Energy Drink Consumption Research Articles

Poor sleep is associated with energy drinks consumption among Korean adolescents.

A growing number of Korean adolescents consume energy drinks, which may increase the risk of obesity, anxiety and insomnia. We examined whether poor sleep was associated with energy drink consumption among study participants. We used a cross-sectional design. The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey data from 2019. To determine the association between sleep and energy drink consumption, we compared the independent variables for 50,455 adolescents in Korea (aged 14-19 years) using multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analyses. In Korea, 69·5 % adolescents consumed energy drinks, 17·1 % slept for less than 5 h, 22·4 % slept for 5-6 h, 23·8 % slept for 6-7 h, 19·9 % slept for 7-8 h and 16·7 % slept for 8 h or more. Regarding sleep satisfaction, 21·0 % reported sufficient, 32·6 % reported just enough and 46·5 % reported insufficient. Regarding sleep duration, it was found that less than 5 h (OR, 2·36; 95 % CI (2·14, 2·60)) and lower sleep satisfaction (OR, 1·12; 95 % CI (1·03, 1·21)) were highly associated with energy drink consumption, with statistical significance at P < 0·05. Adolescents with lower sleep duration (adjusted OR (aOR), 6·37; 95 % CI (4·72, 8·61)) and a lack of sleep satisfaction (aOR, 1·44; 95 % CI (1·16, 1·78)) reported drinking a high amount of energy drinks, that is, at least once a day. In addition to efforts to decrease the amount of energy drinks consumed, sleep hygiene education needs to be strengthened.

Acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink, energy gum and coffee: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study

Abstract Background Energy drink consumption is highly prevalent in young adults, especially in males, and has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events, including QT prolongation and atherothrombosis. A proposed mechanism underlying these adverse cardiovascular effects is caffeine, but this has not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink consumption with other forms of caffeine consumption in young males. Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 16 young healthy males. Each participant underwent electrocardiography assessment at pre- and post-treatment (1-hour and 2-hours) in response to 4 beverage and gum combinations: 1) energy drink + placebo gum (ED); 2) coffee + placebo gum (C); 3) placebo beverage + caffeinated energy gum (EG); and 4) placebo beverage + placebo gum (P). Caffeine content was the same in all treatment combinations and a washout period of at least 1-week was allowed among treatments. Results At 1-hour post-treatment, heart rate increased in response to ED while it decreased in response to EG (p&amp;lt;0.05 for ED vs. EG; Figure 1A). At 2-hours post-treatment, the increase in heart rate after ED and Coffee was significantly greater compared to the change in heart rate in response to the other treatments (p&amp;lt;0.05). The increase in QRS duration 1-hour post-treatment was significantly greater after ED compared to EG and Placebo (p &amp;lt;0.05). Corrected QT (QTc) duration was significantly reduced at 1-hour post-treatment in response to EG vs. ED (p&amp;lt;0.05), but was not different compared to the other treatments. At 2-hours post-treatment, QTc duration was significantly reduced in response to EG and was increased in response to Coffee (p &amp;lt; 0.05 for EG vs. ED and C, Figure 1C). The most prominent increase from baseline in the percentage of participants experiencing ventricular ectopy was in response to ED (Figure 1D). Conclusions The acute electrophysiological effects of energy drink, energy gum and coffee do not appear to be mediated by caffeine content. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the cardiovascular effects of these caffeinated products.

