Energy Consumption In Building Sector Research Articles

Türkiye’de 2030 Yılına Kadar Bina Sektöründeki Enerji Tüketim Tahmini

As in the rest of the world, energy consumption is increasing in Turkey as a result of population growth and technological developments. Energy efficiency studies are becoming more and more important for Turkey, which meets more than half of its energy needs from imported sources. When the sectors where energy is consumed intensively are analyzed, it is seen that the share of building sector energy consumption in total energy consumption is approximately 20%. This high rate shows that energy efficiency studies in the building sector will reduce the amount of energy imports and the current account deficit, as well as help to ensure security of supply.
 In this study, Turkey's population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), number of buildings and the total amount of energy consumed in buildings in the past 20 years are used to estimate how much energy will be consumed in the building sector for the future. Within the scope of the study, how much energy will be consumed in the building sector in Turkey until 2030 is estimated by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) method in Matlab program. It is calculated that Turkey will consume 37.868 thousand Tons of Oil Equivalent (TOE) of energy in the building sector in 2030. In addition, the importance of energy efficiency studies in the building sector is emphasized.

Data-Enabled Building Energy Savings (D-E BES)

Building sector energy consumption represents a significant fraction of the overall energy consumption in urban communities. While there has been increasing focus on the development of smart environments to support energy savings in urban commercial buildings, the development of smart environments for the residential sector has been less common. Instead, urban residential energy-saving efforts have focused on improving a building’s physical infrastructure, introducing energy-saving appliances, and motivating residents to adopt energy conservation practices. This paper illustrates that creating an affinity between a building resident’s thermal preferences and a building apartment’s unregulated thermal environment represents an alternative means of generating an energy-efficient environment for multi-family, residential buildings. Two years of 15-min interval summer data, obtained from smart cyber-physical systems installed in 310 apartments across two New York City buildings, is used to develop data-enabled (D-E) models of resident thermal preference and unregulated apartment temperatures. Both of these models use a linear mixed-effects approach. The alignment of optimal resident-apartment pairs is then formulated as an integer-programming problem to explore the building energy saving (BES) potential associated with minimizing the difference between unregulated apartment temperature and the residents’ thermal preference based on summer cooling loads. The work shows that the energy saving potential vary with a building’s physical characteristics as well as the variation in residents’ thermal preferences. The work further demonstrates that both the unregulated temperature and the resident’s preferred temperature in a given apartment are not only affected by outside temperature and external relative humidity, but also strongly affected by the apartment’s geographic orientation. For the specific buildings considered, up to 28% cooling energy saving is possible with full alignment. The paper provides all building monitoring data as an open source data set.

Energy savings potential from improved building controls for the US commercial building sector

The US Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a study to determine the national savings achievable in the commercial buildings through widespread deployment of controls, elimination of faults, and use of better sensing. The study estimated savings from 34 measures in 9 building types and across 16 climates. These buildings are responsible for almost 57% of the US commercial building sector energy consumption. In addition to the individual measures, three packages of measures were created to estimate savings: (1) efficient building, (2) typical building, and (3) inefficient building. The results showed significant potential for energy savings across all building types and climates. The total site potential savings by building type aggregated across all climates for each measure varied between 0 and 16%. The total site potential savings aggregated across all building types and climates for each measure varied between 0 and 11%. The national potential site energy savings across all building types studied is 29%. Across all building types, the savings represent approximately 1393 PJ (1.32 quads) of site energy savings or 2912 PJ (2.76 quads) of primary (or source) energy savings. Extrapolating the results for other building types not analyzed as part of this study, the primary energy savings could be in the range of 4220 to 5275 PJ. For comparison, the total US primary energy consumption across all sectors of energy use was 102,762 PJ (97.4 quads) in 2015. This makes commercial building control improvements strategically important to sustained reductions in national energy consumption. To realize most of this potential savings, many gaps can be addressed through research development and deployment (RD&D), as recommended in this paper.

Optimal technical and economic strategy for retrofitting residential buildings in Romania

Abstract The European Legislation is very strict regarding the importance of reducing the energy consumption in buildings sector. The importance of achieving nearly zero energy consumption levels for both new and existing buildings is also highlighted in each Members’ national legislation. Moreover, the high percentage of existing buildings across European Union, indicates that they need to be adequately approached in order to achieve the ambitious energy efficiency goals. This implies creating the optimal technical and financial retrofit strategies regarding minimizing the energy consumption without lowering the interior comfort levels. In Romania, there is no unitary strategy aiming to maximize the energy efficiency in buildings which also takes into consideration the financial part of the process. Moreover, there are no known national guidelines and strategies for buildings retrofit which takes into consideration a wide range of equipment. The Romanian Energy Efficiency Strategy presents few possibilities resulted from integrating renewable energy sources within typical Romanian buildings, while the Buildings Performance Institute Europe conducted a research regarding the potential of nearly Zero Energy Buildings implementation across Romanian territory. Both studies refer only to typical buildings and do not present a large perspective for retrofitting action, while the financial study is not properly presented. Thus, this paper develops a comprehensive financial study which could be used as guideline by stakeholders, in order to find the best technical solution for decreasing the final energy consumption in Romanian residential buildings. Using the RETScreen software and its economical features, there were developed several energy efficiency solutions, and by analyzing the financial benefits implied, the best solution was chosen. By adopting the solutions presented within this feasibility study, the energy consumption of buildings should be significantly reduced.

