Energy Efficiency Of Residential Buildings Research Articles

ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНА СЕРТИФІКАЦІЯ – ЕФЕКТИВНИЙ МЕТОД ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОСПОЖИВАННЯ ЖИТЛОВИХ БУДИНКІВ

The article considers one of the effective ways of solving the problem of excessive consumption in residential buildings of Ukraine – holding energy certification. Formulated the purpose of the article, which is to justify the reduction residential energy consumption by implementing energy specification. The main task is to assess the significance of the target function of certification and definition the most influential factors in its conduct. The types of achievement of energy efficiency of residential buildings for new buildings and existing ones are given housing stock. The most effective priority way in the direction of increasing the energy efficiency of residential the building is the energy audit of the buildings. The leading companies on providing services of energy certification of buildings and were considered and their characteristic features are considered. The main criteria of the assessment of certification companies on energy audit were analyzed. Conclusions were drawn on the importance of energy certification for both individual and individual a citizen, and for the state as a whole. Economic benefit of energy certification method in future is proved.

Comparative Analysis of Typical and Energy-Efficient Solutions of a Low-Rise Residential Building Based on a Bim Model

Energy efficient solutions reduce the amount of resources consumed, which leads to a lower total cost of ownership of real estate. The use of the BIM model makes it possible to evaluate the key indicators of energy-efficient solutions: heat transfer coefficient, specific annual values of energy consumption, fuel consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.Purpose of research. Develop and determine the feasibility of introducing energy efficient solutions based on the use of a BIM model of a low-rise building.Methods. The methodology is based on the study of the introduction of modern building technologies and standards in the Penza region, as well as the analysis of positive solutions to similar situations in the Russian Federation. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: a BIM model was developed and the energy efficiency of a typical residential building was assessed; options for improving the energy efficiency of a typical low-rise residential building were identified; an energy report was drawn up for standard and energy-efficient buildings and the expediency of introducing energy-efficient solutions into a standard project was substantiated.Results. When developing energy-efficient solutions, it is advisable to use modern digital technologies. The BIM model of a typical low-rise residential building makes it possible to identify thermal blocks, zones within each of them, as well as structural elements of the building through which the main heat losses occur and develop options for improving the energy efficiency of the building. Based on the thermal blocks and zones allocated in the building, energy-efficient solutions have been developed, thanks to which heat losses through window openings and the front door are reduced from 3.04 to 0.63 W/m2K and from 2.11-0.79 W/m2K, respectively. Heat losses due to changes in the design of enclosing structures: walls and floors above the first floor decreased from 0.28 to 0.25 W/m2K and from 0.18 to 0.15 W/m2K, respectively.Conclusions.The BIM model of a building makes it possible to effectively conduct a comparative analysis of standard and energy-efficient solutions for low-rise buildings, taking into account the features of the planning solution and regional climatic features.

Integration of passive energy conservation measures in a detached residential building design in warm humid climate

Implementing appropriate passive design strategies at the early design stage of a building is a viable option for energy conservation in buildings. While literature is plenty on various passive solutions, a systematic approach for integrating all feasible options in a given building for a given location is lacking. As part of achieving energy-efficiency in residential buildings, the present study has analyzed the energy-saving potential and economic viability of adopting passive energy conservation measures (ECMs) on a detached family house in warm-humid climate of South India. Individual ECMs were assessed based on their energy-saving potential and cost-effectiveness, and the selected options were integrated in the building design. The modeling and simulations were performed by a reliable software (DesignBuilder, V.6) to estimate the annual energy consumption of the building with and without ECMs. The individual and combined contributions of ECMs in reducing the building's energy performance index (EPI) were quantified, and their economic viability was assessed in terms of discounted payback period (DPP). After finalizing all the viable passive design strategies, two options were proposed for the roof: cool roof painting and green roof. The results showed that about 34% reduction in EPI was possible by integrating the proposed ECMs with cool roof, while it was about 32% with green roof; the corresponding DPPs for the additional investment were estimated to be 4.3 years and 5.73 years. The present study provides a systematic approach for incorporating passive design options at the early design stage of air-conditioned residential buildings on the basis of energy performance and cost-effectiveness. This approach can be extended for different types of buildings in different climatic locations.

