Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Research Articles

Colouring mechanism and firing technology of white porcelain from the Sui Dynasty (581–618) from the Xiangzhou kiln, Anyang, China

The Xiangzhou kiln was one of the first significant kilns in China to fire white porcelain and as well as the earliest one to adopt the technique of Make-up clay. It plays a very important role in the history of Chinese ceramics. Here we utilize ten pieces of Sui (581–618) white porcelain from the Xiangzhou kiln as the research objects. The chemical composition, micro-morphology, firing temperature, firing atmosphere, micro-area composition and other characteristics of white porcelain glaze were tested by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), optical microscope (OM), thermal dilatometer (TD), focused ion beam scanning electron microscope combined with X-ray energy spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectrophotometer (UV–Vis–NIR). Finally, the firing technology and colouring mechanism of the Xiangzhou white porcelain are revealed. Our study demonstrates that the relatively high content of Fe2O3 and TiO2 in the white porcelain glaze of the Xiangzhou kiln results in a milky white glaze with a slight greenish tinge. The high content of CaO and K2O in the glaze and the almost entirely glass phase of glaze layer lead to the fine grain, good transparency and gloss. Most of the white porcelain of the Xiangzhou kiln is fired at high temperature under reducing atmosphere. The Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain glaze belongs to the crystalline glaze, glaze disorderly distribution of some calcium feldspar precipitation crystals and a very small amount of quartz, calcite residual crystals, glaze bubbles are larger, the distribution of relatively dispersed. The overall colour effect of the Xiangzhou kiln white porcelain results from the combined action of the chemical colour of the body and glaze, along with structural colour.

Determination of Transmission Factors and γ-Ray Linear Attenuation Coefficients of Some Construction Materials Mixed with Ulexite and Borax

In the study, transmission factors (T) and linear attenuation coefficients (μ) of some construction materials (briquette, sand, marble, paint, adobe, soil, and lime) mixed with ulexite and borax are measured with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for 59.5 keV energy by using a Si(Li) detector. Ulexite and borax were added to the samples at a rate of 25, 50, and 75 percent. Results are presented and discussed in this paper. Measurements made on these construction materials with technological importance will create new use areas

Minimum Spanning Tree‐Based Clustering for Chemical Evaluation of Commercial Nail Polish Samples Using Spectroanalytical Data

ABSTRACTThis study discusses potential toxic elements detection in conventional nail polish, including Cr and Pb. The noteworthy results highlight well‐established potential risks of elevated Cr and Pb concentrations. These elements are not allowed in the European Union. Implementing the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach and the isolation forest algorithm effectively clustered samples. Forty‐five samples were analyzed, and four clusters were identified. Two presented six samples with high concentrations of Fe (Cluster 1 with four samples) and Cr and Pb (Cluster 2 with two samples). The other 39 samples presented low concentrations of the determined elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb). Cadmium, Zn, and Mn were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. Furthermore, integrating energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) and laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) enabled fast direct analysis of nail polish samples, streamlining a swift and reliable data acquisition process. This research underscores the importance of ongoing vigilance and monitoring of potential health hazards associated with nail polish formulations, especially in regions with regulatory restrictions on certain elements.

Sieci neuronowe do mapowania archeologicznych artefaktów litowych

An analytical non-destructive strategy to chemically characterize lithic artefacts has been developed. Around 100 archaeological lithic materials found in Neolithic-Chalcolithic sites in the Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula and nowadays stored in different museums of the Valencian Community (Spain), were studied. The materials belong to different typologies of rock (diabase, sillimanite, ophite and amphibolite) and were analysed employing portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF) directly in the rock surface. The obtained data were processed through neural networks protocol, specifically the so-called Kohonen networks or Self Organised Maps (SOM), to map the geologic samples. This self-organized topological feature maps are suitable to deal with multidimensional representations and map them in a two-dimensional space of neurons, following an unsupervised learning protocol. SOM is used to reduce multidimensional data onto lower-dimensional spaces and clustering procedures. As a result, SOM create spatially organized representations, which enhance the discovery of correlations between data. In this case the method has enabled the evaluation of elemental markers related to each rock type behaving as a fine hidden pattern detector and so understand the possible advantages and disadvantages of the analytical method employed to define provenance issues. The attribution suggested by statistics is mainly driven by the composition of rocks essential minerals which are linked to the different petrogenetic conditions. The results showed that in most of the cases the distribution and dispersion of the chemical profile depend of the kind of rock, and clearly suggest that a good way to identify stone tools raw material procurement is to look for elemental markers, being the prior step to create an approximation to ancient exchange networks and their evolution in a diachronic axis.

