Energy Generation System Research Articles

Hybrid Optimized PI Controller Design for Grid Tied PV Based Electric Vehicle

Nowadays, researchers are becoming increasingly concerned about developing a highly efficient emission free transportation and energy generation system for addressing the pressing issue of environmental crisis in the form of pollution and climate change. The introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) solves the challenge of emission-free transportation while the necessity for decarbonized energy production is fulfilled by the installation and expansion of solar-powered Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Hence, this paper focuses on designing an effective PV based EV charging system that aids in stepping towards the achievement of a pollution free future. For overcoming the inherent intermittency associated with PV, a novel DC-DC converter is designed by integrating both Trans Z-source converter and Luo converter, which offers remarkable benefits of high conversion range, lesser voltage stress and excellent efficiency. A novel robust Lion Grey Wolf Optimized Proportional Integral (LGWO-PI) controller is designed for significantly strengthening the operation of the integrated converter in terms of peak overshoot, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and settling time. A 3φ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is employed to convert the stable DC output from the PV system to AC, which is then used for driving the Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) motor of EV. The speed of the BLDC is regulated using a PI controller. The BLDC motor gets the power supply from the grid during the unavailability of PV based power supply. The grid is integrated with the designed EV charging system through a 1φ VSI and the process of grid voltage synchronization is carried out with the application of PI controller. The simulation for evaluating the operation of the presented EV charging system is done using MATLAB and the attained outcomes have validated that this introduced methodology delivers enhanced performance with optimal efficiency of 97.6% and lesser THD of 2.1%.

Hybrid Energy Generation System with Brushless Generators

With the capacity extension of the grid to remote areas. The discovery and usage of interconnected power production using alternative power supply sources has been promoted. This article proposes a fulfillment with the use of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and brushless generators with a standalone micro grid topology. With numerous Renewable Energy Sources (RES), including solar PV and wind the micro grid device is energized. However, to ensure the system’s stability, a Diesel Generator (DG) collection and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) are also used. The topology suggested has the benefit of less few switches and easy power. The structure applied has been fixed as an AC supply by DG. The wind and PV sources are DC sources related to the VSC DC connection. At the DC connection, the BESS is often used to promote the instantaneous equilibrium of power under complex conditions. The VSC further has the potential to alleviate power quality challenges such as harmonics, voltage control and load balancing, in addition to system integration. To illustrate all the capabilities of the proposed method, a good range of Mat lab/Simulink yield outcomes are conferred.

Development of a Peristaltic Pumping System for the Micro Fuel Cells Evaluation (µFC)

Urea (CO(NH2)2 waste substance, which some living beings expel through urine and sweat, being produced as a final result of protein metabolism and as a means of eliminating ammonia, is contained in wastewater and is considered a promising source of renewable energy with the potential to be exploited through electrochemical processes such as those used in microfluidic fuel cell (µFC) technology, however, the progress of these technologies is hampered due to the high cost of devices for evaluating their performance, a clear example is syringe infusion pumps, in addition to their impractical manual operation for constant power generation. In the present work, the development of a low-cost microfluidic delivery device is shown, capable of replacing syringe infusion pumps in terms of precision, in addition to having a completely autonomous operation, profiling it for a possible incorporation in a waste-based energy generation system such as urea, having the ability to contribute to the development of renewable energies without the need for excessive capital investment.

Software-based solar energy potential assessment for an industrial facility: a case study from Aegean Region of Turkey

Solar energy is considered as one of the clean and sustainable energy sources. As known, big portion of the energy demand in industrial processes are generally met by fossil energy sources. Utilizing renewable and sustainable energy technologies in industrial facilities can decrease negative environmental effects. In this study, applicability of a rooftop solar energy generation system in an industrial building has been analyzed. In the simulation process, PvSOL software has been employed. Considering available areas on the roof of the facility, solar electrical energy generation system with installed power of 573.75 kWp was planned and simulated. Moreover, economic analysis results of the proposed rooftop solar energy system were presented within the scope of this research. According to the economic analysis outcomes, payback period of the proposed rooftop energy system was achieved less than 4 years.

Cost and Reliability Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems - A Case Study on an Administration Building

Renewable energy generation systems have been developing rapidly in recent years. However, renewable energy systems have the problem of large power abandonment. In this paper, two different hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) have been designed for satisfying the electrical demand of a large office building in Changchun. A comparative analysis between two strategies is also presented to find out the best capacity for the proposed HRESs. The first HRES consists of solar PV, wind turbine, battery storage system (PV-WT-BATT) and load demand of 5,000 kWh/d. The second consists of solar PV, wind turbine, battery storage system, electrolyzer, hydrogen tank (PV-WT-BATT-EL-HT) and load demand of 5,000 kWh/d. The two HRESs are optimized for Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (COE), Operating Cost and the rate of excess electricity minimization. The techno-economic analysis of the two HRESs is conducted using the HOMER Pro software platform. This study provides a complete guideline for determining the optimum component capacity to ensure costing estimation for the optimized performance of the two HRESs.

