Energy Efficiency Factor Research Articles

Формування концептуально-аналітичної моделі підвищення енергоефективності на місцевих рівнях в умовах децентралізації

The purpose of this article is to develop and substantiate a conceptual and analytical model of the structure of energy generation and consumption at the local level in the context of the decentralisation reform in Ukraine on the basis of an analysis of current world-wide and European trends as to ensuring a sufficient level of energy efficiency. The current trends of world energy consumption are illustrated, the forecast for the development of renewable energy is built, the energy efficiency analysis of the national economy is carried out. In order to form a holistic system of energy management on the local grounds, a model of generation and consumption for use at the local level is proposed, the financing of which is provided for by the results of the use of a comprehensive mechanism. A number of normative and organizational-institutional proposals on the normalization of energy efficiency improvement processes are suggested. The factors of energy efficiency of this model, financial instruments for its effective functioning in the form of a mechanism of interest-making budget revenues and specialized funds are disclosed; organizational and institutional support of such reform is proposed; the functional dependence of the target function of the model of energy generation and consumption is detailed, taking into account the methods of generation and the main consumers at the appropriate levels. The analysis of the main risks is carried out and the flaws of this process are defined; a number of regulatory and institutional transformations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of an effective policy of energy efficiency of hromadas thus ensuring the energy security of the State. It is recognized as expedient to adopt a package of bills and resolutions on energy cooperation, organization of a biofuel exchange. The model of organization and functioning of a cooperative for the generation and consumption of solar energy, which is based on the regulatory framework, is presented. The above mentioned allowed to develop scientific and applied recommendations for improving regulatory provisions, which will enable the hromada to become an effective player in the wholesale electricity market, marketing the energy according to the green tariff.

Estimation of energy efficiency factor for models of porous automotive heat exchangers

The present paper examines the effect of the geometry of an open cell foam material on pressure drop, heat flux, and energy efficiency. Models of highly porous media with disordered (DEM) and ordered (SC, FCC, BCC) structures with various porosities were created: ε = 0.85; ε = 0.9; ε = 0.95. The ANSYS Fluent (v. 19.2) software package was used to calculate the heat flux, pressure drop, and energy efficiency from the computational domain at different flow velocities of the gas and for different porosities of the medium. At the porosity value ε = 0.85, the highest pressure drop corresponds to the FCC cell packing, and at porosities ε = 0.9 and ε = 0.95 corresponds to the BCC cell packing. At flow rates of 0.01 m/s and 0.05 m/s, the heat flux value is approximately the same for all types of structures. At porosity of the media ε = 0.85 at velocities of 0.25-1.25 m/s, the value of heat flux and pressure drop is higher for FCC cell packing. At the porosity values ε = 0.9 and ε = 0.95, the BCC cell packaging shows a greater heat flux than the FCC structure. The lowest heat flux value corresponds to the SC structure. At the same time, the lowest pressure drop is also observed for SC cell packing, due to which this structure shows the highest values of the energy efficiency factor.

Study of the influence of the porosity of the fibrous material used in transport on the value of energy efficiency

In recent decades, polymeric materials have become increasingly important, which are also applicable in the automotive industry. The advantages of fibrous materials stimulate interest in the development of heat exchangers based on them. The paper presents a numerical study of the flow of air through a fibrous material with different porosity: ε=0.7; ε=0.75; ε=0.8; ε=0.85; ε=0.9; ε=0.95. Numerical simulation was carried out in the ANSYS Fluent (v. 19.0) software package for various flow velocities of the flowing air. The influence of the porosity of the fibrous material on the heat flux, pressure drop and, as a result, on the value of the energy efficiency factor was determined.

Joint Design of Improved Spectrum and Energy Efficiency With Backscatter NOMA for IoT

To develop emerging transmission techniques for potential applications of Internet of Things (IoT), the system performance analysis of a cognitive radio (CR)-enabled ambient backscatter (AmBC) system will be studied in this paper with functionality of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In the proposed scheme, a base station communicates with two destinations via a designated backscatter device. It is assumed that the relay node is fitted with two different interfaces and can simultaneously collect/decode and backscatter the received source signals. Such transmission mechanism benefits to design various applications in IoT as well as wireless systems with improved performance. To exhibit system performance metrics, the outage probability and the ergodic capacity of the recipient nodes are derived analytically. Furthermore, it is shown that employing AmBC NOMA together with CR for secondary communication can significantly improve overall network performance in terms of the achievable throughput in delay-limited and delay-tolerant modes and outage probability. Numerical results show that: <i>1) The proposed system can improve the spectrum efficiency by employing both CR and NOMA techniques; 2) Compared with the orthogonal multiple access (OMA)-aided AmBC systems, the considered CR AmBC system relying on NOMA can obtain better reliability in the whole range of SNR; 3) There are error floors for the outage probability in the high SNR regime due to required target rates; 4) There exists a trade-off between system performance of IoT devices and power allocation coefficients associated with NOMA; 5) We find energy efficiency factor as evident of further improvement in such system</i>.

