Energy Consumption In Sensor Networks Research Articles

Survey on Wireless Sensor Network Structure Attacks and Energy Optimization

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a novel form of embedded real-time device that can be used for a variety of applications that make conventional networking impractical. Concerning the energy production of the nodes, WSN has significant issues that may affect the system's stability. Researchers have developed a range of methods and strategies to decrease wireless sensor network energy consumption. This paper has brief WSN structure for the optimization of communication with routing techniques. As network is vulnerable hence attacks were also present. This paper has list attacks as per number of layers. Further paper has list some of latest research work that not only optimize the network energy but also increases the robustness. Index Terms— Adhoc Network, Wireless Sensor Network, Communication Attacks, Virtual machines.

An investigation on energy-saving scheduling algorithm of wireless monitoring sensors in oil and gas pipeline networks

With the rapid development of the oil and gas industry, monitoring the safety and efficiency of pipeline networks has become particularly important. In this context, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used for monitoring oil and gas pipelines due to their flexible deployment and cost-effectiveness. However, since sensor nodes typically rely on limited battery power, extending the network’s lifecycle and improving energy utilization efficiency have become focal points of research. Therefore, this paper proposes an energy-saving scheduling algorithm based on transformer networks, aimed at optimizing energy consumption and data transmission efficiency of wireless monitoring sensors in oil and gas pipelines. Firstly, this study designs a deep learning-based Transformer model that learns from historical data on energy consumption patterns and environmental variables to predict the energy and data transmission needs of each sensor node. Secondly, based on the prediction results, this algorithm employs a dynamic scheduling strategy that automatically adjusts the sensor’s operational mode and communication frequency according to the node’s energy status and task urgency. Additionally, we have validated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm through field tests and simulation experiments. According to the experimental results, our model has higher efficiency in energy saving. Compared with Convolutional Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks and Graph Neural Networks, the total energy consumption of sensor networks under the model scheduling in this paper was reduced by 6.7%, 33.4% and 26.3%, respectively. Our algorithms improve the energy efficiency and stability of the monitoring system and provide important technical support for future intelligent pipeline monitoring systems. We hope this paper will inspire future scientific research in this field.

Clustered Routing Using Chaotic Genetic Algorithm with Grey Wolf Optimization to Enhance Energy Efficiency in Sensor Networks.

As an alternative to flat architectures, clustering architectures are designed to minimize the total energy consumption of sensor networks. Nonetheless, sensor nodes experience increased energy consumption during data transmission, leading to a rapid depletion of energy levels as data are routed towards the base station. Although numerous strategies have been developed to address these challenges and enhance the energy efficiency of networks, the formulation of a clustering-based routing algorithm that achieves both high energy efficiency and increased packet transmission rate for large-scale sensor networks remains an NP-hard problem. Accordingly, the proposed work formulated an energy-efficient clustering mechanism using a chaotic genetic algorithm, and subsequently developed an energy-saving routing system using a bio-inspired grey wolf optimizer algorithm. The proposed chaotic genetic algorithm-grey wolf optimization (CGA-GWO) method is designed to minimize overall energy consumption by selecting energy-aware cluster heads and creating an optimal routing path to reach the base station. The simulation results demonstrate the enhanced functionality of the proposed system when associated with three more relevant systems, considering metrics such as the number of live nodes, average remaining energy level, packet delivery ratio, and overhead associated with cluster formation and routing.

TG-SPRED: Temporal Graph for Sensorial Data PREDiction

This study introduces an innovative method aimed at reducing energy consumption in sensor networks by predicting sensor data, thereby extending the network’s operational lifespan. Our model, Temporal Graph Sensor Prediction (TG-SPRED), predicts readings for a subset of sensors designated to enter sleep mode in each time slot, based on a non-scheduling-dependent approach. This flexibility allows for extended sensor inactivity periods without compromising data accuracy. TG-SPRED addresses the complexities of event-based sensing—a domain that has been somewhat overlooked in existing literature—by recognizing and leveraging the inherent temporal and spatial correlations among events. It combines the strengths of Gated Recurrent Units and Graph Convolutional Networks to analyze temporal data and spatial relationships within the sensor network graph, where connections are defined by sensor proximities. An adversarial training mechanism, featuring a critic network employing the Wasserstein distance for performance measurement, further refines the predictive accuracy. Comparative analysis against six leading solutions using four critical metrics—F-score, energy consumption, network lifetime, and computational efficiency—showcases our approach’s superior performance in both accuracy and energy efficiency.