Content Analysis of Locally Marketed Energy Drinks: Turkish Market

In the Turkish Food Codex Communique on Energy Drinks, energy drinks are defined as "flavored non-alcoholic beverage containing caffeine, containing taurine, glucuronolactone, inositol, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other food and components". The amount of caffeine in the composition of the energy drink cannot be more than 150 mg/L, inositol 100 mg/L, glucuronolactone 20 mg/L, and taurine 800 mg/L. It has been reported that the consumption of beverages containing caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone in healthy young adults increases arterial blood pressure and platelet aggregation and decreases endothelial function. For healthy adults, consuming more than 400 mg of caffeine daily and consuming more than 500 ml of energy drinks in energy drinks, as well as consuming energy drinks with or together with alcohol, is risky and not recommended. Energy drinks are risky for children, people under the age of 18, the elderly, diabetics, those with high blood pressure, pregnant and lactating women, those with metabolic diseases, kidney failure, and people who are sensitive to caffeine. The use of energy drinks has been increasing rapidly in the world and in our country in recent years. Usually, energy drinks are used by young people, athletes, and people who live actively. Energy drinks are also preferred as a pleasure or to increase mental, physical, and cognitive performance.&#x0D; The aim of our study is to analyze the components of the content and the effectiveness of the components by making a qualitative analysis with the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Analysis) device of many energy drinks used in the market. In addition, it is the evaluation of the energy drinks available in the market by examining the effects of the determined substances and their amounts on human health.

Energy drink consumption can induce cardiovascular events, two case reports and a literature review

Energy drink consumption can induce cardiovascular events, two case reports and a literature review

Caffeinated energy drink consumption among Emirati adolescents is associated with a cluster of poor physical and mental health, and unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: a cross-sectional study.

Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) has escalated during the last few years, especially among schoolchildren, with evident adverse health sequelae in this critical age group. This study examined the prevalence of CED consumption and its associations with sleep, physical and mental health, and dietary and lifestyle habits among schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A structured self-administered online questionnaire was developed and disseminated among schoolchildren aged 14-18 years, selected from schools of the seven emirates of the UAE. More than 4,500 (N= 4,648) responses received. A relatively low prevalence of CED consumption (20%) was found among schoolchildren in the UAE. However, those who reported CED consumption were more likely to report unhealthy dietary (skipping breakfast, frequent snacking, and eating fast foods, low fruit, and vegetable intake) and lifestyle behaviors (long screen time, poor sleep health), in addition to poor self-reported mental and physical health than non-users. CED consumption was significantly and variably associated with multiple sociodemographic factors such as students' nationality, parental companionship, sex, school type, education level (children's and parents'), daily allowance, academic performance, screen time, sleep quality parameters, self-reported physical and mental health, and parents' employment. Sources of knowledge about CED were social media (55%), friends/schoolmates (52%), and family members (52%). Students believed that CED constitute sugar (87%), caffeine (69%), artificial flavors (67%) sweeteners (54%), and stimulating components (43%). The majority (70%) of students reported that CED consumption increases the risks for heart disease, diabetes, high blood sugar (65%), addiction (64%), high blood pressure (59%), and obesity (57%). These results offer important insights for health professionals, child health specialists, policymakers, and parents in the UAE regarding adolescents' attitudes, knowledge and behaviors toward CED consumption.

The Impact of Promotional Activities on the Purchase and Repurchase Intention of Energy Drinks in Yemen Under Different Levels of Awareness of the Potential Adverse Effects

Awareness among consumers in determining purchase intention (PI) and repurchase intention (RI) for energy drinks plays an important role. However, it has been overlooked in previous studies. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, we investigate the role of awareness of the potential negative effects of energy drinks (PAEEDs) as a moderating variable in the relationship of promotional activities with PI and RI among different young people. The data were collected from 415 students from Yemeni universities and analyzed using structural equations modeling via SmartPLS software. The results revealed that promotional activities affect PI among students with low awareness of the PAEEDs more than students with high awareness. In contrast, promotional activities affect RI among students with high or low awareness of the PAEEDs. This study provides additional evidence about the effects of energy drinks (EDs) promotional activities on PI and RI among young people in light of the awareness of these products and, thus, the urgent need for regulation and restrictions on youth consumption of EDs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Motivators of Energy Drink Consumption in South-Central Kentucky

Motivators of Energy Drink Consumption in South-Central Kentucky

S67 The Pain of Staying Alert—Acute Pancreatitis Secondary to Energy Drinks Consumption: A Systematic Review

S67 The Pain of Staying Alert—Acute Pancreatitis Secondary to Energy Drinks Consumption: A Systematic Review