Economic damages from low-quality electric energy

The problems of maintaining the quality indicators of electrical energy and, in particular, voltage dips as well as the consequences of voltage dips in electrical networks of industrial enterprises are considered. A classification of electrical consumers according to their sensitivity to voltage dips in critical areas is given. The main measures to prevent technical consequences of voltage dips are described. In order to ensure predictable operation of protection systems, it is necessary to analyse and prepare measures to improve power quality. To this end, high accuracy class recorders can be successfully used and measurements should be made at characteristic points of the network, power centres and at the common connection points of consumers. The consequences of voltage dips have been allocated to economic damage at companies. Without a general account of the damage caused by poor power quality, it is not possible to correctly calculate the economic effect of improving the reliability of technical systems, both in design and in operation. Therefore, it is proposed to use contextual factors of energy efficiency. Hence, an approach to the selection of surge protection measures is derived which requires consideration of the cost-benefit test of the technical measures. Thus, in order to select any of the surge protection measures, it is first necessary to analyse the statistical data, to understand the cause of the equipment outage and then to make a technically and economically sound decision to improve the reliability of the electricity supply. It is possible that the simplest and most effective solution for surge protection may not be in the electrical part but in the process or instrumentation system.

Comparison of Dose and Effectiveness of a Single-Session Ultrasound-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation of Uterine Fibroids With Different Sizes.

PurposeThis study aimed to compare the dose and effectiveness of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (USgHIFU) ablation of uterine fibroids with different sizes and explore the effect of uterine fibroid size on dose, which provided dose evaluation for clinicians in accordance with the size of uterine fibroids.Materials and MethodsA total of 1,000 patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids who received a single-session USgHIFU treatment were enrolled in this study. The size of fibroids was divided into seven groups: 3–4 cm, 4–5 cm, 5–6 cm, 6–7 cm, 7–8 cm, 8–9 cm, and 9–11 cm. The dose was expressed on the basis of the energy efficiency factor (EEF) as the energy required for ablation per unit volume of tissue, and the non-perfused volume ratio (NPVR) was used to assess the effect of HIFU ablation.ResultsThe median NPVR of 88.3% (IQR: 80.3%–94.8%) was obtained, and no significant difference was observed among the seven groups. The classification of T2-weighted image signal intensity fibroids in the 4–5 cm group was compared with that in the 6–7 cm and 8–9 cm groups, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). However, the proportion of T2WI hyperintense signal fibroids had no significant difference among the seven groups (p > 0.05). The median EEF was 3.88 J/mm3, and a significant difference was observed among the seven groups of EEF (p < 0.05). The EEF of groups with a fibroid size less than 6 cm was more than double the EEF of groups with a fibroid size above 6 cm. In addition, the EEF of groups with a fibroid size of 4–5 cm and 3–4 cm was 3–4 times higher than those with a fibroid size above 7 cm (p < 0.05).ConclusionsA single-session HIFU ablation for uterine fibroids of 3–11 cm can obtain an NPVR of more than 80%. The EEF decreased with the increase of the size of uterine fibroids. A fibroid size of 6.5 cm was considered as a clinical meaningful point affecting EEF.

Applying the three-stage SBM-DEA model to evaluate energy efficiency and impact factors in RCEP countries

Improving regional energy efficiency is the key to solving global energy problems. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), as the world's largest free trade zone, energy cooperation is an integral part of the agreement. This paper uses the three-stage SBM-DEA model to analyze the energy efficiency and influencing factors of 13 RCEP countries from 2000 to 2015. The results show that, first, the overall energy efficiency of RCEP is poor at 0.384, with China and Japan having relatively high energy efficiency and Brunei and Cambodia having the worst energy efficiency. The average energy efficiency of developed countries is greater than that of developing countries. Second, optimizing the industrial structure and energy consumption structure can improve energy efficiency. Merchandise trade and government efficiency also have a positive impact on energy efficiency. The development of the tourism industry has unexpectedly reduced energy efficiency. Third, external environmental factors affect energy efficiency differently in each country. Except for China, Japan, and Korea, external environmental factors can lead to overestimating energy efficiency in other countries in RCEP. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to improve the RCEP's energy efficiency. The research results are helpful to understand the changing trend and influencing factors of RCEP's energy efficiency and can provide a reference for international energy cooperation, which is of great practical significance.