Innowacyjne podejście metodologiczne do badania starożytnej zaprawy hydroizolacyjnej cystern zamku Sagunto

In this work, we present the results of the chemical, mineralogical and colorimetric characterization of the waterproofing mortars from the ancient cisterns of the Sagunto Castle (Valencia, Spain). The fortress presents 2500 years of human occupation and, given the lack of natural water sources, collecting and storing rain water was mandatory ever since. Nowadays, several cisterns are found in the hill, and thus the application of analytical approaches can help in characterizing each layer within the cultural phases of the Castle’s history (Iberian, Punic, Roman, Islamic, Medieval, Modern or Contemporary). Mineralogical analyses were carried out employing X-ray diffractometry and mid-infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, and, on the other hand, the portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to obtain the concentrations of major and minor chemical elements. Colour features of the samples were identified by smartphone photo processing to observe possible relation between colour and waterproofing mortar compounds. Last, Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the different phases present in the samples. Multivariate statistics were employed to identify different waterproofing mortar layers and develop hypotheses concerning different construction phases and compare their manufacturing processes. Analytical results allowed to find common patterns among different cisterns and mortar layers, and colorimetric analyses showed good potential as an additional fast, cheap and non-destructive source of information for studying these types of samples.

Association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and environment, lifestyle, and clinical parameters in patients with COPD

ABSTRACT This study investigated the correlation between the individual chemical constituents of particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and respiratory parameters as well as the living environment and daily behaviors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Data were obtained from prospective COPD panel conducted in South Korea. Following collection via a microPEM, 18 metallic elements were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. All participants completed detailed questionnaires on living environments and lifestyle practices. Eighty-nine stable COPD patients (mean age 68.1 years; 94.4% male) were analyzed. Several constituents (titanium, aluminum, bromine, and silicone) were significantly associated with respiratory outcomes. Copper and manganese concentrations were significantly associated with the living environment. Increased ventilation time and air purifier operation were associated with lower concentrations of copper, silicone, barium, and titanium. These findings suggest varying relationships between PM2.5 constituents and clinical parameters in COPD patients, providing a basis for personalized interventions and future research.

Features of the iron determination in dust emissions of gas purification of electrometallurgical production

Features of the iron determination in dust emissions of gas purification at electrometallurgical facilities are considered. The elemental and phase compositions of dust emissions were determined using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Sample preparation conditions were optimized with allowance for the analytical methods used. The phase composition of dust emissions represented mainly by zincite, zinc ferrite, halite and sylvite was preliminary determined by X-ray phase analysis. Model mixtures were prepared and used to construct calibration dependences taking into account the results of diffractometric studies. A technique for rapid x-ray fluorescence determination of iron in dust emissions of gas purification has been developed. The methods for iron determination tested on real samples of dust emissions of electrometallurgical production demonstrated a satisfactory convergence of the results obtained by EDXRF (Sr = 1.3%) and ICP-AES (Sr = 2.6%).

Gamma-rays and X-rays spectrometries applied to evaluate soil redistribution

This work responds to the growing global demand for food, which requires improvements in agricultural production and sustainable management of natural resources. The focus is on soil erosion as a critical element in preserving agricultural productivity. From this perspective, the levels of radionuclides and chemical elements present in the soil, quantified through Gamma-Rays Spectrometry (GRS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), were used to investigate soil redistribution over time. 27 soil samples ranging from 0 to 30 cm in depth were collected in an agricultural plot located in southern Brazil. Quantitative analysis indicated high mean concentrations of Fe (161 ± 7 gkg−1), Al (110 ± 17 gkg−1), Ca (2.6 ± 0.5 gkg−1), Mn (2.4 ± 0.3 gkg−1) and K (543 ± 165 mgkg−1) in comparison with the other detected elements. The quantification of 137Cs provided a mean inventory of 27 ± 17 Bqm−2. Using the proportional model, an estimated gross erosion rate of 28.2 tonha−1year−1 and a net soil deposition of 6.6 tonha−1year−1 were calculated. Therefore, a net soil loss of 21.6 tonha−1year−1 was experienced within the agricultural plot studied. The data set combination of both techniques with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed correlations between the variables studied and the soil erosion dynamics. The PCA showed a tendency to separate the samples according to their sampling depth. Moreover, 137Cs behavior in soil proved to be similar to the behavior of elements found in fertilizers, like K. On the other hand, the individual influence of 137Cs was not enough to cause significant changes in the samples distribution in the scores plot, highlighting EDXRF as a promising technique to complement soil erosion studies.

