Energy Extraction Research Articles

Study on geothermal energy self-recycling extraction and ScCO2 storage in the horizontal well annuli with fracture network system

With the extensive exploitation of fossil fuels, a substantial number of production and injection wells have been or are on the verge of being abandoned. However, many of these wells present viable opportunities for geothermal energy extraction, as they are situated in geothermal reservoirs with favourable temperatures. In alignment with carbon neutrality policies, supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) has emerged as the preferred working fluid for geothermal extraction, facilitating subsequent storage. This study has developed three transient models to characterize the heat and mass transfer processes of ScCO2 circulating within a horizontal wellbore and the reservoir's fracture network. Finite element method and Comsol Multiphysics 6.1 software are employed to solve these models. Results show that ScCO2 efficiently flows from the annuli into the hydraulic fracture network and then circulates back through the annuli completing a self-recycling heat extraction process. The findings reveal several key insights: (a) Lower injection mass flow rates and flow rates lead to more efficient extraction of thermal energy within horizontal wellbores. (b) Low-temperature ScCO2 enhance thermal energy recovery. (c) The larger the coverage area of the fracture network, the more effective the heat extraction. (d) The efficiency of heat extraction and ScCO2 storage in the horizontal well-fracture network self-circulation system is 3 to 5 times and 6 to 7 times higher than that of the horizontal well self-recycling and injection-production systems. (e) Periodic thermal extraction proves to be more efficient than continuous methods. (f) The cumulative heat production of the vertical dual well injection-production system is the highest, reaching 2.45 × 1011 kJ. But it's still lower than the self-circulating system. The heat extraction effect of the diagonal dual well injection-production system is the lowest, which is 1.83 × 1011 kJ. (g) Three developed transient models facilitate efficient heat extraction and ScCO2 storage reservoir screening and evaluation. In conclusion, the self-recycling system has achieved efficient heat extraction and carbon dioxide storage, providing a theoretical basis for future energy conversion and management.

Magnetically driven relativistic jet in the high-redshift blazar OH 471

Context. Understanding the mechanisms that launch and shape powerful relativistic jets from supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is crucial for probing the co-evolution of SMBHs and galaxies over cosmic time. Aims. We focus on the high-redshift (z = 3.396) blazar OH 471 to explore the jet launching mechanism in the early Universe. Methods. Using multi-frequency radio monitoring observations and high-resolution Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) imaging over three decades, we studied the milliarcsecond structure and long-term variability of OH 471. Results. Our spectral modeling of the radio flux densities revealed a synchrotron self-absorbed spectrum, indicating strong magnetic fields within the compact core. By applying the flux freezing approximation, we estimated the magnetic flux carried by the jet. We found that it reaches or exceeds theoretical predictions for jets powered by black hole spin energy via the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. This implies that OH 471 is in a magnetically arrested disk (MAD) state, where the magnetic flux accumulated near the horizon regulates the accretion flow, allowing for an efficient extraction of black hole rotational energy. Conclusions. Our study demonstrates the dominance of MAD accretion in powering the prominent radio flares and relativistic jets observed in the radio-loud AGN named OH 471. Statistical studies of larger samples of high-redshift AGNs will shed light on the role of MAD accretion in launching and accelerating the earliest relativistic jets.

Advanced fuel fusion, phase space engineering, and structure-preserving geometric algorithms

Non-thermal advanced fuel fusion trades the requirement of a large amount of recirculating tritium in the system for that of large recirculating power. Phase space engineering technologies utilizing externally injected electromagnetic fields can be applied to meet the challenge of maintaining non-thermal particle distributions at a reasonable cost. The physical processes of the phase space engineering are studied from a theoretical and algorithmic perspective. It is emphasized that the operational space of phase space engineering is limited by the underpinning symplectic dynamics of charged particles. The phase space incompressibility according to the Liouville theorem is just one of many constraints, and Gromov's non-squeezing theorem determines the minimum footprint of the charged particles on every conjugate phase space plane. In this sense and level of sophistication, the mathematical abstraction of phase space engineering is symplectic topology. To simulate the processes of phase space engineering, such as the Maxwell demon and electromagnetic energy extraction, and to accurately calculate the minimum footprints of charged particles, recently developed structure-preserving geometric algorithms can be used. The family of algorithms conserves exactly, on discretized spacetime, symplecticity and thus incompressibility, non-squeezability, and symplectic capacities. The algorithms apply to the dynamics of charged particles under the influence of external electromagnetic fields as well as the charged particle–electromagnetic field system governed by the Vlasov–Maxwell equations.