Virtual Reality Opera Space: Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol Based on Cluster Centers for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy efficiency presents a notable challenge in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as the sensor nodes, which are responsible for collecting and transmitting data, operate under limited energy capacity. The sensor nodes must generate as much power as possible to make the network last longer. Generally, every sensor node in a WSN has batteries with limited capacities. It can be challenging to replace this little battery at times due to its vast number and numerous environmental issues. Therefore, it is believed that energy-efficient communication is essential for prolonging the lifespan of a sensor node. This work suggests a brand-new routing protocol clustering method that is energy efficient. Initially, the bamboo growth optimizer novel metaheuristic method was built on differential equations of bamboo growth and the Gaussian mixture model (BFGO). Secondly, a Cluster Centered Cluster Head Selection Algorithm (C3HA) of a routing protocol (BFGO-C3HA) is presented, with the encoding method and fitness function being revised. This algorithm is based on the BFGO technique. It can reduce transmission distance and increase energy efficiency. The results of simulations show that applying BFGO-C3HA can efficiently lessen the sensor network's energy consumption while increasing the amount of information transmitted to extend the network's lifetime.

Low-power wireless sensor design for LoRa-based distributed energy harvesting system

With the development of electronic power technology, distributed clean energy harvesting is widely concerned, in the process of distributed energy harvesting, the process of monitoring energy harvesting equipment does not need to transmit a large amount of data to the host device, a small amount of status information can meet the purpose of monitoring, so in the wireless sensor network energy consumption is an important issue to be considered. It is very energy efficient, can transmit wireless data over long distances, and supports mesh networking. In the process of distributed energy harvesting, the wireless sensor network composed of LoRa can effectively monitor the environmental information and wireless energy harvesting system, and the battery requirement is very low, and the data can be distributed with very little power consumption, which can be used in harsh environment and remote mountainous areas. In this paper, the composition of the distributed energy harvesting system is discussed first, then the energy situation of LoRa in low-power wireless energy transmission is analyzed, and finally the wireless low-power sensor network is tested.

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SENSOR NETWORKS AND THEIR DATA ACQUISITION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

AbstractThe use of sensor networks (SNs) on the surface or the inside of large-scale components allows the continuous acquisition of data on the applied loads and their structural integrity. A lot of publications on SN's system reliability deal with this topic from a hardware- or a data- and energy-oriented viewpoint. To give an overview on the state of the art in the field of reliability-oriented concept-optimization of SNs, a Systematic Literature Review is conducted. The found literature is used to investigate how different models combine the different viewpoints to analyse the system reliability. By analysing the results regarding the used reliability indicators and methods to assess the system reliability from the different viewpoints, it can be observed that most publications deal with the accuracy, loss and delay of data as well as the energy consumption in SNs. Few publications use common modelling methods like reliability block diagrams or Markov chains with a focus on the hardware reliability. Furthermore, none of the found publications combines the data, hardware and energy perspective and uses them to optimize a SN regarding its reliability from all three viewpoints.

Developed cluster-based load-balanced protocol for wireless sensor networks based on energy-efficient clustering

One of the most pressing issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is energy efficiency. Sensor nodes (SNs) are used by WSNs to gather and send data. The techniques of cluster-based hierarchical routing significantly considered for lowering WSN’s energy consumption. Because SNs are battery-powered, face significant energy constraints, and face problems in an energy-efficient protocol designing. Clustering algorithms drastically reduce each SNs energy consumption. A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) considered promising for application-specifically protocol architecture for WSNs. To extend the network's lifetime, the SNs must save energy as much as feasible. The proposed developed cluster-based load-balanced protocol (DCLP) considers for the number of ideal cluster heads (CHs) and prevents nodes nearer base stations (BSs) from joining the cluster realization for accomplishing sufficient performances regarding the reduction of sensor consumed energy. The analysis and comparison in MATLAB to LEACH, a well-known cluster-based protocol, and its modified variant distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC). The simulation results demonstrate that network performance, energy usage, and network longevity have all improved significantly. It also demonstrates that employing cluster-based routing protocols may successfully reduce sensor network energy consumption while increasing the quantity of network data transfer, hence achieving the goal of extending network lifetime.