Dynamic change of agricultural energy efficiency and its influencing factors in China

In order to practice the concept of‘lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’ and promote the green development of agriculture, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of agricultural energy utilization. Based on the panel data of 28 provinces from 1995 to 2018, this paper calculated China’s agricultural energy input from two categories of direct energy and indirect energy, and used EBM (Epsilon-based Measure) mixed distance function model to measure the energy efficiency of agriculture in China. The nuclear density function and spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the dynamic evolution of agricultural energy efficiency, and the dynamic panel model was used to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural energy efficiency. The results showed that: ① From 1995 to 2018, the total agricultural energy input had increased year by year in China, with an average annual growth rate of 2% . Energy input structure changed from indirect energy-based to direct energy-based. Agricultural energy efficiency showed an evolutionary trend of ‘rising-stagnating-rising rapidly’in China. The agricultural energy efficiency was generally low in China, and there was a large space for improvement in agricultural energy efficiency. ② From 1995 to 2018, the average annual growth rate of agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern, central and western regions was 2. 7%, 1. 9% and 1. 4% respectively. In 2018, the agricultural energy efficiency in the eastern, central and western regions was 0. 81, 0. 71 and 0. 59 respectively. The gap between regions was expanding rapidly, and the agricultural energy efficiency in the central and western regions needed to be improved. ③ From 1995 to 2018, the agricultural energy efficiency of each province was polarized and the absolute gap was widened. There was obvious improvement in agricultural energy efficiency in Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Tianjin, while the agricultural energy efficiency of Xinjiang, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Inner Mongolia deteriorated. ④ From 1995 to 2018, there was no global spatial correlation of China’s agricultural energy efficiency. However, local ‘high-high’concentration gradually appeared in the eastern region since 2010. ⑤ The first lag of energy efficiency had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency, and agricultural energy efficiency improvement had a time lag. The level of human capital, per capita net income of farmers and the level of urbanizaton had a significant positive impact on agricultural energy efficiency. The disaster rate, the level of development of secondary and tertiary industries, and the level of opening up had a significant negative impact on agricultural energy efficiency. In the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization, we should focus on the central and western regions, take the cultivation of professional farmers as the key, focus on improving agricultural production conditions, enhance the level of cooperation between regions, exert the leading role of the secondary and tertiary industries, and enhance the ability of agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Transportation Industry Energy Efficiency of Changjiang Economic Zone

Changjiang Economic Zone (CEZ) faces the urgent task to promote the energy conservation and emission reduction of the transportation industry. This study constructs an evaluation system for transportation industry energy efficiency (TIEE) and evaluates TIEEs of 11 CEZ provinces in 2000–2017, using the super-slack-based measure (Super-SBM) model containing undesired output. On this basis, the panel data model was adopted to explore the impactors of TIEE. The main results are as follows: CEZ provinces varied significantly in TIEE. In the sample period, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Shanghai, and Anhui achieved relatively satisfactory TIEEs; Hunan, Hubei, and Guizhou performed generally on TIEE, calling for some improvement; Chongqing and Yunnan did not perform well, leaving a huge room for improvement. Judging by TIEE trends in the lower reaches, middle reaches, and upper reaches, TIEE of the lower reaches exhibited a U-shaped trend (first decrease and then increase) and TIEEs of the middle reaches and upper reaches did not fluctuate significantly, except for a few years. There was a marked difference between the three regions in TIEE: TIEE in the lower reaches was much higher than that in the middle reaches and upper reaches. In addition, the panel data model demonstrates that TIEE is significantly promoted by economic growth and transportation structure, obviously suppressed by industrial structure, opening-up, and transportation infrastructure, and not clearly affected by government influence or environmental regulation.

Two-Stage Electrohydrodynamic Gas Pump for Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Square Channel

The effect of electrode orientation in an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump inside a square channel is experimentally examined for its effective use in thermal management. The two-stage gas pump with electrodes flush mounted on two parallel walls in each stage is powered by DC voltages ranging from 24 to 28 kV. In addition to the volume flow rate produced, the performance of the pump is evaluated using an energy efficiency factor, which is defined as the volume flow rate delivered by a unit power input. It is found that this parameter has a larger value for the EHD pump with aligned electrodes. However, the EHD pump with offset electrodes can produce more mixing of flow inside the channel, which may be more favorable for the application in thermal management. Most importantly, EHD gas pumps with either electrode configuration have a greater energy efficiency than conventional fans, and thus have a greater advantage for applications in the thermal management. This advantage is even more prominent when pumps are operated with uneven applied voltages.