Constrained Maximization of the Economic Production Model of Lithium Ore Exploration in Nasarawa

Over 20,000 years ago, mining was discovered as one of the oldest production industries generating over US$700 billions’ of revenue in the world by a few mining companies. For some time, mining work has resulted in a very demanding affair as a result of greater depth, low-grade, limited resources, and complex geo-mining conditions. Therefore, optimization of the mining system plays a vital role in profit maximization with the satisfaction of many constraints. However, today’s mining industry uses complex and sophisticated systems whose reliability has become a critical issue. This work adopted the financial market theory of development to propose a maximized constrained optimization economic production model for lithium ore exploration in Nasarawa, Nigeria using three methods such as: the break-even principle method of cut-off grade between revenue earned and cost incurred; the mortimer’s method principle to determine ore based in two cut-off criteria (original and average good) and the lane method for net profit value thereby maximizing processing capacity. Data obtained from the field and the Ministry of Mines and Solid Minerals were analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) showing the presence of lithium. The froth flotation technique used showed the beneficiation thereby achieving improved lithium concentrates and the inductively coupled atomic emission revealed a high presence of lithium of over 1859 parts per million (ppm) and other minerals.

Elemental geochemistry insights into source inputs, paleo-productivity, and paleo-depositional conditions of the Montney Formation

The analysis of the elemental composition of sediments provides valuable information about input sources, paleoredox conditions, or paleoproductivity. In this study, 1498 rock samples from six wells within the Triassic Montney Formation in Central Alberta, Western Canada, were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence measurements were used to build and validate a Montney-specific calibration to interpret elemental concentrations from the ED-XRF dataset. The calibration accounted for heterogeneities, matrix variations and unique elemental associations that may be present within the Montney Formation. Sediment input sources are interpreted based on cross-plots of proxy elements to be terrigenous, carbonates and biogenic in origins. Analysis of multiple paleoredox proxies indicated the environment of deposition to be mainly oxic. The ratios of potassium (K) to rubidium (Rb) were used as a paleoclimate proxy. Results suggest the predominance of low chemical weathering attributed to a hot and arid paleoclimate during deposition of Montney Formation sediments. Phosphorous concentrations were determined to be strongly associated with Ca, as such it was interpreted to be inorganically sourced, thereby precluding it from being used to assess paleoproductivity. Excess Si interpreted to be biogenically sourced was used in interpreting moderate and high paleoproductivity for the Montney formation. This work demonstrates the versality of matrix-specific calibrated ED-XRF measurements as a valuable, cost efficient, standalone technique in geochemical analysis for characterizing geological formations.

The Iridescent Painting Palette of Michelino da Besozzo: First Results of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Analyses

This study concerns the characterization of the color palette of Michelino da Besozzo, one of the leading painters and illuminators of the Late Gothic period in Northern Italy. The artist’s relationship with the color blue was investigated by considering the recipe for lapis lazuli given by the artist to Giovanni Alcherio in Venice in 1410 and found in the medieval treatise of Jean Lebegue. The paper highlights this important evidence for the study of painting technique in the first half of the 15th century with an analytical and technical study of two paintings: The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine (Siena, Pinacoteca Nazionale, inv. 171) and The Madonna of the Rose Garden (Verona, Museo di Castelvecchio, inv. 173-1B359). These two case studies were approached through analyses carried out with non-invasive and portable techniques such as Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS). The results show a color palette based on ultramarine, azurite, verdigris or copper resinate; earths, cinnabar or vermillion; and lead white, yellow and red ochre and lac. These preliminary results made it possible to clarify certain aspects of the artist’s style and his painting technique and identify common elements between the two works of art.

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)- Oxide Composition Analysis of Coarse Aggregates and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as Construction Materials

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)- Oxide Composition Analysis of Coarse Aggregates and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as Construction Materials

Mineral and particle-size chemometric classification using handheld near-infrared instruments for soil in Northeast Brazil

The characterization of soil variations crucial for agriculture is challenging due to soil having different mineral composition and particle-size distribution. Traditional methods are costly and time-consuming for large-sized areas. Spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics are alternative ways to overcome these drawbacks. Miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometers provide fast, cost-effective spectra acquisition for assessing soil chemistry and distribution despite challenges like overlapped bands and reduced spectral range. This study presents a pattern recognition strategy to address these limitations, enhancing the use of handheld NIR instruments for soil analysis. The study analyzed 176 soil samples from 15 soil groups in the Northeast region of Brazil. First, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were employed to characterize the samples, providing complementary vibrational and elemental information, respectively. Common Dimension Analysis (ComDim) identified links between ATR-FTIR and EDXRF data, aiding soil characterization. The Common Components (CCs) from ComDim were used in Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering, resulting in five distinct classes based on their mineral composition. These classes showed significant differences in clay and sand contents. With the use of ComDim-PAM, samples were labeled for classification via Partial-least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) using NIR spectra (spectral range: 908–1676 nm) from two handheld instruments (Hand 1 and Hand 2). The SVM models outperformed the PLS-DA models, especially by including variable selection for Hand 1, with test accuracy exceeding 90%. These findings highlight the method's advantages for fast and cost-effective assessment, classification, and soil mapping based on their mineral and particle-size distribution.