Nonlinear Energy Optimization in the Wireless Sensor Network through NN‐LEACH

Researchers have developed a range of methods and strategies to decrease wireless sensor network energy consumption. Mote clustering is one of the competent topological control approaches to boost the networks’ energy efficiency, scalability, and performance. Energy is dissipated during the cluster creation, cluster head selection, routing from the head and base stations of the cluster, and data aggregation—clustering and routing emphasis on the stability and the longevity of the network. This research work provides the optimization technique for the wireless sensor network to optimize the energy through NN‐LEACH. The main goal is to extend network life and reduce power consumption by clustering and routing sensor nodes using the two‐step NN‐LEACH protocol, which is suggested. An additional goal might be to establish the appropriate course of action for the suggested approach for this network.

Performance analysis of energy efficient improved LEACH protocol in IoT networks

AbstractThe Internet of Things incorporates embedded technologies, wireless sensor networks, control and automation technologies, and wearable devices to enable integrated buildings, enterprises, intelligent homes, and wearable devices. Because sensor nodes have limited power, the energy consumption of the Internet of Things network is critical. Low‐energy adaptive clustering hierarchy is a green protocol that divides the network into clusters of a fixed size. Cluster heads are assigned to each cluster so that information can be relayed to the base station. This protocol is a dynamic clustering protocol that changes cluster heads after each round within the community. The cluster heads are chosen in the network entirely based on the energy of each node and the distance between the sensor node and the base station. When sensor nodes aggregate data to the cluster head, energy is also consumed. The work proposed in this paper reduces wireless sensor network energy consumption by improving proposed protocol. The cache nodes combine data from the cluster heads node and send the extra data to the base station. The results show that the proposed work reduces the number of dead nodes in the network by 83 percent and increases the node energy level by 1.66 times.

Proving the Existence of Solutions to the Problems of Minimizing the Energy Consumption of Sensor Networks

Sensors and sensor networks have become widespread in today’s technological world. As with any technical system, sensors and sensor networks face certain challenges, one of which is the problem of energy efficiency, the solution of which allows for increasing the autonomy of sensors and making the network more cost-effective. This problem is relevant, and there are many studies devoted to its solution. In some of the proposed solutions, this problem is formulated as an optimization problem. However, in most cases, there is no proof of the existence of a solution to the presented optimization problem, which in turn calls into question the correctness of the proposed approaches. The article presents proof of the existence of a solution to the problem of minimizing the energy consumption of a sensor network by adjusting the sensor coverage radii. The work also proves the existence of a solution to a multi-criteria optimization problem, the criteria of which are the minimization of the network cost and the maximization of the area of the covered territory. An analysis of the energy efficiency of the network was carried out in cases of different values of the intersection of coverage zones and different values of the level of the intersection of coverage zones. Using the described approaches, the energy consumption of a specific sensor network was reduced by 7%, which confirms the effectiveness of the presented methods.

A remote consultation system for sports injury based on wireless sensor network

INTRODUCTION: Although current research methods can realize the effective collection of human physiological signals in the health monitoring system, they cannot obtain the ideal detection effect due to the influence of the communication performance in the health monitoring system. OBJECTIVES: In order to improve the monitoring performance of remote consultation, a sports injury remote consultation system based on wireless sensor network is designed. METHODS: The wearable sensors is used in the body area network to collect human physiological signals. Through the wireless sensor network of the wireless communication module, the collected human physiological signals are transmitted to the remote consultation module. The wireless communication module selects CC2530 chip as the core chip of the wireless communication module. A fixed partition routing algorithm based on energy balance is used to stably transmit human physiological signals. RESULTS: The consultation personnel of the remote consultation module make a sports injury consultation judgment based on the received physiological signal results of the human body. The system test results show that the designed system can accurately monitor various physiological indicators of the human body. The wireless sensor network energy consumption of the system in this paper is all less than 500J, the energy consumption variance of the cluster head is less than 4×10-3, and the number of surviving nodes can be guaranteed to be higher than 130. It has high communication performance of wireless sensor network. CONCLUSION: The system can accurately judge whether there is a sports injury according to the monitoring results of physiological indicators, and realize the effective consultation of sports injury.

Development of a modification of the method for constructing energy-efficient sensor networks using static and dynamic sensors

Due to the widespread use of sensors and sensor networks in the tasks of territory coverage, the relevant criteria are maximizing coverage and minimizing energy consumption. At the same time, the compliance of the network with these criteria is an urgent problem in the modern technological world. A modification of the method for constructing energy-efficient sensor networks is proposed by introducing an additional criterion for minimizing the number of sensors and limiting the number of sensors used, which allows reducing the energy consumption of sensor networks by 19 %. In the resulting optimization problem, the optimality criteria are the functions of minimizing the area of uncovered territory, the value of energy consumption, and the number of sensors. The optimum solution is formed by pairs of values of the coverage radius and the level of intersection of the coverage areas, which provide maximum coverage while minimizing energy consumption and the number of sensors used. To solve the problem, the parameter convolution method and the genetic algorithm were used. In the case of dynamic sensors, the problem is to find such a trajectory of the sensor that provides the maximum flyby of the territory with a minimum length. A grid algorithm is proposed to find the necessary trajectory. The presented algorithm consists in dividing the territory into nodes and estimating the value of the covered territory by the sensor in this node. After the formation of estimates, the search for a Hamiltonian path was used. The case of a multiply connected territory with the possibility of turning it into a simply connected one is considered. A scheme for finding the parameters of energy-efficient coverage of the territory using static and dynamic sensors is proposed.

Analytical Model for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Energy Consumption Reduction

In an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN), extreme energy loss is carried out by the early expiration of sensor nodes and causes a reduction in efficiency in the submerged acoustic sensor system. Systems based on clustering strategies, instead of each node sending information by itself, utilize cluster heads to collect information inside the clusters for forwarding collective information to sink. This can effectively minimize the total energy loss during transmission. The environment of UWSN is 3D architecture-based and follows a complex hierarchical clustering strategy involving its most effecting unique parameters such as propagation delay and limited transmission bandwidth. Round base clustering strategy works in rounds, where each round comprises three fundamental stages: cluster head selection, grouping or node association, and data aggregation followed by forwarding data to the sink. In UWSN, the energy consumed during the formation of clusters has been considered casually or completely evaded in the previous works. In this paper, the cluster head setup period has been considered the main contributor to extra energy utilizer. A numerical channel model is proposed to compute extra energy. It is performed by using a UWSN broad model. The results have shown that extra maximum energy consumption is approximately 12.9 percent of the system total energy consumed in information transmissions.

Research on Behavior Monitoring of Elderly Living Alone Based on Wearable Devices and Sensing Technology

Human behavior recognition and status monitoring are current research hotspots, especially in the fields of medical monitoring, smart home, and elderly care. With the development of sensor technology, low-power IC chips, and wireless body sensors, miniature sensor networks can be popularized and applied in daily life. Since the energy consumption of sensor networks is a bottleneck problem that limits its development, this paper designs a multimodal collaborative sensing method for the application scenarios of elderly people living alone to reduce energy consumption in the process of daily behavior perception of the elderly. This method subdivides behavior perception into behavior recognition and status monitoring, determines the optimal sensor combination for identifying monitoring different behaviors based on information theory, and then uses a behavior recognition model modeled by a multiclassifier and a status model modeled by a plurality of two classifiers that are used to perceive user behavior. A large number of experimental results show that compared with the traditional sensor network method, our proposed solution can achieve effective sensing while reducing the energy consumption in the process of data transmission and model calculation, thereby prolonging the working life of the sensing network and realizing long-term and reliable daily behavior perception.

A firefly algorithm for power management in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), designing a stable, low-power routing protocol is a major challenge because successive changes in links or breakdowns destabilize the network topology. Therefore, choosing the right route in this type of network due to resource constraints and their operating environment is one of the most important challenges in these networks. Therefore, the main purpose of these networks is to collect appropriate routing information about the environment around the network sensors while observing the energy consumption of the sensors. One of the important approaches to reduce energy consumption in sensor networks is the use of the clustering technique, but in most clustering methods, only the criterion of the amount of energy of the cluster or the distance of members to the cluster has been considered. Therefore, in this paper, a method is presented using the firefly algorithm and using the four criteria of residual energy, noise rate, number of hops, and distance. The proposed method called EM-FIREFLY is introduced which selects the best cluster head with high attractiveness and based on the fitness function and transfers the data packets through these cluster head to the sink. The proposed method is evaluated with NS-2 simulator and compared with the algorithm-PSO and optimal clustering methods. The evaluation results show the efficiency of the EM-FIREFLY method in maximum relative load and network lifetime criteria compared to other methods discussed in this article.

