW; when the light intensity is 100 mW/cm2, the output voltage is 1.42 V, the output voltage can reach 1.3 V.

Single-Chip Two Antennas for MM-Wave Self-Powering and Implantable Biomedical Devices

Implantable biomedical applications arise the need for multi-band sensors with a wideband frequency channel for RF energy harvesting operation. Using a separate antenna for energy harvesting can simplify device circuit complexity and reduces operation frequency bands interference. This paper demonstrates the design of single chip with two separate integrated antennas for implantable biomedical applications. The two antennas have different structures with orthogonal polarization to achieve low mutual coupling and negligible interaction between them. The first antenna is a multi-band meander line (MBML) designed for multiple channels data communication, with quad operating bands in the MM-wave range from 22-64 GHz with area 1150 × 200μm2. The second antenna is a wideband dipole antenna (WBDA) for RF energy harvesting, operates in the frequency range extend from 28 GHz to 36 GHz with area 1300×250μm2. The proposed antennas are designed by using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and fabricated by using UMC180nm CMOS technology with total area 0.55 mm2. The MBML frequency bands operating bandwidths can reach 2 GHz at impedance bandwidth ≤ -10 dB. While, the WBDA antenna has gain -2 dB over the operating band extend from 28 GHz up to 36 GHz. The antenna performance is simulated separately and using the human-body phantom model that describes layers of fats inside body, and shows their compatibility for in body operation. Die measurements is performed using on wafer-probing RF PICOBROBES and shows the matching between simulation and measurement values.

Differential multiresonator stacked microstrip antenna for wireless energy harvesting

In this communication, various planar multiple resonators stacked microstrip antennas with differential inputs/outputs for wireless energy harvesting are presented. The antennas are designed for GSM 900 band using thick substrate on low-dielectric constant. The developed antennas are fabricated on two different substrates to study and compare the efficiency of complete differential RF energy harvesting system. Gain of 9.03, 10.5, 10.62, and 12.05 is achieved for a broad bandwidth of 12, 17.5, 17.9, and 20.2% respectively for various antenna prototypes. Measured results show a peak efficiency of 70.85, 72.49, 75.68, and 86.33% for a load of 2, 1.2, 0.98, and 0.52 kΩ respectively. Finally, wireless power transmission is estimated using link budget analysis.

Ultra-compact dual-band smart NEMS magnetoelectric antennas for simultaneous wireless energy harvesting and magnetic field sensing

Ultra-compact wireless implantable medical devices are in great demand for healthcare applications, in particular for neural recording and stimulation. Current implantable technologies based on miniaturized micro-coils suffer from low wireless power transfer efficiency (PTE) and are not always compliant with the specific absorption rate imposed by the Federal Communications Commission. Moreover, current implantable devices are reliant on differential recording of voltage or current across space and require direct contact between electrode and tissue. Here, we show an ultra-compact dual-band smart nanoelectromechanical systems magnetoelectric (ME) antenna with a size of 250 × 174 µm2 that can efficiently perform wireless energy harvesting and sense ultra-small magnetic fields. The proposed ME antenna has a wireless PTE 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than any other reported miniaturized micro-coil, allowing the wireless IMDs to be compliant with the SAR limit. Furthermore, the antenna’s magnetic field detectivity of 300–500 pT allows the IMDs to record neural magnetic fields.