Hybrid CO2 Electroreduction - Associated Anodic Reactions

The performance parameter of CO2 electroreduction includes the factor of energy efficiency. The overall energy efficiency for the process includes both the cathode and anode reactions. In aqueous medium, for carrying CO2 electroreduction at cathode, the anodic reaction is majorly oxygen evolution reaction (OER, E0 = +1.23V). Thus, additional useful by-product could be obtained from the CO2 electroreduction process by coupling both processes such that high purity oxygen could also be collected. The electrolytic cell arrangement for obtaining high purity oxygen along with carrying CO2 electroreduction may involve two separate compartments or even two individual electrolytic cells connected by a salt bridge. The issue with continuous ionic replenishing of salt bridge could be taken care by supplying salt electrolyte to the salt bridge or carrying the process with multiple salt bridges.OER is not only energy consuming but its sluggish kinetics lowers the overall efficiency of the process. It is for improving overall efficiency of the process that better catalysts for OER could be employed. Furthermore, the process of oxygen evolution as the counter-reaction of CO2 electroreduction is quite favorable as there is no requirement of any additional or modification in the electrolyte employed for electroreduction of CO2. This advantage of utilizing the same aqueous electrolyte for anodic compartment is focused for achieving enhanced OER and obtaining oxygen as a by-product of CO2 electroreduction process.

Why have U.S. electricity sales flattened?

Since the 2007–2009 financial crisis, U.S. electricity sales have remained essentially flat despite economic recovery, with all but five states registering declines in electricity sales growth between the two decades on either side of the financial crisis. This paper examines the factors that contributed to the decline in annual average electricity sales growth from 1997 to 2007 to 2009–2019 across states. It finds that, at a national level, most (∼60%) of the decline in sales growth was in the commercial sector. The factors driving declines in sales growth across states were heterogeneous. The only statistically significant factor (p < 0.05) was a decline in the growth of the number of commercial customers, which occurred in all but two states. Over the last decade, customer count growth slowed across both commercial and residential classes in almost all states. These changes may reflect structural economic and demographic changes and require further analysis. The results highlight the structural economic factors — as opposed to energy efficiency and other technological factors — that are currently shaping electricity demand in the United States. They underscore the importance, for electric utilities, system operators, and their regulators, of developing more effective strategies to manage load forecast uncertainty.

Hybrid CO2 Electroreduction - Associated Anodic Reactions

The performance parameter of CO2 electroreduction includes the factor of energy efficiency. The overall energy efficiency for the process includes both the cathode and anode reactions. In aqueous medium, for carrying CO2 electroreduction at cathode, the anodic reaction is majorly oxygen evolution reaction (OER, E0 = +1.23V). Thus, additional useful by-product could be obtained from the CO2 electroreduction process by coupling both processes such that high purity oxygen could also be collected. The electrolytic cell arrangement for obtaining high purity oxygen along with carrying CO2 electroreduction may involve two separate compartments or even two individual electrolytic cells connected by a salt bridge. The issue with continuous ionic replenishing of salt bridge could be taken care by supplying salt electrolyte to the salt bridge or carrying the process with multiple salt bridges.OER is not only energy consuming but its sluggish kinetics lowers the overall efficiency of the process. It is for improving overall efficiency of the process that better catalysts for OER could be employed. Furthermore, the process of oxygen evolution as the counter-reaction of CO2 electroreduction is quite favorable as there is no requirement of any additional or modification in the electrolyte employed for electroreduction of CO2. This advantage of utilizing the same aqueous electrolyte for anodic compartment is focused for achieving enhanced OER and obtaining oxygen as a by-product of CO2 electroreduction process.