Energy Drink Consumption and Eating Habits among Students of a Public Sector University in Islamabad, Pakistan

Background: Energy drinks are widely consumed globally, with various brands strategically targeting the younger generation through marketing and advertising. Despite potential impacts on general health and dietary patterns, the youth often succumb to the allure of promised benefits, such as enhanced metabolism. This study aims to investigate the relationship between Energy Drink (ED) consumption, dietary habits among Air University (AU) students, and the motivations behind consuming energy drinks. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted across different departments of Air University, involving 103 students aged 19-25 years (52 males, 51 females). Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Inferential statistics employed the chi-square test to determine the association between ED consumption and AU students' dietary habits. Results: Among the 103 students, 31% (n=32) reported energy drink consumption, with 62.5% (n=19) not restricting consumption to special occasions. Non-ED consumers demonstrated greater awareness of energy drink side effects and exhibited better decision-making regarding the intake of various healthy food substances on a daily basis compared to ED consumers. Conclusion: The study revealed a substantial proportion (31%) of ED consumers among AU students, indicating a lack of awareness regarding side effects and unhealthy dietary habits among this group.

Caffeine warning labels may increase young adults' intention to purchase energy drinks

Increasing consumption of energy drinks has raised public health concerns worldwide. The present study intended to contribute to the literature on policies to discourage consumption of these beverages by exploring the effect of front-of-package caffeine warning labels on the purchase intention of young Uruguayan adults. A mixed-methods approach was used to address the research objectives in an online survey with 225 participants aged between 18- and 30-years old. The quantitative component of the survey intended to evaluate the effect of caffeine warnings on purchase intention using choice-based conjoint analysis, whereas the qualitative component explored participants' perceived efficacy of the warnings using an open-ended question. The conjoint task involved a series of choice sets composed of two cans differing in three 2-level variables: octagonal caffeine warning featuring the expression 'Contains caffeine', octagonal sugar warning, and brand. Results from the conjoint analysis showed that caffeine warnings increased choice likelihood, as did the brand conveying energy-related associations. On the contrary, sugar warnings reduced choice likelihood. Responses to the open-ended question provided insights on the lack of efficacy of caffeine warnings and stressed the importance of raising awareness of the potential negative health consequences of energy drink consumption. Taken together results from the present work suggest the importance of designing effective front-of-package warning labels to discourage consumption of energy drinks among young adults.

Acute effects of energy drink consumption on cardiovascular parameters in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Energy drinks (EDs) are beverages that contain ingredients that may pose a risk to consumers' cardiovascular health. But current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on studies that examined the acute effects of ED consumption on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate, cardiac output (CO), endothelial function, and QT/QTc interval in healthy adults. The databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and the gray literature were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent evaluators screened 2014 studies and extracted relevant data from those selected for the analysis. A risk of bias assessment was also performed with the RoB 2 tool and a strength of evidence assessment was performed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A total of 17 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. With regard to risk of bias, 11 studies were rated as having "some concerns" and 6 as "high risk of bias." The consumption of EDs increased SBP, DBP, and CO in different time frames. More pronounced effects were seen on SBP at 60-80 minutes (4.71 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.97-6.45; GRADE: moderate), DBP at 120 minutes (4.51 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.60-6.42; GRADE: low), and CO at 30-40 minutes after consumption (0.43 L; 95% CI: 0.08-0.77; GRADE: very low). The effects of ED consumption on resting heart rate and QT/QTc interval were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). The assessment of endothelial function effects was not performed due to the absence of any RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria. Acute consumption of EDs increases SBP, DBP, and CO in healthy adults. However, no alterations were observed in other cardiovascular parameters. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies included in the analysis. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022295335.

The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body.

In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.

The Effects of Physiological and Mental Fatigue on Driving Performance and an Analysis of Countermeasures

Driver fatigue is frequently associated with automobile accidents. Per electroencephalographic recordings, fatigue is associated with increases in the alpha and theta wave coefficients and a decrease in the beta wave coefficient. For assessing driving performance, one of the most common measures used in the literature is standard deviation of the vehicle’s lateral position between two lane lines. Additionally, subjective scales and questionnaires have been used to assess subjective feelings of fatigue (e.g., Karolinska Sleepiness Scale). Given the importance of fatigue as a risk factor for accidents on the road, it is worth examining the effectiveness of various countermeasures. Rumble strips, which are built into the road, have been found to increase alertness and decrease fatigue immediately upon hitting them, but the effects are short lived. Energy drink consumption and blue light exposure have also been found to decrease physiological fatigue and improve driving performance and are worth consideration.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE PATTERN OF CONSUMPTION AND AWARENESS REGARDING USE OF CAFFEINE AND ENERGY DRINKS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED NURSING COLLEGE AT DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE PATTERN OF CONSUMPTION AND AWARENESS REGARDING USE OF CAFFEINE AND ENERGY DRINKS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED NURSING COLLEGE AT DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND

A Cross-Sectional Study of Oral Health Status and Behavioral Risk Indicators among Non-Smoking and Currently Smoking Lithuanian Adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health status, behavioral risk indicators, and the impact of smoking on oral health among Lithuanian adolescents. This representative cross-sectional study was conducted among 15-year-old Lithuanian adolescents. The method of multistage cluster sampling was used. A total of 1127 adolescents met the inclusion criteria. Two originally created self-reported questionnaires were used in this study. Dental caries, periodontal status, and oral hygiene status were evaluated by four trained researchers. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was set to indicate statistically significant differences. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests. Out of all the participants, 9.6% self-reported being a current tobacco smoker. The mean PI value was 1.14 ± 0.69 among all the participants. Currently smoking adolescents had more active caries lesions (D-S) than those who did not smoke (13.2 ± 16.4 vs. 9.8 ± 10.7, p = 0.023). Considering periodontal status, non-smoking adolescents had significantly lower mean PSR index scores than current smokers (0.52 ± 0.51 vs. 0.61 ± 0.50, p = 0.0298). Tobacco smoking and the consumption of energy drinks were significantly associated (OR = 3.74, 95% CI 2.66-5.26, p < 0.001) among participants. Currently smoking adolescents tended to have improper dietary habits, especially a higher consumption of energy drinks; thus, they were more likely to have active dental caries lesions, as well as poorer periodontal status, than their non-smoking peers.

The Consumption of Energy Drink and Its Potential Effect on Sleep Patterns: A Case Study in the Kumasi Metropolis

Background: The availability of energy drinks on the global market result from intensive marketing campaigns in the media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consumption of energy drink and its potential effect on sleep patterns of consumers.&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design with self-administered questionnaire was used for this survey. An online survey using google forms was created for the validated questionnaires after pre-testing and the link shared on different social media platforms. Period of data collection lasted between January and September, 2020.&#x0D; Results: A total of 384 participants were involved in this study. From the study, prevalence of energy drink consumption in the metropolis is 61.5% (n=236). A percentage of 69.1 % (n=163) of the consumers are males relative to 30.9% (n=73) who are females. Results from the study indicate that most patronized energy drink in the metropolis has energy value per 100 ml of 158 kJ with no proteins and fats but an 8.9 g of carbohydrate. The caffeine content of this energy drink is 0.012% and 13% glucose syrup. A total of 29.6% (n=70) of energy drink consumers indicated it to be their preference. Least consumed energy drink (0.85%) has 30-35 mg/100 ml of caffeine with about 192 kJ energy value. Furthermore, results point out that 70.8% (n=167) of the consumers experienced change in sleep pattern. Although other factors may have caused this change in sleep pattern, Pearson Chi-Square result (x2 = 83.277, p≤0.01) reveals that indeed there is association between energy drink consumption and change in sleep pattern as majority of energy drink consumers indicated that they usually experience changes in wake-up time and/or bedtime.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that majority of the youth in the Kumasi Metropolis consume energy drinks which ultimately causes change in their sleep pattern. This change can alter their daily activities and health status.