Application of laboratory micro X-ray fluorescence devices for X-ray topography

It is demonstrated that high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence mapping devices based on a micro-focused beam are not restricted to high-speed analyses of element distributions or to the detection of different grains, twins and subgrains in crystalline materials but can also be used for the detection of dislocations in high-quality single crystals. Si single crystals with low dislocation densities were selected as model materials to visualize the position of dislocations by the spatially resolved measurement of Bragg-peak intensity fluctuations. These originate from the most distorted planes caused by the stress fields of dislocations. The results obtained by this approach are compared with laboratory-based Lang X-ray topographs. The presented methodology yields comparable results and it is of particular interest in the field of crystal growth, where fast chemical and microstructural characterization feedback loops are indispensable for short and efficient development times. The beam divergence was reduced via an aperture management system to facilitate the visualization of dislocations for virtually as-grown, non-polished and non-planar samples with a very pronounced surface profile.

Real-time chemostratigraphy at wellsite; removing drilling uncertainties

Real-time chemostratigraphy is a workflow deployed at wellsites to remove stratigraphic uncertainty and support drilling operations. This study presents the chemostratigraphic wellsite workflow which, during drilling operations, support either the placement of casing points (using predefined geochemical markers to target a depth above a specific stratigraphic feature) or aid geosteering. Geosteering is typically employed during the drilling of a horizontal well and is done to keep the drill within a certain zone or horizon to maximise production. Wellsite chemostratigraphy has been effectively deployed to wellsites within multiple basins around the globe and has recently been utilised in the Perth Basin. The wellsite workflow starts before the deployment, with offset wells analysed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy within a laboratory-based setting. This builds the correlative element-based framework and identifies the trends required to assist with either core placement, casing point, or geosteering. Samples are analysed by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence units (these data are then used to confirm the zone previously defined) and can be identified at wellsite using the onsite tool, the selected elements of which are those less likely to be affected by drilling mud contamination and loss of circulation material (LCM). However, during drilling operation, there may be instances where LCM must be added to the drilling muds, which may have an effect on the data quality for certain elements. With a dedicated ICP spectrometry elemental database behind the wellsite operation, machine learning tools may be employed to ‘repair’ correlation critical elements.

Application of handheld/portable spectroscopic tools to the identification, inner stratigraphy and mapping of archaeological metal artefacts

Field handheld/portable instrumentations, such as in-situ geochemical analyzers, have the potential to assist efficiently targeted geochemical archaeometry campaigns in detecting and quantifying specific elements. Non-destructive portable energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence and micro-destructive handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrumentation were utilized to investigate the elemental composition, internal stratigraphy by depth profiling and microscale compositional mapping of five copper and two iron alloy artefacts collected from various ancient graves in the Minervino Murge area, Apulia, Italy. The primary elements identified by both techniques included Cu, Sn and Pb in copper alloys, and Fe with minor amounts of Cu and Pb in iron alloys. Furthermore, the elements Al, Ca, Si, Mg, Na and K, mostly originated from soil contamination, and the trace elements Sb, Ni and Zn were detected. The satisfactory performance of both techniques was assessed by their capacity to provide reproducible elemental composition data. Finally, the depth profile and mapping achieved by LIBS contributed to understanding the metal processing and history of the objects studied, so confirming both techniques to be robust analytical tools in outdoor archaeology and archaeometry campaigns.

Fast, accessible and reliable method for elemental analysis of metals in solution by ED-XRF spectroscopy

The measurement of metals in solution is usually performed using inductive coupled plasma hyphenated techniques or atomic absorption. Although very sensitive and accurate, these analytical techniques are quite expensive and do not allow field measurements. The present work takes advantage of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) ease-of-use features to determine the concentration of rare earth elements (Y, Pr, Nd, Eu) and others (S, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) in aqueous solutions, after appropriate sample treatment. The approach turned out to be a reliable and very convenient procedure for field analysis. The simplicity, speed and reliability of the methodology used combined with the possibility of simultaneous analysis and low cost of the method can be advantageous in industrial context. The approach relies on the suspension of the target solutions in a cellulose matrix that is further converted into a pellet for direct analysis. Calibration curves obtained by regression analysis at 5% significance are shown for a variety of elements (S, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Pr, Nd, Eu) with correlation coefficients between 0.9555 and 0.9980. Higher coefficients of variance were obtained for the calibration of S and Pr due to low sensitivity and the overlapping with the L lines of Nd, respectively. The performed calibrations were not affected by the presence of other analytes in the matrix. Results obtained showed that it is possible to use the proposed methodology to accurately quantify d and f block metals in aqueous solutions by ED-XRF after sequestering the chemical content into a cellulose powder matrix and further processing into a pellet.Graphical

Investigating the Characterization and Grindability Behaviour of Farin-lamba Cassiterite toward Effective Tin Oxide Production

Cassiterite has been an essential source of tin; its exploration and exploitation have become a priority worldwide. The effective beneficiation of cassiterite depends mainly on its grindability and effective liberation. The Modified Bond's grindability test is a method used to determine the work index, which is crucial in estimating the energy needed to grind an ore. This is crucial during mineral processing, as a slight deviation would affect the company's operating expenditure (OPEX). This study investigates the work index for Farin-Lamba cassiterite with reference to silica sand sourced from Igbokoda. The test ore (cassiterite) was analyzed using Energy Dispersed X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRS), Petrographic Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrum (SEM-EDS) to understand their chemical and mineralogical characteristics in relation to their grindability. The test ore and the reference material (silica sand) underwent comminution using 500g of each to a 100% passing 500 μm array of sieves arranged in (√2) series from 500μm to 63μm onto an automatic sieve shaker. The chemical and mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of gangue such as SiO2 and Al2O3, which increases the energy needed during communition; further, the presence of rough and large grain size in the ore also increases the energy needed for communition. The results were subjected to Gaudin Schuman's equation to determine the ore's work index, which was 14.664 KWh/ton for the test ore, which is standard for cassiterite, which ranges from 10-15 kWh/ton. Further, the energy needed for comminution was calculated to be 33.7272 Kwh, providing valuable insights into the energy efficiency of the grinding process. The evaluation of the grindability of Farin-Lamba cassiterite in relation to the reference ore not only contributes toward understanding the ore processing dynamics but also provides information needed for the optimization of energy consumed during the process of tin oxide production.

Studies on the Authorship of Albumen Vintage Photographs: A Combined Experimental and Chemometric Approach.

The differences in albumen photographs from vintage photographic studios were identified by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results inspired the concept of finding common features characteristic of a given photographic studio. The obtained measurement data (i.e., positions of vibrational bands for characteristic groups of albumen and the mass contents of chosen elements) were analyzed chemometrically by employing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA technique allowed us to reduce the number of relevant experimental parameters characterizing the unique features of the photographic objects. The two major components were able to distinguish the photographic objects in terms of their authorship and the time to produce a photograph. The method developed was examined for a selected group of photographs consisting of albumen prints from three Polish photographic ateliers. To validate ED-XRF measurements and, consequently, the chemometric findings, reference albumen photo samples were designed and prepared. The empirical functional relationships between the content of photochemically reduced silver particles on the photographic paper and several physicochemical factors, including time of exposure to UV light, AgNO3 concentration in a fixed bath, and concentrations of other additives, were proposed. These results can be used for the prediction of the experimental conditions under which the investigated photographs were developed.

ADSORPTION OF CATION DYE USING ACTIVATED CARBON DERIVED FROM GOLDEN SHOWERSEED POD ( C ASSIA FISTULA)

This study investigated the use of Golden shower seed pod (cassia fistula) as an adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye in a batch system. The raw material was Carbonized at 600 oC for one hour to obtain a purely carbonized material; then impregnated with NaOH of 0.1M and allowed to stay for 24 hours to obtain the desired GS-AC activated carbon. The adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) elemental composition analysis. The effects of adsorbent dosage and contact time on the adsorption process were studied in a batch system. The results revealed that, there was good enhancements in pores of the adsorbent GS-AC due to the chemical impregnation. The FTIR spectra showed the presence C-H, NH 2, C-O, and S=O functional groups indicating a favourable surface for adsorption. Batch studies indicated that, the methylene blue uptake decreased with increase in the GS-AC dosage. The amount of Methylene blue adsorbed onto GS-AC increased with time and subsequently remained constant at some point in time with maximum uptake at 500 mg/l. Thus, adsorption capacity of methylene blue increased with longer contact time, indicating a stronger interaction between the adsorbent and the dye. Based on the findings, Golden shower seed pod (cassia fistula) impregnated with NaOH can be used as an alternative and suitable material for cationic dye removal from liquid phase.