Using the energy of the amortization system in the organization of the movement of an electric vehicle

Problem. One of the areas of developing energy saving when using machines and mechanisms is the recovery of used energy for the purpose of reuse. At the same time, potential energy accumulated by massive mechanisms or kinetic energy of moving machine elements is used. Goal. The purpose of the work is to reveal the main advantages and principle of operation of the pneumatic damping system for energy recovery and generation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the work is the analysis, comparison and generalization of existing scientific research and inventions. The ever-increasing interest of domestic and foreign researchers in the direction of energy saving in road transport, the steady expansion of the list of inventions related to energy saving, such as the conversion of mechanical vibrations into electrical, thermal, hydraulic and other types of energy with subsequent accumulation and useful use, were noted. Results. When the car is moving, as a result of the deformation of the suspension springs, there are transverse and longitudinal vibrations of the frame or body, which are damped by shock absorbers. The most widely used are hydraulic and gas shock absorbers, which use the resistance of a viscous liquid or gas when passing through calibrated holes or limited valve diameters. The very process of dampening oscillations is reduced to the transformation of mechanical energy into thermal energy with subsequent removal of heat to the environment. Originality. As part of energy saving, the authors of the work propose to accumulate the energy of oscillating movements in the form of pneumatic energy of compressed air with the possibility of further use in various systems of automobile transport. They also show the effectiveness and expediency of introducing similar measures, especially in hybrid schemes of cars in which the transformation of thermal and electrical energy takes place at the same time, point out the problems that arise when introducing energy accumulation in the form of compressed air, and propose measures to overcome negative phenomena that characteristic of this process. Practical value. The results of the study indicate the perspective and expediency of implementing new schemes in the direction of increasing the efficiency of newly created recuperation systems in car suspensions, expand the list of methods of providing energy-efficient technologies to increase reliability and durability depending on operating conditions.

Using Precision Agriculture (PA) Approach to Select Suitable Final Disposal Sites for Energy Generation

Severe environmental pollution and disease exposure are caused by poor waste management, specifically in urban areas due to urbanization. Additionally, energy shortage has threatened almost all parts of human life in the world. To overcome this problem, a precision agriculture approach using spatial mapping based on social environmental factors and sustainability principles can be used to find the variability of sites with respect to their suitability for waste disposal and energy generation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a system for selecting suitable areas for municipal waste disposal and energy generation based on several structured criteria as hierarchical weighted factors. The system prototype was developed and tested in a case study conducted in an Indonesian Megapolitan area. The suitability map produced by the system for waste disposal and energy generation had an accuracy of 84.3%. Furthermore, validation was carried out by ground-checking at 102 location points. A future application of the proposed system is to provide spatial data-based analysis to improve regional planning and policy-making for waste disposal and energy generation in certain areas, particularly in Indonesia.

Increasing the manoeuvrability of power units of the thermal power plants due to applying the hydrogen-oxygen systems

The article describes a method for providing additional peak power of a power-unit with help of an additional energy circuit involving a peak turbine and a hydrogen–oxygen system for energy storage and generation. This method is described on the example of K-300-240 turbine power unit. The proposed technical solutions result in the nominal, most economical mode of a power-unit operation during a day. Consequently, the specific fuel consumption is decreased, and reliability of equipment operation is increased. We have developed the technology for high-pressure gases generating that is realized in the membrane-less electrolysers. Thus, there is no need in the use of expensive and energy-intensive compressor equipment for the energy storage systems. That means that the cost of power unit modernization is reduced. Taking into account the environmental and economic factors, the use of hydrogen–oxygen systems for energy storage at the power generating enterprises provides a value of the energy return coefficient that is practically the same as for hydro-storage power plant. But capital costs of power unit modernization are significantly lowered and negative impact on the environment is minimal.