Analysis and Valuation of the Energy-Efficient Residential Building with Innovative Modular Green Wall Systems

The installation of green wall systems on the residential buildings is a complex technological process, the parameters of which vary depending on design solutions, methods of performing work, instrumental and technical support, professional skills of the work performers and many other factors. The authors used the life cycle approach for the assessment of the energy-efficient residential building with integrated greening systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate an energy-efficient residential building with an innovative modular green wall system and to compare it with existing technological solutions. We show that the life cycle approach provides the choice of a decision that is also optimal in conditions of risk, which indicates the effective use of the green wall system. The results of the work are presented by the development of technology with modular green systems, which will expand the practice of technological design, experimental construction and the renovation of buildings, to improve the quality of the urban environment by implementing rational construction and technological solutions and appropriate work methods. This study will be helpful for researchers in green construction to develop their future research studies and for various residential green building owners.

Significance of Occupant Behaviour on the Energy Performance Gap in Residential Buildings

Buildings are an important part of worldwide efforts to reduce energy consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Despite recent technological developments in the area of energy consumption reduction, energy use is on the rise, highlighting the significance of considering occupant behavior with regard to controlling energy consumption and supporting climate resilience. Energy performance of residential buildings is a function of various aspects such as properties of the building envelope, climatic location characteristics, HVAC system, and, more importantly, occupant behavior and activities towards energy utilization. This study carries out a comprehensive review of the impact of occupant behavior on reducing the energy performance gap in residential buildings since residential buildings account for 70% of building floor area around the globe. Findings have revealed that a dearth of literature on occupants’ behavior scholarship leads to inaccurate simplifications in building modeling and design. Thus, there is a strong need to obtain appropriate occupant behavioral data to develop strategies to close the energy performance gap as much as possible to achieve better energy efficiency in residential buildings to contribute to resilience and sustainability. Findings have also revealed a lack of objective and subjective data on occupants’ behavior towards energy efficiency in residential buildings. In response to these gaps, the current paper has proposed a conceptual framework for occupant behavior toward a modification of thermal comfort to reduce energy use. Based on the findings of this paper, understanding the variety of factors influencing occupants’ behavior should be considered a major influential factor in the design and retrofit of residential buildings with a view toward long-term resilience and sustainability.

Design Optimization of Energy Efficient Residential Buildings in Mediterranean Region

Design Optimization of Energy Efficient Residential Buildings in Mediterranean Region

OUTDATED HOUSING STOCK AS AN OBJECT OF COMPLEX RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF KYIV)

There are almost 18% of housing stock in Kyiv, that have exhausted their operational resource and do not meet the current requirements for comfortable and energy efficient residential buildings. A significant part of such a stock is represented by the residential buildings of the mass series of the first period of industrial construction, the life span of which cannot exceed 50-70 years. European countries have accumulated quite a wide experience in solving this problem, but in Ukraine, it has not been properly implemented. 
 The paper presents the results of a study of the existing buildings of Kyiv as a potential object of programs and projects for complex reconstruction of outdated housing stock, which has exhausted its operational resource and does not meet modern requirements for comfort and energy efficiency. 
 Based on the Address list of residential buildings for complex reconstruction of blocks, formed by state administrations of each Kyiv district, materials of the Program for economic and social development of Kyiv for 2021-2023 and statistical data on the city of Kyiv, an analysis of the volume of housing stock, which can be classified as outdated, was made. Based on the analysis, the authors proposed a typology of outdated housing stock, namely: historical type buildings (cultural heritage monuments, background historical buildings), barrack type buildings, “stalinka” type buildings (ordinary, “nomenclatura”-intended), houses of the first period of industrial housing construction – “khrushchevka” type buildings (panel and brick). Both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of each type of buildings, as well as the total amount of outdated housing stock in the city of Kyiv are given. Differentiation of buildings will allow more efficient use of various methods of outdated housing stock reconstruction, from complete demolition to compaction, modernization, reconstruction and restoration. The analysis of spatial localization of outdated residential buildings in the context of administrative districts of Kyiv was carried out with the distribution of their volume by type.