Assessment of Lighting Uniformity as a Factor of Energy Efficiency in Greenhouse Horticulture

Introduction. Greenhouse lighting systems are an integral part of the system for growing plants in cultivation facilities with an artificial microclimate. The uniformity of light distribution over the growing area is important to increase energy efficiency and improve plant quality, among other requirements. The aim of the work is to consider the mathematical apparatus for describing the distribution of light over the surface and to justify the choice of ways to characterize the degree of lighting uniformity. Materials and Methods. The basic concepts of the subject area such as lighting, lighting body, horizontal lighting curve, luminous intensity curve are considered in terms of theoretical photometry. To assess the energy and ecological friendliness of the greenhouse horticulture, the lighting efficiency factor was used. Various methods for determining the average lighting value are presented. The formulas for the uniformity coefficients are presented. Experimental verification was carried out on a horizontal plane simulating a surface for growing plants. A luminary with a round-symmetric light distribution was used. Results. It has been found that the lighting values calculated by the proposed method at various points of the illuminated surface correspond to the experimentally obtained values. It has been shown that the coefficient taking into account the pattern of lighting distribution over all points of the surface carries a lot of information about the uniformity. A frequency graph for the lighting distribution value has been constructed and its practical applicability has been substantiated. The relationship between the lighting efficiency and uniformity of the generated lighting has been revealed. With reduced suspension height of the luminary, it is possible to increase significantly the lighting efficiency factor, however, the lighting uniformity deteriorates sharply. Discussion and Conclusion. There is proposed a method for assessing the energy efficiency by the lighting efficiency factor, which determines the proportion of the useful lighting falling on the surface in the total lighting generated by light sources. It is suggested that this indicator can characterize the ecological quality of photoculture, since it has been established its relationship with the uniformity of the created lighting, the impact of which on photoculture is described in the literature.

The Energy Efficiency and the Main Influencing Factors for the Logistics Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Logistics is the booster of economic development, and it is imperative to further improve the logistics energy efficiency and adjust its development model. This paper is an attempt to investigate the logistics energy efficiency and main influencing factors of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, which is the most economically intensive region that spans East, Central, and West China. The input-oriented SBM-DEA model is employed to identify factors such as energy input, undesirable output, and service capacity output as well as the logistics energy efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Belt. Energy efficiency is then further decomposed into pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and technical efficiency, from the perspective of which provinces and cities are compared. The research results show that the logistics energy efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Belt needs to be further improved and that energy efficiency differs greatly among cities and provinces, indicating that the development is quite unbalanced in different areas. Therefore, the local government should develop development strategies according to the main influencing factors and constraints to the local logistics industry, so as to optimize and upgrade the energy structure of the logistics industry.

Gate energy efficiency and negative capacitance in ferroelectric 2D/2D TFET from cryogenic to high temperatures

We report the fabrication process and performance characterization of a fully integrated ferroelectric gate stack in a WSe2/SnSe2 Tunnel FETs (TFETs). The energy behavior of the gate stack during charging and discharging, together with the energy loss of a switching cycle and gate energy efficiency factor are experimentally extracted over a broad range of temperatures, from cryogenic temperature (77 K) up to 100 °C. The obtained results confirm that the linear polarizability is maintained over all the investigated range of temperature, being inversely proportional to the temperature T of the ferroelectric stack. We show that a lower-hysteresis behavior is a sine-qua-non condition for an improved energy efficiency, suggesting the high interest in a true NC operation regime. A pulsed measurement technique shows the possibility to achieve a hysteresis-free negative capacitance (NC) effect on ferroelectric 2D/2D TFETs. This enables sub-15 mV dec−1 point subthreshold slope, 20 mV dec−1 average swing over two decades of current, ION of the order of 100 nA µm−2 and ION/IOFF > 104 at Vd = 1 V. Moreover, an average swing smaller than 10 mV dec−1 over 1.5 decades of current is also obtained in a NC TFET with a hysteresis of 1 V. An analog current efficiency factor, up to 50 and 100 V−1, is achieved in hysteresis-free NC-TFETs. The reported results highlight that operating a ferroelectric gate stack steep slope switch in the NC may allow combined switching energy efficiency and low energy loss, in the hysteresis-free regime.

Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emission Impact on Competitiveness in the European Energy Intensive Industries