Development and Testing of Prototype-Scale Off-Grid Solar Power Generation for Electric Charging Station

Abstract: The demand of electricity that keeps increasing necessitates additional electricity generation. The highly dependence of power generation on fossil fuels implies the intensive use of this resources that may cause them finish sooner than predicted. On the other hand, the use of fossil fuels for transportation is quite dominant. The development and use of electric transportation system is a solution for reducing fuel consumption. However, the electricity for supplying the electric transportation system is mainly from the generation system that uses fossil fuels. For further improvement, the energy supplied to the transportation system should come from the renewable energy generation. This may lead to minimum use of fossil fuels besides giving minimum effect on environment. This paper presents the development of renewable energy generation where the generated power is used to supply the storage that charges the electric bicycle. The power is generated by solar photovoltaic panels and it is saved in a battery. The charging for the bicycle is taken from the battery. The developed system is off-grid since the system may be placed in the non-electrified area. This prototype will be a role model regarding the combination of renewable energy generation and green transportation system.

Energy distributing and thermodynamic characteristics of a coupling near-isothermal compressed air energy storage system

Intermittent renewable energy generation systems bring serious adverse impacts to the stable operation of the grid. In this regard, large-scale compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems with the potential to serve as long-term could be a solution for their optimal utilization. However, in a conventional CAES, most of the electricity is transformed into heat which passed into heat exchange mediums leads to serious heat transfer losses. In this study, a novel CAES system employing a Kalina cycle to effectively utilize the pre-compression heat in a near-isothermal compressed air process, is proposed and its holistic dynamic model is developed and presented for a deeper understanding of performance. The results showed that a near-isothermal compression undertakes the responsibilities of storing pressure potential energy, and the adiabatic pre-compression process helping in raising the inlet pressure of the liquid piston is primarily for storing thermal energy. In addition, the Kalina cycle working in the adiabatic pre-compression process achieves a 2.7 % improvement in the electrical efficiency. The thermal energy storage temperature was highlighted as the key factor in the energy allocation among the Kalina cycle, the thermal energy storage component, and the energy releasing sub-system in the proposed system. Through a systematic analysis of the proposed system performance, the highest electrical efficiency attained was 65.1 % with a 353 K storage temperature.

Energy economics and environmental assessment of hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic systems for cost-effective low-carbon clean energy generation

Energy economics and environmental assessment of hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic systems for cost-effective low-carbon clean energy generation

Small-Scale Hybrid and Polygeneration Renewable Energy Systems: Energy Generation and Storage Technologies, Applications, and Analysis Methodology

The energy sector is nowadays facing new challenges, mainly in the form of a massive shifting towards renewable energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels and a diffusion of the distributed generation paradigm, which involves the application of small-scale energy generation systems. In this scenario, systems adopting one or more renewable energy sources and capable of producing several forms of energy along with some useful substances, such as fresh water and hydrogen, are a particularly interesting solution. A hybrid polygeneration system based on renewable energy sources can overcome operation problems regarding energy systems where only one energy source is used (solar, wind, biomass) and allows one to use an all-in-one integrated systems in order to match the different loads of a utility. From the point of view of scientific literature, medium- and large-scale systems are the most investigated; nevertheless, more and more attention has also started to be given to small-scale layouts and applications. The growing diffusion of distributed generation applications along with the interest in multipurpose energy systems based on renewables and capable of matching different energy demands create the necessity of developing an overview on the topic of small-scale hybrid and polygeneration systems. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the technology, operation, performance, and economical aspects of hybrid and polygeneration renewable energy systems in small-scale applications. In particular, the review presents the technologies used for energy generation from renewables and the ones that may be adopted for energy storage. A significant focus is also given to the adoption of renewable energy sources in hybrid and polygeneration systems, designs/modeling approaches and tools, and main methodologies of assessment. The review shows that investigations on the proposed topic have significant potential for expansion from the point of view of system configuration, hybridization, and applications.

Comparison of different heating generator systems to reduce energy consumption in social housing in a Mediterranean climate.

This study analyses the energy consumption of a social housing built in the 80’s. This building typology is deteriorating over time with increased energy consumption for air conditioning and indoor comfort that is well below the standard. This typology is also widely diffused in the city’s building stock, especially in its suburbs. Thus, the energy efficiency of public social housing represents a major concern for the Italian national scene, and its improvement represents an effort of critical importance. However, public funding is significantly reduced compared to the past and. In addition, it is often difficult to act on passive systems, such as installing thermal insulation, or replacing terminal units inside apartments. In these cases, as an energy retrofit, it may be appropriate to evaluate the possibility of preserving as much of the existing distribution and supply system as possible, while modifying the thermal energy generation system. In general, where the boiler is not obsolescent, the idea is to propose a hybrid generation system with the inclusion of a heat pump (HHP), which could be implemented with renewable energy equipment, properly installed in the building. The main goal of the present work was to evaluate through dynamic analysis different HVAC scenarios, to assess the optimal configuration of the system for residential use. The results show that a hybrid system can lower the primary energy consumption up to 28%, thus allowing the employment of renewable energies within the social housing building stock.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ ЖИЛЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ОКОЛОНУЛЕВОГО ЭНЕРГОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ

In this study, the authors draw attention to the world issue of implementing measures to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings. The statements of the international commission on the importance to reduce the need for a share of non-renewable carbonaceous energy sources are given. Examples of experimental design experience show the active development of this subject in many countries. This helps to identify the main techniques used for the construction of energy-efficient residential buildings - a compact planning solution, highly efficient building insulation, “intelligent” engineering systems, heat recovery, the use of alternative energy sources and more. The study defines buildings with nearly zero energy consumption - these are passive buildings with alternative energy generation systems to meet their own needs. The main provisions of the design of buildings of near-zero energy consumption are revealed: nearly zero, intellectual, mobility, multitasking, environmental friendliness, adaptability, symbolism, artistry. The study identifies the types of formation of a nearly zero energy-efficient building and options for ensuring energy efficiency - this is the building "line", the building "cube", the building "perimeter", the building "tower", the building "structure". The identified techniques and the developed basic provisions with the types of shaping are tested on a pilot project of a multifunctional residential complex of nearly zero energy consumption in the city of Samara. As a result, authors conclude that technical progress will allow buildings with nearly zero energy consumption to come to the practice of design, due to intelligent and efficient engineering solutions.

A systematic literature review on hybrid energy system

Generation of energy has to increase due to society's demand escalation. However, generation from conventional sources is one of the major reasons for greenhouse gas emission, which is a key reason for global warming and climate change issues. To mitigate the emission of greenhouse gas and to protect the environment from pollution, renewable energy sources (RESs) are the one and only effective solution till date. To reduce the fluctuation of RESs on energy generation, a RES-based hybrid system is an innocuous solution. Here, a brief discussion of hybrid systems and their opportunities are presented and reviewed the role of the different combinations of renewable energy-based hybrid systems to reduce environmental pollution, generation costs, improve efficiency, and achieve a continuous power output of the system. A discussion is made on the importance of the site selection and the importance of different kinds of storage systems for energy generation. Result of article gives a brief idea regarding different factors to design future hybrid energy system (HES).

On the Technology of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Energy Systems for Stationary Power Generation: A Review

This paper presents a comprehensive overview on the current status of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) energy systems technology with a deep insight into the techno-energy performance. In recent years, SOFCs have received growing attention in the scientific landscape of high efficiency energy technologies. They are fuel flexible, highly efficient, and environmentally sustainable. The high working temperature makes it possible to work in cogeneration, and drive downstream bottomed cycles such as Brayton and Hirn/Rankine ones, thus configuring the hybrid system of a SOFC/turbine with very high electric efficiency. Fuel flexibility makes SOFCs independent from pure hydrogen feeding, since hydrocarbons can be fed directly to the SOFC and then converted to a hydrogen rich stream by the internal thermochemical processes. SOFC is also able to convert carbon monoxide electrochemically, thus contributing to energy production together with hydrogen. SOFCs are much considered for being supplied with biofuels, especially biogas and syngas, so that biomass gasifiers/SOFC integrated systems contribute to the “waste to energy” chain with a significant reduction in pollution. The paper also deals with the analysis of techno-energy performance by means of ad hoc developed numerical modeling, in relation to the main operating parameters. Ample prominence is given to the aspect of fueling, emphasizing fuel processing with a deep discussion on the impurities and undesired phenomena that SOFCs suffer. Constituent materials, geometry, and design methods for the balance of plant were studied. A wide analysis was dedicated to the hybrid system of the SOFC/turbine and to the integrated system of the biomass gasifier/SOFC. Finally, an overview of SOFC system manufacturing companies on SOFC research and development worldwide and on the European roadmap was made to reflect the interest in this technology, which is an important signal of how communities are sensitive toward clean, low carbon, and efficient technologies, and therefore to provide a decisive and firm impulse to the now outlined energy transition.