A Proficient Bee Colony-Clustering Protocol to Prolong Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor network, replacement of node’s battery is very tough task in hostile environments. Therefore, to maximize network lifetime is the ultimate solution. Dividing the sensing region of wireless sensor network into clusters is an excellent approach to gain high energy efficiency and to enhance lifetime of the network. On the other hand, heads of the cluster need additional energy because of additional work such as obtaining data from its member nodes, aggregation of their data, and finally sending it to the base station. To enhance the lifetime of these networks, proper selection of heads plays a vital role. In this paper, we propose proficient bee colony-clustering protocol (PBC-CP) which is based on artificial bee colony algorithm. In PBC-CP approach, we have taken important factors for selection of heads such as node’s energy, degree of node, and distance from base station to node. For transmitting the data from cluster head to base station, it chooses the energy-efficient path which further minimizes the energy consumption of sensor network. Simulation experiments show the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Multiple input and multiple output and energy‐aware peering routing protocol for energy consumption in sensor networks

SummaryWireless sensor network consumes large number of energy‐constrained nodes that are used to monitor the external devices while transferring the information in the sensor networks. At the time of the information transmission process, node contains high energy, and battery of node may be recharged continuously, which leads to reduction of the entire information transmission system performance. This paper introduces the multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) method with energy‐efficient protocol for reducing the energy consumption in the network. Initially, the network coverage is determined by applying the shadow fading sensing model, and the clusters are formed with the help of the particle dual clustering process. After the cluster is formed, the information has been transmitted with the help of the energy‐aware peering routing protocol (EPR), which reduces the network traffic and also improves the energy efficiency with efficient manner. Then, the efficiency of the system is analyzed with the help of experimental results in terms of coverage fraction, accuracy of the cluster, and energy consumption.

Reliable data transmission method based on 6LoWPAN for building energy systems

The building energy internet of things is based on radio frequency technology and a wireless sensor network that can collect building energy consumption data in real time. However, with the increasing complexity of wireless sensor network topology, there is a problem of insufficient IP address space relying on IPv4 protocol. In this paper, a design scheme of a building energy system based on 6LoWPAN network is proposed. IPv4/IPv6 address conversion is used to realise the access of IP addresses to each other, so as to monitor building energy consumption information anytime and anywhere. In view of the shortcomings of existing wireless network data transmission methods in low energy consumption and high reliability in building energy monitoring applications, a reliable data transmission method based on multipath routing coding algorithm is proposed. This strategy improves the transmission reliability of the network by increasing the number of redundant packets, and reduces the energy consumption of the network by reducing the number of transmission paths. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the success rate of data packet transmission, reduce the standard energy consumption of sensor networks, and provide an effective method for the application of wireless sensor networks in building energy monitoring systems. Practical application: This paper studies how to improve transmission reliability and energy efficiency in cluster-based WSN and proposes a multi-path transmission strategy for selective coding of intermediate cluster head nodes. The strategy improves the transmission reliability of the network by increasing the number of transmissions of redundant packets and reduces the network energy consumption by reducing the number of transmission paths. It has good use value for the actual development and application of the building energy consumption monitoring system.

Presenting the Hybrid Algorithm of Honeybee - Harmony in Clustering and Routing of Wireless Sensor Networks

Background: Wireless sensor networks are considered as one of the 21st century's most important technologies. Sensors in wireless sensor networks usually have limited and sometimes non-rechargeable batteries, which they are supposed to be preserved for months or even years. That's why the energy consumption in these networks is of a great importance. Objective: One way to improve energy consumption in a wireless sensor network is to use clustering. In clustered networks, one node is known as the cluster head and other nodes as normal members, which normal nodes send the collected data to the cluster head, and the cluster head sends the information to the base station either by a single step or by multiple steps. Method: Using clustering simplifies resource management and increases scalability, reliability, and the network lifetime. Although the cluster formation involves a time- overhead and how to choose the cluster head is another problem, but its advantages are more than its disadvantages. : The primary aim of this study is to offer a solution to reduce energy consumption in the sensor network. In this study, during the selection of cluster heads, Honeybee Algorithm is used and also for routing, Harmonic Search Algorithm is used. In this paper, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB software and the proposed method is compared with the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and the multi-objective fuzzy clustering algorithm (MOFCA). Result and Conclusion: By simulations of this study, we conclude that this research has remarkably increased the network lifetime with respect to EECS, LEACH, and MOFCA algorithms. In view of the energy constraints of the wireless sensor network and the non-rechargeable batteries in most cases, providing such solutions and using metaheuristic algorithms can result in a significant reduction in energy consumption and, consequently, increase in the network lifetime.