Energy-Conversion Device Using a Quantum Engine with the Work Medium of Two-Atom Entanglement.

Although entanglement is considered as an essential resource for quantum information processing, whether entanglement helps for energy conversion or output in the quantum regime is still lack of experimental witness. Here, we report on an energy-conversion device operating as a quantum engine with the working medium acted by two entangled ions confined in a harmonic potential. The two ions are entangled by virtually coupling to one of the vibrational modes shared by the two ions, and the quantum engine couples to a quantum load, which is another shared vibrational mode. We explore the energy conversion efficiency of the quantum engine and investigate the useful energy (i.e., the maximum extractable work) stored in the quantum load by tuning the two ions in different degrees of entanglement as well as detecting the change of the phonons in the load. Our observation provides, for the first time, quantitative evidence that entanglement fuels the useful energy produced by the quantum engine, but not helpful for the energy conversion efficiency. We consider that our results may be useful to the study of quantum batteries for which one of the most indexes is the maximum extractable energy.

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Content of Solvent Extracted Roasted Castor Seed Meal from Oriire Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria

The proximate composition and phytochemical content of solvent extracted roasted castor seed meal from Oriire Local Government area of Oyo State, Nigeria was determined using appropriate standard methods. The meal were found to contain 14.28% moisture, 24.48% crude protein, 3.46% crude fibre, 23.29% ether extract,5.71% ash,85.72% dry matter, nitrogen free extract and gross energy values were 56.91% and 5724kcal/kg respectively. The results of anti-nutritional factor present in the roasted solvent extracted castor seed meal revealed that it contained 0.13% ricin, 0.83% phytate and 0.38% oxalate. Based on the results of this study, roasted solvent extracted castor seed meal can be potential source of protein in the diet of monogastric animals.

Energy harvest on TSUSUCA DOLPHIN under irregular waves: Experimental studies

Finding sustainable and infinite green energy options in a world that relies primarily on fossil fuels is crucial as traditional sources decline. Wave energy is an excellent example of an environmentally friendly power source. A multi-utility bio-inspired floating device consisting of two TSUSUCA (TSUnami Protection Solar Utilization and other Coastal Applications) Dolphin-shaped bodies integrated with a linear motion electricity generator (LMEG) connected to a rigid deck by a hinged connection is tested experimentally under irregular waves. This novel and innovative multi-utility floating offshore device can function as a tsunami barrier and a wave energy extraction device. Its performance and operating mechanism are investigated under 8 different sets of irregular waves. The examined sea states are represented by JONSWAP and PM wave spectra with a range of significant wave heights (0.05–0.20 m) and peak periods (1.5 and 2.0 s). The experimental results show that the overall electrical power efficiency of LMEG coupled to each Dolphin obtained for set 6 is 32.04 % and 30.81 % for both JONSWAP and PM spectrums, respectively. This bio-inspired device and its performance confirms the proof-of-concept while the presented study shall become a prime factor towards the development of more similar devices to harness wave energy.

An innovative PCM-modified lining system for energy tunnel: From concept to numerical investigations

The rich geothermal stored in rock mass would result in high temperature to tunnels. This not only makes condition worse to workers, but also wastes geothermal energy and increases cost to adjust the internal environmental temperature. This motivates the present feasibility study on an innovative PCM-modified lining system of conventional energy tunnel, which generally makes use of ground source heat pump (GSHP). That is, the PCM-modified concrete regulates the thermal properties of tunnel linings installed with pipe loops of GSHP. To verify the concept of the new system, a finite element model (FEM) describing it is established, based on a case of high geothermal tunnel. Simulation of the heat conducting process of tunnel linings starting from hydration of cement during cast-in-place concrete, thermal conductivity from surrounding rock mass, circulating of GSHP, phase change within the PCM-modified linings, and boundary effect since ventilation are considered in the modeling. The results demonstrate that the new system would mitigate the level of thermal discomforts during construction stage, and it can improve the stability and efficiency in energy extraction in operation stage. Parametric study on the GSHP with PCM-modified linings gives that the better heat reduction performance can be obtained with the smaller intermittent ratio (IR) of GSHP, smaller temperature range of phase change, and larger latent heat, and higher exchanger rate can be obtained with the larger IR and larger latent heat.