Climate change and efforts to mitigate it have given rise to an interest in the relationship between industry competitiveness, energy efficiency, and carbon emissions. A better understanding of this relationship can be essential for economic and environmental decision-makers. This paper presents empirical research evaluating industry competitiveness through the factors of energy efficiency and carbon emission in Europe’s most energy-intensive industries. The designed industry competitiveness measure index consists of seven components, grouped into three equally weighted sub-indexes: export performance, energy, and environmental. The export performance of the industry is described by the industry export growth rate, the share of the industry’s export, and the effects on the industry’s competitiveness of changes in a country’s export. The energy intensity of the industry and energy prices are integrated into the energy sub-index. The environmental sub-index consists of the industry’s emissions intensity, and the ratio of freely allocated allowances and verified emissions indicators. The findings indicate that countries with the highest index value also have a positive energy intensity and carbon emission indicator value. The average index value of each industry gradually reduces to zero, and the standard deviation of the index value shows a diminishing trend throughout all sectors, which implies that competitiveness in all sectors is increasing and that all countries are nearing the industry average. The ANOVA results show that: (1) the competitiveness index value was statistically significantly different in the investigated countries; (2) the competitiveness index value was statistically non-significantly different in the investigated industries; (3) there was a significant effect of the interaction between country and industry on the competitiveness index value. These results suggest that the country itself and industry/country interaction significantly affect the competitiveness index. However, it should be mentioned that industry per se does not substantially affect the competitiveness index score.

Analysis of Critical Factors for Energy Efficiency in Productive Systems: A Systematic Review

Energy efficiency has received attention in recent years due to increased demand for electricity. Thus, consuming less energy to manufacture the same amount of products is essential for maintaining the productive activities of society. This research aimed to identify the factors that influence energy efficiency in factories. For this, a systematic literature review was performed. Among the selected articles, twelve factors were grouped in the follow dimensions: technology, support systems, process, product, climatic conditions and people. The results showed that the factors that have more technological elements were more mentioned in the selected articles than the ones that had more human elements. It is concluded that the energy efficiency of factories can be improved by developing policies that explore the identified factors.

Minimization of energy efficiency barriers in the context of optimization of management decisions in the process of sustainable development

The object of research is the socio­economic model of the country in terms of energy efficiency factors in the process of economic development. The author has adapted the taxonomy of barriers and identified a new group of barriers inherent in the socio­economic models of countries with economies in transition. Achieving the goals of sustainable development is possible by achieving overall energy efficiency, which is provided by the implemented innovative energy technologies. The ability of the studied subjects to perceive and promote innovative energy technologies is determined by the level of their economic development. When building the concept of energy efficient management, the studied subjects should take into account the exhaustion of primary resources against the background of growing needs. One of Harrington's logical functions was used to determine the level of economic development of the studied subjects. In the indicators of the particular desirability of Harrington's logical function, indicators from 0.37 to 0.8 are the potential for development, currently unrealized in the studied subjects, which is the path to sustainable development. According to certain levels of private preferences, economic agents are given recommendations on the economic feasibility of introducing innovative energy technologies. At the same time, the research process involved the identification and localization of energy efficiency barriers in the studied subjects, which expanded the analytical opportunities in terms of providing practical recommendations. Such recommendations, combined with the private preferences of the studied subjects, allowed to formulate a conceptual scheme to increase the efficiency of energy resources of economic development management. The author proposes measures: scaling of grant financing, decentralization of energy sources, introduction of knowledge, cooperation of communities and in the community, development of entrepreneurship and greening of the environment. Directions strengthen the motivation of management decisions in the context of the effective impact of energy factors on the dynamics of economic development in modern conditions and can be used in the development of current and strategic plans and programs.

Resource Management for Minimizing Energy and Cost of Geo-Distributed Data Centers

Geo-distributed data centers (GDCs) house computing resources and provide cloud services across the world. As cloud computing flourishes, energy consumption and electricity cost for powering servers of GDCs also soar high. Energy consumption and cost minimization for GDCs has become the main challenge for the cloud service providers. This paper proposes a resource management framework that accomplishes resource demand prediction, ensuring service level objective (SLO), electricity price prediction, and energy-efficient and cost-effective resource allocation through GDCs. This paper also proposes an energy-efficient and cost-effective resource allocation (EECERA) algorithm which deploys energy efficiency factors and incorporates the electricity price diversity of GDCs. Extensive evaluations were performed based on real-world workload traces and real-life electricity price data of GDC locations. The evaluation results showed that the resource demand prediction model could predict the right amount of dynamic resource demand while achieving SLO, and also, the electricity price prediction model could provide promising accuracy. The performances of resource allocation algorithms were evaluated on CloudSim. This work contributes to minimizing the energy consumption and the average turnaround time taken to complete the task and offers cost-saving. HIGHLIGHTS SLO guaranteed, energy-efficient and cost-effective resource management framework Energy-efficient and cost-effective resource allocation (EECERA) algorithm Extensive evaluations based on real-world workload traces and real-life electricity price data of GDC locations Performances of resource allocation algorithms evaluated on CloudSim Minimizing the energy consumption and the average turnaround time taken to complete the task and also cost-saving GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT