Energy Production Cost Research Articles

Analisis Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) pada PLTS Terapung dengan PLTS di Daratan: Study Kasus Pulau Kodingareng, Makassar Sulawesi Selatan

Indonesia, as an archipelagic country with over 17,000 islands, faces significant challenges in providing electricity access, particularly to small and remote islands. One promising solution is Solar Power Plants (PLTS), both land-based and floating solar plants that utilize water surfaces, suitable for areas with limited land availability. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of floating solar plants and land-based solar plants using the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) approach. LCoE encompasses all costs of construction, operation, maintenance, and energy production over the plant's lifespan, serving as a key benchmark in selecting power generation technologies. The findings show that the LCoE for floating solar plants is Rp11,197.00/kWh, lower than land-based solar plants at Rp11,769.00/kWh, although both exceed the electricity purchase price in Kodingareng, South Sulawesi, at Rp2,460.00/kWh. This difference is influenced by higher construction costs for floating solar plants but offset by greater energy output and lower operation and maintenance costs. This research provides a basis for developing solar power systems in archipelagic regions, emphasizing efficiency and sustainable energy solutions.

Improvement of crop production in controlled environment agriculture through breeding

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) represents one of the fastest-growing sectors of horticulture. Production in controlled environments ranges from highly controlled indoor environments with 100% artificial lighting (vertical farms or plant factories) to high-tech greenhouses with or without supplemental lighting, to simpler greenhouses and high tunnels. Although food production occurs in the soil inside high tunnels, most CEA operations use various hydroponic systems to meet crop irrigation and fertility needs. The expansion of CEA offers promise as a tool for increasing food production in and near urban systems as these systems do not rely on arable agricultural land. In addition, CEA offers resilience to climate instability by growing inside protective structures. Products harvested from CEA systems tend to be of high quality, both internal and external, and are sought after by consumers. Currently, CEA producers rely on cultivars bred for production in open-field agriculture. Because of high energy and other production costs in CEA, only a limited number of food crops have proven themselves to be profitable to produce. One factor contributing to this situation may be a lack of optimized cultivars. Indoor growing operations offer opportunities for breeding cultivars that are ideal for these systems. To facilitate breeding these specialized cultivars, a wide range of tools are available for plant breeders to help speed this process and increase its efficiency. This review aims to cover breeding opportunities and needs for a wide range of horticultural crops either already being produced in CEA systems or with potential for CEA production. It also reviews many of the tools available to breeders including genomics-informed breeding, marker-assisted selection, precision breeding, high-throughput phenotyping, and potential sources of germplasm suitable for CEA breeding. The availability of published genomes and trait-linked molecular markers should enable rapid progress in the breeding of CEA-specific food crops that will help drive the growth of this industry.

Utilizing Waste Glass Aggregates in Concrete: Enhancing Performance and Reducing Carbon Emissions through Life Cycle Assessment

To effectively address the issue of waste glass disposal, this paper proposed a novel approach of using waste glass aggregates as mineral admixtures in concrete. The study investigated the characteristics of waste glass aggregates and their effects on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and fluidity of concrete. Additionally, based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the carbon emission reduction benefits of using waste glass aggregates were analyzed and calculated. The results indicate that with the increase in the content of glass fine aggregates, the fluidity of concrete increases, with larger particle sizes contributing to higher fluidity. Compared to ordinary concrete, the compressive and flexural strengths of waste glass aggregate concrete do not show a significant reduction. Moreover, the recycling and utilization of waste glass can reduce energy consumption and production costs, save resources, and reduce environmental pollution, which is significant for achieving the "dual carbon" goals in the construction industry.