Sustainability assessment of orange peel waste valorization pathways from juice industries

AbstractA wide variety of products such as high value-added bioactive materials, biofuels, biochemicals and bioplastics can be obtained by the valorization of waste streams in a comprehensive and holistic biorefinery concept. In this study a meta-analysis of the available technologies utilizing organic waste derived from the juice industry is conducted. Initially, a mass flow analysis is performed to quantitatively illustrate the available orange peel waste volumes in the EU followed by a geographic distribution. The overall sustainability of the available valorization scenarios is then analyzed by considering critical environmental, economic and energy indicators and comparing innovative and conventional valorization technologies. Innovative technologies are better in terms of energy requirements and extraction time and also, in product yield and environmental performance than the conventional ones (85.1%, 9.5% and 47.9% lower CO2 eq values for the extraction of essential oils, pectin and phenolic compounds respectively). In terms of orange peel waste valorization scenarios, landfilling shares the largest environmental impact, followed by thermochemical and biological conversion alternatives. Complex biorefinery schemes are proportionate to environmental performance and energy consumption, but inversely proportionate to production cost. Finally, a trade-off analysis illustrates a positive correlation between environmental indicators of the most under study valorization scenarios.

Simulation and experimentation of Propeller-Savonius turbine tested underwater surface

Abstract Indonesia’s vast maritime territory offers a unique opportunity for harnessing the potential Energy of seawater currents. This study explores the effectiveness of a combined Savonius and propeller-type turbine system. The Savonius turbine, known for its efficiency in capturing ocean currents due to its large sweep area, is combined with a propeller-type turbine to enhance rotational speed and power generation. A novel approach is employed to induce turbulence and optimize energy extraction, first channeling water through the propeller turbine and then into the Savonius turbine. A comprehensive investigation is conducted through simulations and experimental tests within a controlled tunnel environment. The study explores the performance of two-bladed and three-bladed Propeller-Savonius configurations at varying inlet water velocities (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 m/s). The simulation incorporates a turbulence model with 5% intensity and a hydraulic diameter of 0.216 m. Results indicate that the proposed configuration achieves a maximum power output of 2.0293 W with an impressive efficiency of 63.339% in simulation. Concurrently, experimental testing yields a peak efficiency of 61.335% and turbine power of 0.3951 W. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of the combined turbine system and highlight the importance of turbulence in optimizing energy extraction from seawater currents. This research contributes valuable insights into the design and performance of hybrid turbines for harnessing oceanic Energy, emphasizing the potential for sustainable power generation in maritime regions. The methodology and results presented herein offer a foundation for further exploration and refinement of seawater current energy conversion technologies.

Enhancing Deposit Exploitation Efficiency Utilizing Small-Diameter Radial Boreholes via Hydraulic Drilling Nozzles for Optimal Resource Recovery

The exploration and development of new hydrocarbon deposits is facing increasing challenges as the global shift to renewable energy sources, such as shallow geothermal deposits, wind farms, and photovoltaics, reduces the dependence on hydrocarbons. To navigate this evolving landscape, it becomes crucial to find solutions that optimize the energy extraction efficiency while maximizing the use of hydrocarbon deposits. This requires exploring opportunities in existing fields and wells, including those slated for decommissioning. This article discusses the potential for extracting resources from seemingly depleted fields, where some 60–70% of the resources remain unrecoverable due to low reservoir energy. Meeting this challenge requires the implementation of secondary and tertiary EOR methods that involve the introduction of external energy to increase reservoir pressure and enhance resource recovery. One of the proposed innovative tertiary methods involves reaming the reservoir using multiple small-diameter radial boreholes generated by a hydraulic drilling nozzle. This strategy is designed to intensify the contact between the production hole and the reservoir layer, resulting in increased or commenced production in certain cases. The described method proves to be a practical application in hydrocarbon deposits, offering the dual benefits of mitigating environmental pollution by eliminating the need for drilling new boreholes and providing a cost-effective means of accessing resources in decommissioned deposits with insufficient reservoir energy for self-exploitation. Another article points out the design variation of a hydraulic drilling nozzle tailored specifically for reaming a reservoir layer. Taking the above into account, this article provides very practical information for future projects in which paths should be sought for the design and development of hydraulic wellheads, among other things, in order to intensify the production from hydrocarbon deposits.