China's energy consumption in the building sector: A life cycle approach

Currently, there is no clear and unified understanding about the status quo of China's energy consumption in the building sector. In addition, a considerable underestimation of energy associated with buildings has impeded the effective implementation of measures to improve building energy efficiency of China. Thus, in this paper, we seek to identify the building sector's energy consumption of China by establishing an estimation model of building energy consumption from a life cycle perspective. On the basis of macro-level statistical data and relevant literature, we analyze the activities in each phase and calculate associated energy consumptions throughout buildings’ whole life cycle in China from 2001 to 2013. The results show that China's energy consumption associated with buildings has reached 1.66 billion tons coal equivalent in 2013, with a stable growth rate of 7% annually since 2001. Buildings’ life-cycle energy has approximately accounted for 43% of China's total energy consumption for recent three years (2011–2013). What's more, energy consumption in buildings’ operation phase has been salient, accounting for over 20% of China's total energy consumption. More focus should be drawn on energy efficiency in building material production phase and energy consumed in China's rural residential buildings as both have been significantly neglected.

Case analysis of utilizing alternative energy sources and technologies for the single family detached house

The new energy policy in Japan is implemented by renewable energy resources which are given a large slice of the total for their contribution to energy sources. In addition, there is a government plan to minimize, if not to eliminate nuclear power sources. Building sector energy consumption is increasing every year, hence, utilization and development of alternative energy sources and technologies to support the requirements of every house are important. Numerical performance evaluation of the alternative energy and technologies supported single family detached house was conducted in a transient system simulation (TRNSYS) program to evaluate its performance and energy requirements, and to test the cases for a possible upgrade to an energy generating house. The evaluation of the house performance is compared for possible application to the situation in different areas of Japan. 82.6% of the total primary energy supply could be supported by renewable energy sources – solar energy and biomass fueled auxiliary heater. 69.7% of the consumed energy is electricity; grid line electricity is still needed in the present installed photovoltaic roof tiles of the house. Solar energy collection can support up to 26% of the primary thermal energy requirement of the single family detached house. The remaining 70% should be supported by the back-up water heater of which fuel can be sourced from different sources such as biomass, kerosene, etc. In general, making a house yield higher thermal performance by employing energy conservation measures (ECM) coupled with the utilization of different alternative energy sources readily available in the house’s vicinity has an impact on the reduction of the house’s energy consumption. In addition, application of new technologies which could be supported by different energy sources has an impact on the diverse utilization of the available energy sources in the house’s vicinity.

Ranking cost effective energy conservation measures for heating in Hellenic residential buildings

Residential buildings comprise the biggest segment of the European building stock and they are responsible for the majority of the building's sector energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This paper documents the potential benefits and sets the priorities of individual energy conservation measures (ECMs) to reduce heating energy consumption in Hellenic residential buildings, including space heating and domestic hot water production. The analysis is facilitated by using the available Hellenic typology for residential buildings that consists of 24 typical buildings, derived after a classification in three construction periods, two building sizes and four climate zones. The focus is mainly on the implementation of ECMs that have low first-cost investment and short payback period. In order to prioritize ECMs that would be most attractive to building owners, two ranking criteria are used, namely primary heating energy savings and payback period. Finally, the preliminary results are used to provide an insight on the potential abatement of CO2 emissions for the national residential building stock.

Using building energy simulation and geospatial modeling techniques to determine high resolution building sector energy consumption profiles

A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for city-specific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel (<100 m). This method can be applied to virtually any large U.S. city to obtain day-specific estimates of electricity and natural gas consumption within the residential and commercial sectors. As a demonstration this method has been applied to Houston TX. When the resulting profiles were averaged over 1.33 km grid cells, the resulting peak energy consumption within the urban core was found to be greater than 100 W/m 2. The resulting profiles can be used to estimate anthropogenic sensible and latent waste heat emissions associated with building energy consumption. The target application for this approach is urban scale atmospheric modeling in support of urban heat island and air quality studies. In such applications the inclusion of high spatial and temporal resolution waste heat data represents a significant advancement.