Hybrid stochastic and robust optimization of a hybrid system with fuel cell for building electrification using an improved arithmetic optimization algorithm

This paper proposes a hybrid stochastic-robust optimization framework for sizing a photovoltaic/tidal/fuel cell (PV/TDL/FC) system to meet an annual educational building demand based on hydrogen storage via unscented transformation (UT), and information gap decision theory-based risk-averse strategy (IGDT-RA). The hybrid framework integrates the strengths of UT for scenario generation and IGDT-RA (hybrid UT-IGDT-RA) for optimizing the system robustness and maximum uncertainty radius (MRU) of building energy demand and renewable resource generation. The deterministic model focuses on minimizing the cost of energy production over the project’s lifespan (CEPLS) and considers a reliability constraint defined as the demand shortage probability (DSHP). The study utilizes an improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (IAOA) to optimize component sizes and MRUs, incorporating a neighborhood search operator to enhance performance and prevent premature convergence. The deterministic findings revealed that the PV/TDL/FC system configuration offers the lowest CEPLS and the highest reliability level (lowest DSHP) compared to the hybrid PV/FC and TDL/FC configurations. Additionally, these results indicated that enhancing the reliability of the energy supply for the educational building entails higher CEPLS, particularly due to increased costs associated with hydrogen storage. The robust framework findings for the PV/TDL/FC system using IGDT-RA show that for an uncertainty budget of 21%, the MRUs for educational building demand and renewable generation are obtained at 10.34% and 2.65%, respectively, which are higher compared to other configurations. This indicates that the hybrid PV/TDL/FC system is more robust in handling worst-case scenario uncertainties. Furthermore, the hybrid UT-IGDT-RA outcomes found that the stochastic scenarios incorporated to simulate a range of uncertainties beyond the conventional IGDT-RA based-nominal scenario, and it provides a broader range of robust solutions, enabling operators to align strategies with their risk tolerance and improves system flexibility, and decision-making precision in the face of uncertainties.

A novel atmospheric microwave plasma source based on circular waveguide with double ridges for nitrogen fixation

Abstract The rectangular tapered waveguide is the most widely used atmospheric microwave plasma source because of its simple structure, reliable performance, and low cost. However, due to the small generated plasma volume and short residence time, this plasma source has low energy efficiency in gas conversion applications such as nitrogen fixation and methane reforming. This paper proposes a novel atmospheric-pressure microwave plasma source based on a circular waveguide to enlarge the plasma volume. Firstly, the microwave working mode in the circular waveguide is analyzed based on the electromagnetic theory. By optimizing the waveguide dimension and loading double metal ridges into the waveguide, the electric field will work in a superposition mode of TE111 and TM010 modes, focus on the discharge area, and reach its maximum intensity there. Secondly, this device is manufactured and used to generate plasma in different conditions. Compared with the rectangular tapered waveguide, this device can generate larger plasmas under the same conditions. Finally, an atmospheric microwave plasma experimental system is built for nitrogen fixation. Measured results show that the proposed device has higher nitrogen fixation production and lower energy cost compared to the rectangular tapered waveguide. Moreover, the proposed device is easy to cascade, thereby it has great potential for promotion in industrial applications.

Low‐Temperature Cured and High‐Toughness Epoxy Resin Modified by Triblock Liquid Rubber

ABSTRACTLow‐temperature cured epoxy resin (EP) is a suitable resin system for bonding thermal and temperature‐sensitive devices, which can also reduce energy consumption and production costs. In order to further broaden the application range of low‐temperature curing EP systems in amine‐sensitive environments, in addition to selecting a well‐compatible curing agent, an effective rubber to form a three‐dimensional network structure with the resin matrix, so as to significantly improve the toughness of the EP. In this work, two kinds of triblock liquid rubber hydroxy‐terminated polypropylene glycol‐polybutadiene‐polypropylene glycol (HTPO‐PB‐PO) and hydroxy‐terminated polyphenylethylene oxide‐polybutadiene‐polyphenylethylene oxide (HTSO‐PB‐SO) with controlled molecular weight are synthesized and adopted to improve the mechanical properties of cured EP with methyl hexahydro phthalic anhydride (MEHHPA). It is found that all triblock liquid rubber‐modified epoxy systems can be cured below 100°C, and the curing mechanism is similar to that of the pure EP system. Compared with the original pure EP, the impact resistance of modified samples is significantly improved, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is similar, among which the best impact strength of modified EP can reach 16.22 kJ/m2, 62.7% higher than that of the pure sample with only slightly reduced thermal decomposition temperature. These results can provide a low‐temperature curing resin material with excellent mechanical properties, high dimensional accuracy, and high heat resistance for amine‐sensitive environments while reducing costs due to high‐temperature components and energy consumption.

Immediate Effect of Floating Solar Energy Deployment on Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in Ponds.

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) solar energy offers promise for renewable electricity production that spares land for other societal benefits. FPV deployment may alter greenhouse gas (GHG) production and emissions from waterbodies by changing physical, chemical, and biological processes, which can have implications for the carbon cost of energy production with FPV. Here, we use an ecosystem-scale experiment to assess how GHG dynamics in ponds respond to installation of operationally representative FPV. Following FPV deployments of 70% array coverage, daily whole-pond GHG emissions increased by 26.8% on a carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2-eq) basis, and dissolved oxygen availability rapidly decreased. Despite increased emissions following FPV deployment, FPV-derived GHG emissions from waterbodies are likely lower than landscape GHG emissions associated with terrestrial solar and hydropower production on a CO2-eq kWh-1 basis. Adaptive management strategies like bubbler installation may reduce the magnitude of FPV impacts on GHG and dissolved oxygen dynamics.

Energy Analysis in the Production of Purple Sweet Potato Crackers

The production process of purple sweet potato (PSP) crackers involves several stages, including peeling, washing, boiling, kneading, grinding, cutting, frying, and packaging. This study aims to analyze the energy flow and production costs associated with each stage of processing sweet potatoes into crackers at the Azizah Crackers Production House in Padang City. The types of energy considered in this study included human labor, fuel gas, electricity, and raw materials (PSP, cooking oil, and supporting materials). Results showed that the total input energy for the production of PSP crackers was 784,629.95 kJ with average output energy of PSP crackers 803,880.00 kJ. The energy output of PSP crackers was 1.02 times the energy input. The cutting and frying activity required the largest input energy of 46.18% (362,310.15 kJ), while packaging activity required the smallest energy of 0.38% (2,992.33 kJ). Based on the energy type, raw materials contribute the largest energy, amounted to 85.83% (674,822.86 kJ), and the smallest type of energy was electrical energy, which was 0.74% (5,839.72 kJ). Keywords: Energy consumption. Energy flow, Production costs, Production process, PSP Crackers.

Feasibility Study of Wind Farm Using RETScreen Model: A Case Study of Al-Razaza Site, Iraq

In recent years, interest in renewable energies has increased due to their clean, renewable, and inexhaustible characteristics. Iraq faces a significant challenge in the shortage of electric power. The green economy, especially in renewable energy, has become one of the world's main pillars, especially after the remarkable rise in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from fossil fuel combustion for electricity production. This study evaluates wind farm feasibility, assessing costs, revenue, and financial viability. It identifies potential hazards and difficulties, enabling developers to develop strategies to mitigate risks during project creation and operation. This paper aims to undertake a feasibility study to assess the viability of constructing a wind farm with a capacity of 340 megawatts at the Al-Razaza location in Karbala province. The study site utilized authentic data from the meteorological tower installed on the premises. The data employed spanned three years, encompassing a comprehensive and integrated dataset for the study. RETScreen, a powerful model renowned for its energy efficiency analysis and sustainable decision-making capabilities, was employed. Through the application of RETScreen, a meticulous assessment and analysis of the intricate project components were facilitated. A study of risk analysis was conducted to ascertain the impact of various parameters on the payback period of the project. The findings showed that the capacity factor of the wind farm is 22.3%, which is relatively low, the simple payback period is 10.3 years, and the energy production cost is 0.059$/KWh.

A methodological framework to model cumulative energy demand and production costs for additive and conventional manufacturing approaches

Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes have undergone a considerable evolution in terms of industrial applicability. From prototyping applications, AM has evolved to become a competitive technology to manufacture end products in comparison with conventional manufacturing. Despite that, the environmental impact advantage of AM is limited to some production scenarios and depends on several factors: high geometric complexity, weight reduction enabled by topology optimisation, light-weight product to be assembled for transportation. Considering production cost, AM process for metal-based components proved to be often more expensive than those produced by conventional approaches. To provide new piece of knowledge in the domain of AM applicability, in this paper a comparative analysis of costs and energy demand for additive, subtractive and mass conserving manufacturing processes is presented and applied to two different Ti-6Al-4V case studies (namely, an axisymmetric and a T-shape component). Turning/milling, hot forging and EBM were analysed and compared one another. The modelling and the results were analysed with varying the product complexity, the batch size, the method for accounting for the credit arising from recycling and the extent of light-weighting obtained by AM application. The result is a framework enabling informed process design and selection with varying production scenarios.

Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in ecological concrete and pavement bricks: Mechanical properties and environmental impact

This study examines the feasibility of incorporating municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) into the production of ecological concrete (EC) and ecological concrete pavement bricks. As a byproduct of urban waste incineration, MSWIFA contains hazardous pollutants such as dioxins and heavy metals, prompting the necessity for effective disposal methods to mitigate environmental impacts. The research investigates how varying levels of MSWIFA affect the properties of EC and evaluates the microstructural, economic, and ecological advantages of utilizing MSWIFA in EC production. Furthermore, the study evaluates the environmental risks associated with MSWIFA and the resultant concrete bricks. Key findings indicate that a 10 % substitution rate of MSWIFA enhances EC's flexural strength, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and elastic modulus, attributed to the elevated calcium and chloride ion concentrations that boost cement hydration and mechanical properties. Conversely, higher MSWIFA substitution results in reduced flexural and compressive strength and a decline in porosity due to increased chloride ion migration. Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and production costs consistently decrease with elevated MSWIFA substitution rates. Ecological concrete pavement bricks with a 20 % MSWIFA substitution ratio show enhanced flexural and compressive strengths compared to standard concrete bricks, along with superior performance post-freeze-thaw cycles. The environmental risk posed by MSWIFA is deemed low, and the heavy metal risk index in the ecological bricks is well below the low-risk threshold, suggesting negligible environmental risks. Overall, the findings advocate for the resource-efficient application of MSWIFA in manufacturing sustainable concrete materials with manageable environmental risk.

Comprehensive thermodynamic, environmental, and economic analyses of a modified waste heat recovery process for a gas turbine cycle producing power, cooling, and hydrogen

Gas turbine cycles generate significant waste heat, and recovering this heat can lead to higher efficiency and valuable by-products. The current study introduces an effective trigeneration setup for power and hydrogen production, along with the gasification of liquid natural gas. This setup includes a gas turbine cycle integrated with a transcritical CO2 power cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer. The setup’s performance is analyzed using energy, exergy, environmental, and economic approaches. The exergy analysis brings out a total exergy destruction rate of 138592 kW, and reveals that the highest irreversibility occurs in the gas turbine cycle, accounting for about 70.6 % of the total exergy destruction. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the setup are 46.69 % and 40 %, respectively. The cost of hydrogen production is estimated at about 4.35 $/kg, while the energy production cost is 21.81 $/GJ. From an environmental perspective, the setup’s CO2 footprint is about 0.423 kg/kWh, which is 56.18 % lower compared to hydrogen production via coal. The findings of this study underscore the significant potential of integrating advanced cycles and systems for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of energy production. The proposed trigeneration setup not only improves energy and exergy efficiencies but also offers substantial environmental benefits, aligning with the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting cleaner energy alternatives.

Coordinated planning for offshore wind and electricity–hydrogen system based on SDDP: A case study of coastal provinces in China

The coordinated development of offshore wind and electricity–hydrogen systems (OW-EHS) has the potential to enhance the utilization of renewable energy sources and achieve carbon neutrality. This article presents a case study of nine coastal provinces in China and designs four scenarios to analyze the economic benefits and potential hydrogen production capacity of OW-EHS. A multi-stage stochastic dual dynamic programming based approach is proposed for integrating OW-EHS, exploring offshore wind energy as both a primary electricity source for coastal regions and a clean, sustainable energy source for electrolyzers. It accounts for variations in hydrogen demand, wind uncertainty, load profiles, and electricity price dynamics, offering a holistic perspective on the feasibility and benefits of collaborative offshore wind and electricity–hydrogen systems. A comparative analysis highlights the effectiveness of the proposed planning approach, demonstrating its capacity to maximize the overall system benefits, encompassing both the optimal levelized cost of energy and hydrogen production. The new discoveries elucidate the unique attributes and advantages of each coastal province in OW-EHS. This research provides a tailored blueprint for coastal provinces in China to harness their offshore wind potential and accelerate progress towards carbon neutrality.

Fabrication of SiC-Al2O3 foam ceramic and its application in fluoride-containing water

Silicon carbide (SiC) foam ceramics demonstrate excellent filtration efficiency as filter supports due to their complex pore network and chemical stability. However, their fabrication demands high sintering temperatures (above 2100 °C), resulting in substantial energy consumption and production costs, which restricts their wider use in separation and purification application processes. To address this, we utilized fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion rich in inorganic Al₂O₃, as a sintering aid to develop a porous silicon carbide–alumina foam ceramic (SAFC) and investigated the effects of Al₂O₃ on its performance. Additionally, we introduced SAFC as an adsorbent material, synthesizing the fluoride adsorbent (La@SAFC) and evaluating its fluoride removal efficacy through batch experiments. Results indicate that Al₂O₃, as a sintering aid, promotes the sintering process by forming a liquid phase that enhances Si and C diffusion at lower sintering temperatures. SAFC containing 16 wt.% Al₂O₃ achieved optimal porosity, low bulk density, and compressive strength at a sintering temperature of 1150 °C. The addition of Al₂O₃ also facilitated mullite formation, significantly enhancing the ceramic's mechanical properties. However, excess Al₂O₃ can produce an overabundant liquid phase and gas release, potentially compromising the mechanical integrity of SAFC. Batch experiments revealed that La@SAFC exhibited strong fluoride removal from water containing competing ions across a pH range of 3–7, achieving effluent within strict discharge standards. Mechanism analysis suggested fluoride removal via ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. La@SAFC maintained high fluoride removal efficiency across five regeneration cycles, underscoring its promise for practical applications.

Piecewise-linear MILP optimization for energy system design onboard hybrid ships

Abstract In recent decades the share of GHG (Green House Gases) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and local pollutants as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulphur oxides (SOx) produced by shipping has significantly increased. In the case of CO2, the IMO (International Maritime Organization) has estimated that emissions will increase by a range of 90-130% in 2050 as compared to 2008. In this scope, penetration of new technologies such as Battery Energy Storage Systems (BES) can reduce the share of emissions, giving more flexibility to the ship’s system. In this work, an optimization algorithm based on Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (MILP) approach has been developed to define the best environmentally sustainable technology mix to be installed on board. The model is based on Demand-Driven optimization, where the main goal is to satisfy electrical and thermal energy demand, which is achieved by using linear constraints. The objective function is defined to minimize on-board energy production costs considering the CAPEX and OPEX of each technology, choosing the best technology mix and giving the schedule of working conditions for each installed technology. The non linearity of the components’ characteristic curves is tackled through piecewise-linearization approach. In this way, the algorithm can optimize the real operating conditions for technologies with higher accuracy of partial load conditions. The case study is based on real energy demand profiles of a cruise ship sailing between Stockholm and the island of Åland, in the Baltic Sea.

Prospects of electricity generation through the use of alternative sources such as waste tires processing products

The object of this study is a hybrid energy system that integrates the processes of recycling used tires with the use of alternative energy sources to design a sustainable and environmentally safe power generation system. The problem addressed in this study is to find effective methods for recycling waste tires for electricity generation, as traditional recycling methods are energy-intensive and lead to the loss of valuable resources. Three methods of tire processing have been considered: pyrolysis, thermal degradation, and mechanical grinding. The method of electricity generation using pyrolysis has demonstrated high environmental performance due to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a high rate of renewable energy (80 %). According to the results of the study, the use of 5 MW pyrolysis furnaces in combination with 500 kW solar panels provides a reduction in dependence on fossil sources, reducing CO2 emissions to 50.0 kg/year. The method has high capital costs (NPC USD 4.2 million), but the cost of energy production (COE USD 0.18/kWh) makes this method competitive in the long run. Thermal degradation provides a balanced approach in terms of energy efficiency (75 %) and environmental performance. Although its CO2 emissions are higher than in pyrolysis, the method makes it possible to obtain additional products that could be used in other industries, thereby increasing economic efficiency. Mechanical shredding has the lowest average energy costs (USD 0.12/kWh) and the lowest CO2 emissions (30.0 kg/year), making it ideal for cost-conscious businesses. The study confirms the possibility of effective integration of renewable sources with tire recycling methods. The practical use of the research results is possible during the implementation of grant projects for the recycling of used tires, and in the work of relevant government structures for devising a policy for the disposal of used tires

Transactive energy management for CIES considering tri-level hybrid game-theoretic approaches with multiple weight allocation factors

In city integrated energy systems, to reduce the costs of energy production and usage, it is extremely important for different entities to design proper energy management approaches since they have diverse behaviours and benefits. The hierarchy of the system is naturally divided into three layers, and hybrid game theories are employed on the basis of the vertical master–slave and horizontal equal cooperation characteristics among energy providers, aggregators, and users. First, to reflect the interactions between different levels' entities, Stackelberg game theory is adopted vertically, and the model complexity is lessened by the KKT conditions. Then, for energy providers, the asymmetric bargaining game is improved by combining multiple weight allocation factors, which can help reduce renewable energy fluctuations and encourage the consumption of clean energy to reduce the carbon emissions of the system. Also, the results show that the proposed method can enhance the utility of renewable energy generation units by approximately 64 % to 69 %. Finally, the optimality and effectiveness of the proposed game theoretic approaches are verified in case studies and in strict mathematical proofs. In addition, the impact mechanisms on the demand response from the perspectives of the user load and price sensitivity are analysed. To explore pricing methods that are more suitable for user aggregators, two pricing strategies are designed for the user aggregator and compared in terms of computation time and revenue. The results show that a unified pricing strategy can increase the aggregator's revenue by 1.24 % and reduce the computation time by 24.47 %.

Augmenting a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plant With a Solar PV Plant

The search for enhanced dispatchability at decreased prices has led to a surge in research on hybrid renewable energy systems. This paper explores the integration of Photovoltaic (PV) technology with Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants to enhance energy generation and economic feasibility, focusing on optimising the size of PV augmentation for existing CSP facilities. The study considers CSP plants with both Time-of-Day (ToD) and single tariffs, employing modelling techniques to assess the synergies between these two technologies. The cost of PV technology has significantly reduced, making it a cost-effective choice for electricity generation compared to CSP. CSP-PV augmentation promises to reduce online and offline auxiliary consumption, resulting in enhanced energy generation and a subsequent reduction in energy production costs. This study aims to explore the advantages of combining solar PV with a CSP system and determine the ideal PV size to maximise return, building upon previous studies to assess the technological and economic potential of integrating solar PV with CSP, focusing on South Africa. It utilises a rigorous analysis, combining the System Advisory Model and PVSyst modelling tool within an MS Excel framework. This economic assessment and sizing exercise aims to maximise profits while adhering to the limitations imposed by the power purchase agreement of a 100 MW CSP facility. The optimal size is 15 MWp for the ToD tariff and 16 MWp for the flat tariff. This highlights the potential for CSP-PV augmentation to improve energy dispatchability and financial viability, making it a compelling solution for existing CSP plants.

Synergizing autothermal reforming hydrogen production and carbon dioxide electrolysis: Enhancing the competitiveness of blue hydrogen in sustainable energy systems

With the global energy paradigm shifting towards renewable and sustainable systems, hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a promising energy carrier. In this transition, blue hydrogen is often considered a bridge solution to green hydrogen due to its economic vulnerability to carbon costs and environmental regulations related to life-cycle emissions. To expand the role of blue hydrogen, it is essential to enhance hydrogen yield, reduce production costs, and minimize greenhouse gas emissions during the production phase. This study proposes an integrated process for blue hydrogen production and CO2 electrolysis to enhance the competitiveness of blue hydrogen in sustainable energy systems. The focus of this study was to integrate autothermal reforming hydrogen production with solid oxide CO2 electrolysis and to determine the optimal configuration and operating conditions of the integrated process. The proposed process demonstrated superior performance in terms of energy efficiency, production cost, and environmental impact compared with conventional blue hydrogen production. Furthermore, considering the intermittency of renewable electricity and the uncertainties in CO2 electrolysis technology, the industrial feasibility of the proposed process was validated. The integration of autothermal reforming blue hydrogen production and CO2 electrolysis has four clear advantages: (i) the costly air separation and carbon capture units, which pose significant financial burdens in autothermal reforming blue hydrogen production, can be eliminated; (ii) the downstream separation, which is indispensable in a standalone CO2 electrolysis system, can be removed; (iii) utilization pathways for captured CO2 from blue hydrogen production have been proposed; and (iv) guidelines have been provided for the industrial utilization of CO2 electrolysis.

Analysing the Performance of Large-Scale Rooftop Solar PV System Using Helioscope, PVsyst and PV*SOL Photovoltaic Simulation Software: As a Renewable Energy Strategy

In Malaysia, government initiatives and policymakers play significant role in creating effective strategies aiming at enhancing the usage of residential, industrial and commercial solar PV systems. However, the most significant barrier to the widespread adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems is their high installation costs; as a result, numerous studies on PV system modification are now being conducted. Several simulation tools are available for the efficient and extensive integration of solar energy. To predict energy output using climate data and assess performance ration in accordance, such software can be optimized in terms of parameters like PV module number, inverter, tilt angle, and module design structure. The accuracy of these figures fluctuates, though, because climate factors affect how productive photovoltaic systems are. In this current paper, the simulation and design of a 6.9 MW solar power plant in University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, have been investigated using three popular software PVsyst v5.06, Helioscope and PV*SOL. This study's main objective is to assess the potential of solar renewable energy sources to produce electrical energy under the Supply Agreement of Renewable Energy (SARE) program using flexible solar system design modelling tools, PVsyst, Helioscope, and PV *SOL. The comparison results showed that Helioscope and PVsyst are considered to be the most dependable software. PVsyst appraised the definite energy production cost with lowermost relative error of 0.12 % and Helioscope estimated performance ratio with lowest relative error of 4.74%. In terms of energy losses, environmental element contributing to the most energy losses where PVsyst recorded 11.1% photovoltaic (PV) loss caused by irradiation and temperature changes. Whereby Helioscope clearly shows that environmental power loss of 8.4% represents the largest portion caused by irradiation and temperature changes. PV*SOL recorded an energy loss of 7.3% due to shading, temperature and reflection on module interface.