Optimizing battery energy storage prototypes for improved resilience in commercial buildings: Gaussian mixture modeling and hierarchical analysis of energy storage potential

The increasing energy demand in commercial buildings has led to the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems as a viable solution. However, the gap between energy consumption and PV capacity in commercial buildings remains uncertain, and there is limited research on the potential for energy storage in different commercial building types. This study utilizes Gaussian mixture modeling to extract energy consumption and PV capacity patterns from diverse commercial buildings, using datasets provided by the Department of Energy. By employing hierarchical analysis, we investigate the energy storage potential of various commercial buildings based on the disparities between energy consumption and PV capacity patterns. Moreover, this study introduces innovative battery energy storage system (BESS) prototypes tailored to the specific needs of different commercial building types. These prototypes determine the optimal BESS capacity and charging schedules, providing an effective means of improving electrical resilience in commercial buildings. The findings reveal that medium offices, warehouses, and secondary schools require BESS capacities of 410kWh, 838kWh, and 349kWh, respectively, and recommend charging time windows of 9:00–17:00, 8:00–18:00, and 9:00–14:00, respectively. Additionally, the cost recovery period for Li-ion phosphate and ternary Li-ion batteries ranges from approximately 2.5 to 7.5 years and 4 to 8.2 years, respectively. The developed BESS prototypes based on energy storage potential offer resilience to commercial buildings during power outages caused by natural disasters and emergencies, helping to improve their electrical resilience. This study provides valuable insights into the potential for energy storage in commercial buildings and promotes the wider implementation of BESS in the commercial sector, contributing to the achievement of effective demand-side management.

Two-phase closed thermosyphons (TPCT) for geothermal energy extraction: A computationally efficient framework

Two-phase closed thermosyphons are efficient passive heat transfer devices that have received substantial attention in ground heat extraction. However, modelling thermal energy recovery using thermosyphons is often associated with a high computational cost due to prolonged operation. This study proposes an efficient computational framework for geothermal utilization using two-phase closed thermosyphons. A 1+1D reduced order transient heat conduction equation is numerically solved in the ground and is coupled with the thermosyphon and a coiled heat exchanger through a thermal network equation. Newton–Raphson method is used to solve the resulting nonlinear thermal resistance equation to determine the total heat transfer rate. The 1+1D algorithm is verified and validated against numerical and experimental studies on geothermal energy extraction and energy storage. The proposed framework facilitates the optimization of design and operational parameters for thermosyphons, providing a runtime range of 4–14 h for 20-year simulations of heat extraction. Parametric studies reveal the pivotal role of ground temperature in influencing the thermal performance of the thermosyphon, wherein doubling the evaporator length results in an increase in thermal power output by up to 45%. Various combinations of cooling flow rates and inlet water temperatures at the helical coil are tested to evaluate the system’s potential for electricity generation. Under different conditions, the thermosyphon exhibits the capability to generate thermal power, with a maximum observed production rate of 109.55 W/m for the base case in the analysis. Raising the inlet water temperature to 80 °C, in conjunction with maintaining a circulating coolant fluid flow rate in the helical coil below 10 lpm, qualifies thermosyphons installed at depths ranging from 150 to 250 metres in the ground for clean power generation. Overall, this study highlights the potential and importance of utilizing natural circulating systems with low environmental impact and high efficiency to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Языковые средства создания негативного образа ископаемых энергоносителей в современном немецком медиадискурсе

The paper presents the results of a linguistic study of persuasive techniques based on German online media outlets publishing articles on the topics of energy, raw materials policy and economics. The aim of the study is to identify a persuasive strategy using which a negative image of fossil hydrocarbons is created in the modern German-language media discourse. The scientific novelty of the work lies in finding the main persuasive techniques that allow influencing public opinion on issues related to the extraction and use of fossil energy in the texts of the media discourse on raw materials. As a result of the study, the main persuasive techniques have been identified, which include the use of negatively charged epithets and metaphors based mainly on motivational components from the semantic fields “Wars”, “Catastrophes”, “Gambling”, as well as the employment of negatively charged precedent phenomena. In addition, the mechanism of the persuasive effect of these techniques has been investigated.

Regulation of V2O5 layer spacing by controlling H2O/C2H5OH ratio in hydrothermal process for application in electrochemical conversion of salinity gradient energy

Another abundant source of renewable energy exists in the oceans, where the chemical energy released from the mixing of seawater and river water is known as salinity gradient energy or blue energy. Salinity gradient energy is a sustainable, clean and renewable energy source that produces electricity without emitting greenhouse gasses or other pollutants. In this work, we constructed a new salinity gradient energy extraction device by preparing V2O5 in a very simple way by controlling H2O/C2H5OH ratio in hydrothermal process and using the V2O5 as an anode to obtain salinity gradient energy by utilizing the salinity change of the solution and thus the potential difference power generation. The results show that ethanol forms hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces with the layered material, which enters the interlayer to enlarge the spacing between the layers of V2O5 and further increase the electrochemical properties of V2O5. The maximum energy density produced by the device was 6.29 J g−1 after one complete cycle. The device is environmentally friendly with low cost, easy to synthesize raw materials and does not use ionic membranes, which provides a new way to harvest the salinity gradient energy.

Parametric study of a scraped surface heat exchanger for latent energy storage for domestic hot water generation

In this work, a parametric study of a Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (SSHE) for solar Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) has been conducted. The primary challenge in Phase Change Material (PCM) heat exchangers is the formation of a solid layer along the heat transfer surfaces during the latent energy release phase. This reduction in the energy release rate is resolved through the scraping of the solidified PCM, making SSHE systems suitable for domestic hot water generation. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the influence of various operational parameters, including the heat transfer fluid (HTF) mass flow rate, the phase change characteristics of the PCM, the temperature difference between the HTF and the PCM, and the scraping velocity. It has been observed that a HTF Reynolds number (Re) of 100 will require three times more time compared to Re = 600. Moreover, the significance of maintaining a HTF to PCM differential temperature between 20 °C and 25 °C has been experimentally verified to improve the PCM solidification process. Furthermore, the existence of a critical scraping frequency has been demonstrated, beyond which increasing the frequency does not yield to significant improvements in energy extraction. Finally, a correlation has been proposed to predict solidification time as a function of the non-dimensional operational parameters involved, where 95 % of the results fall within an interval of 10 %.

A PAM hydrogel surface-coated hydroponic bamboo evaporator with efficient thermal utilization for solar evaporation

Solar-driven interfacial water purification emerges as a sustainable technology for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment to address the challenge of water scarcity. Currently, the energy losses via radiation and convection to surrounding environment minimize its energy efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to minimize the heat losses for efficient water purification. Here, a novel evaporator was developed through the in situ gelation of PAM hydrogel on the surface carbonized hydroponic bamboo (PSC) to promote energy efficiency. The inherent porous and layered network structures of bamboo, in synergy with the functional hydration capacity of PAM hydrogel, facilitated adequate water transportation, while reducing evaporation enthalpy. The PAM hydrogel firmly covered on the photothermal layer surface effectively minimized the radiation and convection heat losses, while further harvesting those thermal energy that would otherwise dissipate into the surrounding environment. The reduced thermal conductivity of PSC served as a thermal insulator as well, obstructing heat transfer to bulk water and thus diminishing conduction losses. Consequently, the rational designed PSC could efficiently convert solar energy to purified water, leading to the evaporation of 2.09 kg m−2 h−1, the energy efficiency of 87.6 % under one sun irradiation, and yielding 9.6 kg m−2 fresh water over 11 h outdoor operation. Moreover, the PSC also performs excellent salt rejection, and long-term stability at outdoor experiment. These results demonstrated high and stable solar evaporation performance could be achieved if turning heat losses into a way of extra energy extraction to further enhance the evaporation performance. This strategy appears to be a promising strategy for effective thermal energy management and practical application.

