Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Technique Research Articles

Evaluation of energy dispersive scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence techniques for analysis of compost quality

The ED-XRF and SEM-EDS techniques are significant in analysis of compost quality and can be used as an alternative for AAS.

Quantification of particle bound metallic load and PAHs in urban environment of Delhi, India: Source and toxicity assessment

The present investigation was carried out to observe the concentration variation of metals/metalloids and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with size-segregated particles and its probable emission sources along with the toxicity level in urban environment from the capital of India. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques were applied for the quantification of metals/metalloids and PAHs in fine (<2.5μm) and coarse (>2.5μm) mode particles for the samples collected from four different sensitive sites in Delhi (India) during the year 2012–13. The observed load of metals/metalloids as well as PAHs predominated the fine mode particles, while it was lesser in coarse mode particles regardless the sites. Among metals/metalloids; Si had the highest average percentage contribution (∼14%), and similarly Benzo[a]pyrene had highest average percentage contribution (∼23%) among PAHs. Source apportionment of metals/metalloids and PAHs were carried out by applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Crustal re-suspension, vehicular transportations and industrial activities were found to be the major sources of metals/metalloids; while vehicular emission, burning of biomass and coal were the responsible factors for PAHs. Molecular Diagnostic Ratio (MDR) also showed similar emission sources of PAHs. Excess cancer risk were observed for Ni, As and Pb; where As had the highest inhalation carcinogenic risk.

Elemental distribution and trace metal contamination in the surface sediment of south east coast of India

Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of trace metals in the surface sediment of south east coast of India covering eight different ecosystems was studied. The concentration of major elements viz. Ca, Mg, K, Ti and trace metals viz. Cr, Mn, Co, Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique. Contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, probable effect level, enrichment factor and pollution load index were calculated to evaluate the pollution status. Except cadmium, CF values for all the metals ranged between 1≤CF≤3 indicating moderate metal contaminations along the coast. Mean PEL quotient (Qm-PEL) indicated toxicity probability to be below 21%. Fe, Cu, Zn and Co showed significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with clay. Chromium was the only metal that demonstrated strong negative correlation with clay (p<0.01) and positive correlation (p<0.01) with sand content.

Estimation of risk factor of elements and PAHs in size-differentiated particles in the National Capital Region of India

Size-differentiated particulate matters (viz. fine and coarse) were analyzed for quantification of elements and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for the samples collected through Dekati PM10 impactor and Sioutas five-stage cascade impactor from five different sites of the National Capital Region, India for the year 2014–2015. The dominant sources of elements were crustal origin and diverse man-made activities revealed by principal component analysis, while for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, it was attributed to be emitted from vehicular fuels, combustion processes (such as coal, wood, and biomass burning) and petrogenic sources indicated by molecular diagnostic ratios. Chronic health risk assessment was also observed for the species: elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The observed hazard quotient of an individual species was less than unity, but the hazard index of the species was found to be greater than unity.

Determination of iron content in whole blood in different mouse strains using a portable XRFS spectrometer

Iron has an important role in blood as an indicator of a great number of anomalies. Anemia due to iron-deficiency in the world is a public health problem in all ages and socioeconomic levels. Nowadays, Brazil’s pharmaceutical companies are testing iron compounds to reduce the costs of those new drugs. In this study, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Technique was applied to determine Fe concentrations in blood samples of different mice strains using a Portable XRF Spectrometer. These data may help researchers choose the convenient mice strain that best meets its medical investigation, reducing costs and optimizing their researches.

Impact of silicon on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) root traits by regulating growth parameters, cellular antioxidants and stress modulators under arsenic stress

Arsenic (As) is an emerging pollutant causing inhibition in growth and development of plants resulting into phytotoxicity. On the other hand, silicon (Si) has been suggested as a modulator in abiotic and biotic stresses that, enhances plant's physiological adaptations in response to several stresses including heavy metal stress. In this study, we used roots of hydroponically grown 14 day old seedlings of Brassica juncea var. Varuna treated with 150 μM As, 1.5 mM Si and both in combination for 96 h duration. Application of Si modulated the effect of As by improving morphological traits of root along with the development of both primary and lateral roots. Changes observed in root traits showed positive correlation with As induced cell death, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular superoxide radicals (O2−). Addition of 1.5 mM Si during As stress increased accumulation of As in roots. Mineral nutrient analysis was done using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique and positively correlated with increased cysteine, proline, MDA, H2O2 and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX). The results obtained from the above biochemical approaches support the protective and active role of Si in the regulation of As stress through the changes in root developmental process.

English

Macro and micro element content of dried roots sample of Paullinia pinnata Linn. (Sapindaceae) in Ghana were analyzed using energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) technique. The aim was to study the possible quantitative correlation between the measured elements and the traditional usage of the plant in the treatment of sexual dysfunction or enhancing/sustaining penile erection. The analyses yielded forty-five (45) elements, of which the concentrations of four (4) elements- calcium, magnesium, potassium and zinc were significantly high. These elements are considered to play a significant role in the physiology of sexual activity or promote penile erection. They may serve as bio-markers and also support the traditional use of the roots of P. pinnata as an aphrodisiac in some Ghanaian communities. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury were also measured and quantified. The quantities of these elements were below detection limits to warrant any toxicity concerns when the plant is used as aphrodisiac. Key words: Aphrodisiac, Paullinia pinnata Linn. (Sapindaceae), ED-XRF, macro and micro element, sexual activity, penile erection, heavy metals.

Non-destructive analysis of didymium and praseodymium molybdate crystals using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique

Abstract Analysis of didymium (Di) and praseodymium molybdate crystals were carried out using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The assigned empirical chemical formulae of the composites were tested and verified by the EDXRF technique by estimating experimental major elemental concentration ratios. On the Basis of these ratios, the established formulae for some of the composite materials have been verified and suggestions made for their refinement. Non-destructive technique used in this analysis enables to retain the original crystal samples and makes rapid simultaneous scan of major elements such as La, Pr, Ned and Mo as well as impurities such as Ce. Absence of samarium(Sm) in the spectrum during analysis of didymium molybdate crystals indicated an incomplete growth of mixed rare earth single crystal. These crystals (e.g.,Di) are shown to be of modified stoichiometry with Ce as trace impurity.

Scientific face of the artwork: Investigation of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some ottoman mosques by FTIR and EDXRF techniques

The characterization of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some Ottoman Mosques have been performed using combined Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (both in reflection and transmission modes) techniques. The colored wall paints were obtained from Fatih Mosques of Istanbul-Turkey and Pristina-Kosovo, and Suleymaniye Mosque of Istanbul-Turkey, during the restoration periods of the mosques. The investigations show that the plaster used on the walls has mixed gypsum-lime binders. The pigments identified in wall paints are: cinnabar (HgS), lead red (Pb3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) in red colors, ultramarine blue (Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4) as blue and green earth as green colors. The results provide a basis for future restoration of the wall paints.Keywords: Pigments, Plasters, FTIR spectroscopy, EDXRF

Scientific face of the artwork: Investigation of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some ottoman mosques by FTIR and EDXRF techniques

The characterization of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some Ottoman Mosques have been performed using combined Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (both in reflection and transmission modes) techniques. The colored wall paints were obtained from Fatih Mosques of Istanbul-Turkey and Pristina-Kosovo, and Suleymaniye Mosque of Istanbul-Turkey, during the restoration periods of the mosques. The investigations show that the plaster used on the walls has mixed gypsum-lime binders. The pigments identified in wall paints are: cinnabar (HgS), lead red (Pb 3 O 4 ) and hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) in red colors, ultramarine blue (Na 8-10 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 S 2-4 ) as blue and green earth as green colors. The results provide a basis for future restoration of the wall paints. Keywords: Pigments, Plasters, FTIR spectroscopy, EDXRF

Scientific face of the artwork: Investigation of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some ottoman mosques by FTIR and EDXRF techniques

The characterization of the pigments and plasters of the wall paints of some Ottoman Mosques have been performed using combined Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry (both in reflection and transmission modes) techniques. The colored wall paints were obtained from Fatih Mosques of Istanbul-Turkey and Pristina-Kosovo, and Suleymaniye Mosque of Istanbul-Turkey, during the restoration periods of the mosques. The investigations show that the plaster used on the walls has mixed gypsum-lime binders. The pigments identified in wall paints are: cinnabar (HgS), lead red (Pb3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) in red colors, ultramarine blue (Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4) as blue and green earth as green colors. The results provide a basis for future restoration of the wall paints.Keywords: Pigments, Plasters, FTIR spectroscopy, EDXRF

Comparative study of inorganic elements determined in whole blood from Dmdmdx/J mice strain by EDXRF and NAA analytical techniques

Several diseases can be diagnosed observing the variation of specific elements concentration in body fluids. In this study the concentration of inorganic elements in blood samples of dystrophic (Dmdmdx/J) and C57BL/6J (control group) mice strain were determined. The results obtained from Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) were compared with Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) technique. Both analytical techniques showed to be appropriate and complementary offering a new contribution for veterinary medicine as well as detailed knowledge of this pathology.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Enrichment and the Degree of Contamination in Coastal Sediment from South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India

Assessment of heavy metals in coastal sediments from Thazhankuda to Kodiyakkarai along the East Coast of Tamilnadu, India was carried out using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique with the computation of different pollution indices. The mean order of metal concentration is Al>Fe>Ca>K>Mg>Ti>Mn>Cr>V>Zn>Ni>Co in the study area. The locations of Pichavaram (CPM), Tharangambadi (TRGB) and Karaikal (PKK) were found to be moderately polluted by heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities. The pollution indices such as Contamination factor (CF), Pollution load index (PLI), Contamination degree (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), Potential contamination index (Cp) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used for the metal enrichment and contamination status. The CF and PLI value of the present work indicating that the sediments are not polluted by heavy metals. The calculated Contamination degree (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), Potential contamination index (Cp) and potential ecological risk index (RI) of the studied metals indicated that the study area does not posed high risk to local environments.

Estudo da qualidade de pinos de titânio para implantes odontológicos utilizando a fluorescência de raios x por dispersão de energia

The use of biomaterials is very common for dental implant surgery in arder to recover the a esthetics and function of the affected area. For the success of the implant using a biomaterial, it must have good resistance to wear and corrosion in the body environment and does not present toxicity. ln the human body the bone degeneration, as well as the wear or corrosion ofthe implants, often leads to clinicai complications. The aim of this study is to use the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) technique to analyse the purity of the titanium pins used in dental implants that did not undergo osseointegration, establishing a relationship between the composition of the impurities found in implants and adverse biological response. This system consists of an X-ray tube of Moxtek brand and a semiconductor detector SR-lOOCR of Amptek brand. The results of the analyzes of the pins, from various manufacturers, collected in different courses and dental clinics, showed that the pins have high purity Ti (99%) and the elements considered as impurities (Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni and W) were evidenced in trace levei ( &lt;1%) and the major technological developments in nationalcompanies in the manufacture of pins allows the production of high quality and purity pins. The resultsa l s o&nbsp; s u p p o r t e d&nbsp; t h e&nbsp; c o n c l u s i o n&nbsp; t h a t&nbsp; n o osseointegration of the implants, cannot be attributed to impurity of titanium pins, but other factors, such as:inadequate hygiene of the surgical site, overloading, infection around the implant, instability at installation time, inadequate surgical technique.&nbsp

Characterization of Surface and Trapped Dust Samples Collected around Human Settlements That are in the Vicinity of Old Mine Tailings in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Asbestos mining is banned in many countries because of the health effects that are linked to the inhalation of asbestos dust/fibres. Most of asbestos mine tailings in Mpumalanga Province are not rehabilitated and dust/fibres are easily eroded by weather and settle in sensitive areas like human settlements. Surface and trapped dust samples were collected around human settlements that are in the vicinity of five abandoned and ownerless asbestos mine tailings in October 2015. After collection, surface dust samples were sieved with a 100 μm pore size stainless steel sieve to remove large dust particles. Trapped dust material was collected outdoors around the window panes in houses, on surfaces of old furniture and on windscreens of old cars. Surface and trapped dust samples were treated in the laboratory in preparation of analyses by the Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM - EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Both the serpentine (Mg3SiO5(OH)4 and amphibole [Ca2(Fe, Mg)5Si8O22(OH)2] asbestos mineral groups were detected from the samples. Other silicate minerals present include the quartz (SiO2), talc [Mg3Si3O10(OH)3], feldspar [(KAlSi3O8)- (NaAlSi3O8)-(CaAl2Si2O8)] and smectite [(Na,Ca)0.33(Al, Mg)2 (Si4O10)(OH)2. nH2O]. Non silicates minerals which were detected are hematite (Fe2O3d), chlorite (ClO2-), magnetite (Fe3O4), gibbsite [Al(OH)3], dolomite [Ca-Mg (CO3)2] and ilmenite (FeTiO3). Industrial and biological materials that include fly ash particles, organic and glass fibres were also detected. While the amounts detected are at trace levels, but the continued presence of asbestos minerals around residential areas is of concern.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution And Potential Ecological Risk of Sediments of East Coast of Tamilnadu by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGS)

The heavy metals inventory and the ecological risk of the coastal sediments from Periyakalapattu to Parangipettai coast along the Bay of Bengal coastline, Tamilnadu, India were investigated. The concentration of heavy metals like Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, La and Pb were determined in sediment using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. The mean concentration of heavy metal found in the order of Mn> Ba > V > Cr > Zn > La > Ni > Si >Pb> Co > As > Cd > Cu > Al > Fe >Ca> Ti > K > Mg. The assessment of heavy metal enrichment as well as the contamination status in the sediments was determined by the pollution load index. Further the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments studied by different sediment quality guidelines (SQGs).

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Profile of Some Brazilian Postage Stamps

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis has been performed on Brazilian postage stamps to understand the elementary profile present in the paper, colored and postmarked areas, of stamps printed between 1850 and 1922. The EDXRF technique offered a fast, simple and nondestructive chemical analysis providing a profile of each postage stamp that provide a valuable data, such as information about raw materials employed in manufacturing process. Furthermore, we extend the methodology to detect counterfeit samples, since that some rare samples can cost fortunes, which naturally leads to cases of forgery in philately.

Determination of Cu, Cr, and As in preserved wood (Eucalyptus sp.) using x-ray fluorescent spectrometry techniques

Energy dispersive (EDXRF) and Portable (PXRF) X-ray fluorescence techniques are proposed for wood treatment control process and wood waste assortment. In this study, different retentions of chromated copper arsenate preservative were applied to Eucalyptus sp. sapwood samples. Cu, Cr and As were determined by XRF techniques in treated sapwood massive blocks and treated sapwood sawdust samples were analyzed by FAAS spectrometry (Flame Atomic Absorption) and INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis). Cu, Cr and As mean values, obtained by FAASS and INAA, showed to be statically equal; however, XRF analysis showed considerable deviations, presenting the absorption and the enhancement effects in analytical lines.

Determination of inorganic elements in blood of mice immunized with Bothrops Snake venom using XRF and NAA

In this work, mice genetically modified [HIII line] were immunized against different Bothrops snake venoms to produce anti-Bothrops serum (antivenom). The Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques were used to evaluate Ca and Fe concentrations in blood of these immunized mice in order to establish a potential correlation between both phenotypes: antibody response and blood constituents after Bothrops venom administration. The results were compared with the control group (mice not immunized) and with human being estimative. These data are important for clinical screening of patients submitted to immunological therapy as well as the understanding of the envenoming mechanisms.

Determination of iron in uranium matrix using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique

In this paper a novel method for determination of Fe in uranium matrix has been demonstrated using en- ergy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Effects of various parameters such as variation of matrix concentration, detection limit, accuracy, precision, com- parison with other established methods etc. were investi- gated in detail. Analysis of synthetic standards as well as real samples shows that for ten determinations relative standard deviation (RSD) is\2 %. The method can be used for determination of 2.24-3500 l gm L -1 Fe in uranium