Consumption of energy drinks and their effects on sleep quality among medical students.

Energy drinks contain caffeine, which causes genuine concern among health professionals and authorities about their negative health effects. Their effect on sleep quality specifically was not well studied. In our study, we aim to assess the prevalence of energy drink consumption and its effect on the quality of sleep among Saudi medical students. A cross-sectional study was done on 260 medical students who were in their first till the sixth academic year at King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire was distributed as a Google form including demographics, the beverage questionnaire (BEVQ-15), and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Coffee was found to be the most favorite (56.5%) caffeinated beverage among medical students, 46.2% reported a sleep duration of 5 h, and 15% reported a sleep latency of more than 30 min. Also, 19.3% were found to have reduced sleep efficiency (less than 74%) and 82.6% used sleep medication once a week. Male students had a significantly higher mean frequency of drinking Energy & Sports drinks (Red Bull, code red, Gatorade, etc.) compared to females. Moreover, 74.6% of the medical students studied had poor sleep quality, with no relationship found between sleep quality and participant demographics, favorite caffeinated beverages, BEVQ-15 scale scores, or the frequency of energy drink consumption. In contrast, the PSQI and BEVQ-15 scores showed a significant positive correlation. Students at the university level should be educated on the causes of poor sleep quality and the effect of energy drinks on sleep quality. More research on a larger sample of Saudi university students is needed to determine the scope of the problem.

Alcohol versus combined alcohol and energy drinks consumption: Risk behaviors and consumption patterns among European students.

Recent research found that drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) could be riskier than drinking alcohol alone. Our aim was to compare rates of risk behaviors in consumers of AmED versus exclusive alcohol drinkers, matching them based on their drinking frequency. Data about 16-year-old students who reported the number of occasions on which they had drunk AmED or alcohol only in the preceding 12 months (n=32,848) were drawn from the 2019 ESPAD study. After matching for consumption frequency, the sample consisted of 22,370 students (11,185 AmED consumers and 11,185 exclusive alcohol drinkers). Key predictors comprised substance use, other individual risk behaviors, and family characteristics (parental regulation, monitoring, and caring). The multivariate analysis showed significantly higher odds of being AmED consumers compared to being exclusive alcohol drinkers in the majority of the investigated risk behaviors, including: daily tobacco smoking, illicit drug use, heavy episodic drinking, truancy at school, engaging in physical fights and serious arguments, having troubles with the police, and having unprotected sexual intercourse. Instead, lower odds were found for reporting high parents' educational level, medium and low family economic status, perceived possibility to freely talk about problems to family members, spending free time reading books or other hobbies. Our study shows that, given the same consumption frequency in the past year, AmED consumers typically reported higher associations with risk-taking behaviors compared to exclusive alcohol drinkers. These findings advance past research that failed to control for the frequency of AmED use versus exclusive alcohol consumption.

The Socio-Economic Determinants of Energy Drink Consumption and Related Health Outcomes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and socio-economic determinants of energy drink (ED) consumption and related health outcomes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. &#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS: A self-report survey was used to collect data from 2,024 students (aged 13-20 years). Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between ED consumption, diet and health-related outcomes. &#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: In total, 54% of young people reported ED consumption at least once and 25.5% at least weekly. The most common (38.65%) reason for ED consumption was the enjoyable flavour. Male students reported higher ED consumption compared to females (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.46). ED consumption was associated with an unhealthy diet (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.87), tobacco use (OR = 5.91, 95% CI 3.47 to 10.07), poor quality sleep (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.99). Those who regularly ate breakfast were less likely to report ED consumption (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95). &#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: More than 1 in 2 young people reported ED consumption among a sample of Riyadh-based students. Consumption was found to be associated with a poor-quality diet and negative health outcomes. Findings suggest that there is a public health need to reduce the consumption of EDs among this population.

Histopathological and Neurotransmitter Changes in Albino Rats’ Brain after Consumption of Energy Drink in Egypt

Histopathological and Neurotransmitter Changes in Albino Rats’ Brain after Consumption of Energy Drink in Egypt