Sequential search technique for obtaining the energy-efficient residential building in Gorontalo

A sequential search technique is being used to optimize the design of the residential building in Gorontalo to minimize their life-cycle energy cost while improving their energy efficiency. Certain design features are included like air-conditioned, house orientation, window material, wall exterior finish, roof insulation, lighting fixtures, cooling system efficiencies, and photovoltaic while also considering the neighbor distance. The outcomes of the sequential search methodology are contrasted with those achieved through a more time-consuming approach to brute-force optimization. Alternatively, for selected locations in Gorontalo, the best design features for residential building is determined. By using specific measures resulted from the optimization technique can cost-effectively reduce the annual energy saving by 59%, while adding the photovoltaic as a measure, we can increase the annual energy use saving percentage up to 117% compared to the reference design in the residential building in Gorontalo.

Latest Trends in Pollutant Accumulations at Threatening Levels in Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings with and without Mechanical Ventilation: A Review.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is a major target in developed countries toward decreasing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To meet this target, a large number of countries have established energy codes that require buildings to be airtight. While such a retrofitting approach has improved health outcomes in areas with heavy traffic, it has worsened the health outcomes in Nordic countries and increased the risk of lung cancer in areas with high levels of radon emissions. This review highlights the importance of adapting the characteristics of energy-efficient residential buildings to the location, age, and health of inhabitants to guarantee healthy indoor pollutant levels. The implementation of mechanical ventilation in new energy-efficient buildings has solved some of these problems; however, for others, a decrease in the level of outdoor pollutants was still required in order to achieve a good indoor air quality. A good balance between the air exchange rate and the air humidity level (adapted to the location) is key to ensuring that exposure to the various pollutants that accumulate inside energy-efficient buildings is low enough to avoid affecting inhabitants′ health. Evidence of the protective effect of mechanical ventilation should be sought in dwellings where natural ventilation allows pollutants to accumulate to threatening levels. More studies should be carried out in African and Asian countries, which, due to their rapid urbanization, use massive volumes of unproven/unrated building materials for fast-track construction, which are frequent sources of formaldehyde and VOC emissions.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CLIMATE IMPACT ON HEAT CONSUMPTION IN ENERGY-EFFICIENT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The article discusses the influence of climate on the actual consumption of heat energy in energy-efficient residential buildings using the example of existing buildings city of Brest. Revealed the dependence of the amount of heat generated during the heating season by the heating system of a residential building on the outside air temperature.

Research on Energy Consumption Constitution and Energy Efficiency Strategies of Residential Buildings in China Based on Carbon Neutral Demand

To assist in the implementation of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China, due to the contradiction between the increasing energy consumption of residential buildings in China and the higher energy efficiency goals, this paper illustrates that the energy consumption constitution of residential buildings in the whole life cycle and then puts forward comprehensive energy efficiency strategies. With literature and statistical data, the main part of building energy consumption lies in the materialization and use phases, which both will be continually increasing, and divided into energy utilization and waste. By inducing the energy consumption in the use phase, the energy consumption of residential buildings can be further classified into the energy consumption of indoor environments, residential behavior, and public facilities, where the internal factor of continuous increase are all elaborated. Via the analysis of energy waste causes, this paper constructs a model of energy consumption in residential buildings, reveals that the key to energy efficiency in residential buildings lies in scientific decision-making, lifestyle improvement, and appropriate energy efficiency technologies and measures adoption, and points out that promoting building energy efficiency through the whole life cycle of buildings and building activities is needed to achieve carbon compliance and carbon neutrality.

Energy-saving potential and cost-effectiveness of active energy-efficiency measures for residential building in warm-humid climate

The commitment for energy-efficiency improvement becomes increasingly important in the context of global initiatives for sustainable development, and buildings have a great potential in this regard. As part of achieving energy-efficiency in residential buildings, the present study has analyzed the energy-saving potential and economic viability of adopting active energy efficiency measures (EEMs) on a detached family house in warm-humid climate of South India. The EEMs considered were selective air-conditioning (AC), lighting control, thermostat setting, mixed-mode ventilation, and energy-efficient AC, lighting and appliances. The modeling and simulations were performed by a reliable software (DesignBuilder, V.6) to estimate the annual energy consumption of the building with and without EEMs. The individual and combined contributions of EEMs in reducing the building's energy performance index (EPI) were quantified, and their economic viability was assessed in terms of discounted payback period (DPP). The results showed that about 63.5% reduction in EPI was possible by implementing the proposed EEMs, and the DPP for the additional investment was estimated to be 4.94 years.

Analysis of the influence of factors on the reliability of energy efficiency of enclosing structures of adjustment units using linguistic variables

The use of innovative energy-saving structural units at the construction site will increase the energy efficiency of multi-storey residential buildings and reduce the cost of paying for energy consumed for heating in the cold season. The reliability of any system depends on the design, manufacture and operation. The durability and reliability of structures can be increased at the design stage, that is, during research, design, calculations and design development. A hierarchy of factors of influence on the reliability of ensuring energy efficiency of enclosing structures in the junction nodes has been developed. A tree of logical inference of hierarchical links has been built. The root of the tree of logical conclusions, as an integral indicator, allows, at the expert level, to provide intellectual support for the decisions made to choose a heat-insulating material and the design of the junction nodes. The analysis of the influence of factors on the reliability of ensuring the energy efficiency of the enclosing structures at thee junctions points using linguistic variables. In order to assess the reliability of thermal insulation material, expert knowledge bases were formed and fuzzy logical equations were written, as well as the response surface was constructed. Matrices of paired comparisons of scientific and technical design solutions for the terms “low”,”medium”, “high” have been created. Based on the solution of matrices of pairwise comparisons, accessory functions were obtained for all terms. The obtained results of membership functions are normalized by one by dividing by the highest degree of membership. The mathematical assessment of the process was carried out using out the Matlab software. The surfaces of the expert system for decision-making based on fuzzy inference are built.

The Influence of the Properties of Thermal - Insulation Materials on the Thermomoist Indicators of a Building

One of the basic measures of energy efficiency in residential buildings is the reduction of heat and coolant pressure, when external structures - walls, ceilings - contain thermal insulation material, as a result of which heat and cold losses are reduced, as a result of air-and moisture permeability. Their number is largely determined by the climatic zone of the building, construction, sources of heat and cold, fuel and electricity prices in this region. In such practice, first of all, attention is paid to the problems of the optimal thickness of the thermal insulator, the installation location, since improper installation in the structure can cause water condensation, which will lead to partial wear of the structure, since the properties of reinforced-concrete layers will deteriorate. This concerns the peculiarities of carrying out thermal insulation works and their necessity both in under construction and in buildings in use. However, even in these conditions, when discussing the thermal effect of thermal insulation on structures, due attention is not paid to individual structures, especially walls, moisture problems. Consideration of insulators with more or less efficient energy and heat engineering characteristics, when it was found that there is a significant difference between their results and effects, aroused particular interest in the study of the problem. This is followed by a study of the influence of the presence of thermal insulation in the structure on the cold load required for cooling, revealed a pattern of cost changes in the case of insulating materials with more or less properties - foam.

Value engineering optimal design approach of high-performance residential buildings: Case study of Kuwait

In this paper, a value-engineering based integrated design approach is presented to improve energy efficiency of residential buildings. The design approach is based on reducing construction costs from oversizing structural systems of the building to allow investing in energy efficiency measures. The integrated design utilizes optimized selection procedure to identify set of measures that can minimize life-cycle costs while maximizing energy consumption for the buildings without exceeding budget thresholds defined by the value engineering analysis. The integrated design approach is demonstrated and applied to design a prototypical villa in Kuwait considering both homeowner and government perspectives to optimize the selection of energy efficiency measures. The results indicate that significant reductions in construction costs can be achieved due to commonly practiced oversizing of the villa’s structural systems. These cost reductions are more than sufficient to cover the incremental costs of implementing optimally identified energy efficiency measures with the benefits of lowering annual energy demand by 70% compared to the current design practices in Kuwait.

Passive Design Strategies for Energy Efficient Buildings in the Arabian Desert

This study aims to assess passive design features through the extensive modifications of building envelopes to affect the energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot arid climates. In support of the aim of this research, the annual electric energy bill of a typical residential building in Sharurah was collected and analyzed. Then, the DesignBuilder simulation program was used to investigate how different modifications of building envelopes could affect the energy consumption of the residential buildings under common scenarios. Varied thermal insulation, different types of glass, shading devices, and green roof were investigated with this perspective. The simulation results show that thermal insulation can significantly reduce annual energy consumption by as high as 23.6%, followed by green roofs. In contrast, shading devices and glazing system types were fewer superiors. The results also indicate that the effective combination of certain strategies can reduce total energy consumption by 35.4% relative to the base case (BC) of this research.

ФІНАНСОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЖИТЛОВОГО СЕКТОРА УКРАЇНИ

Ensuring the energy efficiency of Ukraine's housing sector are important elements in building an efficient economy and achieving sustainable development goals. These processes require significant funding, which is attracted through modern fi-nancial instruments. The aim of the article is to study the financial instruments for energy efficiency of the housing sector of Ukraine. The study used general scientific and specific methods, in particular: analysis and synthesis, theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, the method of scientific forecasting. Source base for financing measures to improve the energy efficiency of the housing sector of Ukraine is found out, in particular: bank loans, programs of international donor organizations; commodity loans from manufacturers of materials and equipment. Problems have been identified that hinder the financing of measures to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings at the regional level, due to limited credit availability, lack of appropriate funding instruments and programs. Modern financial instruments for energy efficiency in the form of non-repayable financing, debt financing, partial financing or a combination of these options are analyzed. The world's leading experience in the use of innovative financial instruments has been studied. It was found that financial mechanisms and tools to ensure energy efficiency of the housing sector in the EU work through grants, soft loans, tax benefits, ESCOs, European structural funds. It is substantiated that the decisive role in solving energy efficiency issues in European countries is the state. It was found that the main traditional tool for ensuring energy efficiency in the housing sector of Ukraine is the provision of subsidies to households. It is substantiated that it is necessary to improve the mechanism of public funding in the energy efficiency of the housing sector, in particular the transition from subsidies to a more diverse portfolio of instruments. We believe that in Ukraine, in addition to traditional instruments for financing the energy efficiency of the residential sector, it is necessary to actively implement innovative ones: PACE (Property Assessment Clean Energy) program; On-bill finance; crowdfunding.

Financing of Activities Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Poland

Financing of Activities Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Poland

ВИТРАТИ НА ІННОВАЦІЙНУ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ДРАЙВЕР ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЇ ТРАНСФЕРУ ІННОВАЦІЙ В СФЕРІ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ

The article presents research results on innovative activity costs, particularly in the energy sector. The work tasks were to determine the level of the expenses for scientific research in Ukraine and compare it with other countries, to define the level of costs in the energy sector, the dynamics of budgetary funding for the energy sector, and the prospects for the growth of the financing for this sector in the coming years. The research on the drivers of innovation transfer is devoted to the works of scientists from many world countries. This interest is growing every year. Innovation transfer is influenced by many factors. The cost of innovation is one of the drivers of the innovation transfer, highlighted by many scientists. The statistical data on financing innovative activities in Ukraine and European countries were analysed. Their growth was determined based on statistical information on Ukraine's costs of scientific research and development. However, the share of expenses for implementing scientific research and development is decreasing and is one of the smallest in Europe. It was also found that the total amount of budget funding for strategic and medium-term priorities of innovative activity during 2016–2021 has almost doubled. Costs for developing new technologies for improving energy networks and equipment in 2021 amounted to 15.2% and 9.6% in the structure of strategic and medium-term priorities. 86.9% was used for the development of new technologies for the improvement of energy networks and equipment, taking into account the intention to harmonize them with the energy system of the EU countries, new technologies for the construction of energy-efficient residential and communal buildings and premises, and new technologies for obtaining and storing energy from renewable sources. The volume of energy financing in 2021 increased compared to 2020, along with the share growth in the total volume. It indicates the growth of demand for the direction relevant for Ukraine and the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – development in energy and energy efficiency, new materials, agriculture, and ICT.

Enhancing Indoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings of Hot Humid Region of Nepal – A Case of Biratnagar Metropolitan City

Enhancing Indoor Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings of Hot Humid Region of Nepal – A Case of Biratnagar Metropolitan City