Enhancing Solar Still Efficiency: Optimal Water Depth and Wire Mesh-Pebble Structures

In underdeveloped countries, the shortage of clean drinking water is a major problem. One approach to tackle this issue has been to use solar energy for desalination, a process that turns saltwater into fresh water. This method utilizes solar thermal energy to evaporate water, separating the pure water from the salty water. However, traditional solar stills face challenges in producing sufficient water because of the limited heat transfer between the absorbing plate and the fluid used to extract energy. The research aims to improve the efficiency of solar stills for water desalination. In conventional solar stills, maintaining optimal water depth is a challenge. The study experimented with varying water depths (2 cm to 12 cm) in a modified solar still. The best result, with a maximum distillate output of 2050 ml/m2day, was achieved at a 2 cm water depth. To enhance performance, wire mesh and pebbles were added to increase absorptivity, raising the temperature of saline water. This modification led to a significant improvement, with the modified solar still producing a maximum distillate of 2670 ml/m2day. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing solar stills for better water yield and thermal efficiency.

Investigation of hydration mechanism of non-explosive expansion material modified with anhydrous calcium chloride

Non-explosive expansion materials (NEEMs) are eco-friendly demolition materials widely used in energy extraction. However, their low hydration efficiency restricts their further application. To address this issue, five NEEM samples with different anhydrous CaCl2 concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 %) were prepared. The water distribution, mineral composition, and microstructure of the samples during hydration were investigated using NMR, XRD, FTIR, and SEM, respectively, and the enhancement mechanism caused by CaCl2 on NEEM hydration was revealed. Results showed that CaCl2 inhibits the transport of surface water to large pores and cracks; promotes the combination of CaO, C3S and free water; accelerates the transformation of surface water to gel water and capillary water; shortens the dormancy period; and promotes the formation of hydration products. It also accelerates the flocculation of C-S-H gel and the transport of capillary water, thereby significantly improving the NEEM hydration efficiency. The established hydration kinetics model showed that the transport rate of surface water and capillary water to gel water and the NEEM hydration degree increase with increasing CaCl2 content. Compared with the hydration degree of R1 (0 %), that of S4 (1.6 %) increases by 19.63 %. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the field application of NEEMs.

PV Wind Battery Based DC Microgrid with Neural Network MPPT

This Research presents a novel approach to enhancing the performance and efficiency of a PV-wind-battery-based DC microgrid through the integration of a neural network maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system. The proposed system aims to optimize energy harvesting from photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines while efficiently managing energy storage in batteries. By employing neural network algorithms, the MPPT system adapts to varying environmental conditions and load demands, thereby maximizing energy extraction and system stability. Two important RE (Renewable Energy) power sources—photovoltaic cells and wind energy systems—are examined in this technical study under a range of meteorological conditions. Initially, a state-of-the-art intelligent controller system was developed to help monitor the peak power point. For RES, an MPPT (maximum power point tracking) controller is necessary since weather patterns are unpredictable. The purpose of this work is to provide novel ways for power generation using solar and wind energy that are based on MPPT and IDNN (enhanced deep neural network). The integration of a hybrid PV/WES system into microgrids, or MGs, has the potential to lower THD values and enhance power quality. The simulation findings validated that the suggested IDNN system outperforms the current approach in various operating scenarios, as seen by decreased mean square error (MSE) rates, total harmonic distortion (THD), and computational complexity.

Spatiotemporal sculpturing of light: a tutorial

Spatiotemporal sculpturing of light pulses with sophisticated structures on demand is one major goal of the everlasting pursuit of ultrafast information transmission and processing as well as ultraintense energy concentration and extraction using light. It may hold the key to unlocking new extraordinary fundamental physical effects. Traditionally, spatiotemporal light pulses are treated as spatiotemporally separable wave packets as a solution to Maxwell’s equations. In the past decade, more generalized forms of spatiotemporally nonseparable solution started to emerge with growing importance for their striking physical effects. This tutorial intends to provide the necessary basics on how to sculpture light in the spatiotemporal domain to realize spatiotemporal structures on demand and highlight some of the recent advances in the creation and characterization of increasingly complex spatiotemporal wave packets. These spatiotemporally separable to complex nonseparable states with diverse geometric and topological structures exhibit unique physical properties during propagation, focusing, and interaction with matter. The broad potential applications as well as outlook and future trends and open challenges in this field are presented.