Optimal Sizing of a Centralized Hybrid Photovoltaic System for Efficient Operation of Street Lights

The photovoltaic energy generation system is one of the most promising technology to meet our future electricity demand as well as mitigate climate change. This study aims to design, simulate and evaluate the performance of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system using PVsyst software to supply electricity for energy efficient streetlights in educational institute. Meteonorm database of daily and monthly irradiation, temperatures, precipitation and sunlight hours are utilized while performing the analysis. The photovoltaic system consists of 56 bifacial-polycrystalline 360-watt PV modules having 17.9% efficiency. The photovoltaic modules were installed at 0° azimuth angle and 15° tilt angle. Two hybrid inverters with rated capacity of 10 kW are used. The energy storage system consists of 16 batteries (2 in series x 8 in parallel) with a nominal capacity of 1600 ampere-hours and discharging minimum SOC is 20 %. A total of 100 streetlight poles with 8 working-hours/day are installed to cover both sides of the road, with monthly energy consumption of 672 kilowatt-hours. The average annual ambient temperature is 23.66℃, and the annual GH irradiation is 1693 kilowatt-hour/m2. The annual production of the hybrid PV system is 25.96 MWh/year, the specific energy production of the system is 1288 kWh/kWp/year with 70.38% performance ratio. By means of proposed photovoltaic system for energy efficient street lightning structure, 157.9t CO2 is reduced. The project can save 0.004737 million tonnes of CO2 emissions over its lifetime of 30 years. The proposed system is a viable solution for public lighting with the right selection of system components.

Hierarchical evaluation framework for coupling effect enhancement of renewable energy and thermal power coupling generation system

Renewable energy and thermal power coupling generation system (RETCS) is a special virtual power plant that aggregates renewable energy and thermal power to the main power system through the coupling point. RECTS can coordinate as an integrated system to handle the power fluctuation of renewable energy. Analyzing the interaction of RETCS in resource, economy, and environment comprehensively is the key to improving the coupling effect of the system. This work proposes a coupling coordination degree (CCD) evaluation system to assess and improve the coupling effect of the RETCS. First, CCD evaluation system is established to assess the RETCS using indicators from resource, economy, and environment subsystems in detail. Second, a stochastic RETCS planning model is established to investigate the coordination strategy of the system. Finally, a RETCS case study with different wind power penetration levels and power demand in northeast China is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of CCD evaluation system in representing the coupling effect of RETCS and helping to improve the system. Numerical results show that thermal units with deep peak regulation capability can better utilize the ramping and power regulation potential to handle the wind power fluctuation in most cases. An appropriate power source capacities in RETCS can improve the coupling effect of the system under a certain power demand.

Sustainable energy development technique of vertical axis wind turbine with variable swept area – An experimental investigation

The vertical axis wind turbine is one of the most attractive propulsion systems for sustainable energy generation around the globe. The performance of a vertical axis wind turbine is greatly dependent on wind speed, blade set angle and more importantly the rotational speed. The effective utilization of wind speed and rotational speed on power generation would be enhanced by the improvement of energy capturing capability. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop the vertical axis wind turbine with a variable swept area of blades to enhance the torque and power output over a wide range of rotational speeds and set angles. In the first phase, the wind turbine is designed with flexibility in blade set angles through modification on the swept area and the developed wind turbine has been subjected to various wind speeds and rotational speeds in a wind tunnel. The experimental results revealed that the torque and power are increased with an increase in wind speed and rotational speeds under blade set angle of 30° to 120°. The peak torque and power have been attained at the average speed of the turbine and it has been eventually increased for a higher blade set angle. For constant set angle, the performance characteristics are also improved due to the enhancement in energy capturing ability of wind turbine at the variable swept area. Furthermore, torque and power coefficient are evident in a similar pattern at all wind speeds and rotational speeds under different tip speed ratios. The maximum torque coefficient would be around 0.3 for the tip speed ratio of 0.2–0.3 and the attainment of the peak value of power and torque coefficient has been shifted towards higher speed due to the improvement in blade dimensions. Thus, it is revealed that the vertical axis wind turbine with enhanced swept blade area would be an attractive propulsion system for sustainable energy generation.

Adaptation of residential solar systems for domestic hot water (DHW) to hybrid organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) distributed generation

Among the portfolio of energy systems for local power generation, Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) for residential applications are an opportunity for local cogeneration based on synergies with existing thermal heating and storage systems. They can be highly competitive for isolated installations and the refurbishment of existing solar heating installations based on solar domestic hot water. This article evaluates the potential for hybrid solar ORC integration in residential buildings. The analyses focus on the annual yields of a domestic 1 kW ORC cycle to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the variation of demand and the availability of solar resources. The models are developed, integrating TRNSYS and EES to allow a detailed evolution characterisation. Performance and impact of CHP adaptation are considered based on demand, storage volume-collectors area ratio, and production strategies. The analysis is completed with a thermo-economic analysis under different ranges of thermodynamic parameters. Positive IRR results of 8.61% are obtained for the installation located in Seville, Spain, operating the ORC 15% of the year. It also reduces the overheating associated with the lack of heat demand and excess solar irradiation in the solar system for the warm months by 20%.