Energy Aware Multipath Routing Research Articles

A framework for post-disaster communication using wireless ad hoc networks

Disaster management system requires timely delivery of large volumes of accurate messages so that an appropriate decision can be made to minimize the severity. When a disaster strikes, most of the infrastructure for communication gets uprooted. As a result, communication gets hampered. A well designed Internet of things (IoT) can play a significant role in the post-disaster scenario to minimize the losses, and save the precious lives of animals and human beings. In this paper, we have proposed a framework for post-disaster communication using wireless ad hoc networks. The framework includes: (i) a multi-channel MAC protocol to improve the network throughput, (ii) an energy aware multi-path routing to overcome the higher energy depletion rate at nodes associated with single shortest path routing, and (iii) a distributed topology aware scheme to minimize the transmission power. Above proposals, taken together intend to increase the network throughput, reduce the end-to-end delay, and enhance the network lifetime of an ad hoc network deployed for disaster response. A multi-channel MAC protocol permits the transmission from hidden and exposed nodes without interfering with the on-going transmission. We have compared the proposed framework with an existing scheme called Distressnet[1]. Simulation results show that the proposed framework achieves higher throughput, lower end-to-end delay, and an increased network longevity.

Energy and interference aware multipath routing for load balancing in wireless sensor network

During routing in a wireless sensor network, when the node count is increased, the end-to-end delay is also increased as the number of hops among source and destination also increased. Also, the existing routing technique does not consider the interference metrics. Hence, in this paper, we propose energy and interference aware multipath routing for load balancing in a wireless sensor network. When the source node wants to transmit the data towards the destination, multiple paths is established based on the parameters such as residual energy and interference metrics. During route discovery, the nodes in the interference zone are marked and prevented to participate in succeeding routing process. This reduces the interference and improves the network quality. And to distribute the traffic over the discovered multiple path, load balancing algorithm is used. The algorithm proportionally allocates the data packets transmission ratio to different paths according to reinforcement weights. This enhances the network lifetime. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique reduces the energy consumption and interference ratio.

EAMRP: energy aware multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks WSNs are made of the sensor nodes with restricted battery life and transmission capability. In this paper, we propose an energy aware multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. This protocol is designed to improve the lifetime, latency and reliability through discovering multiple paths from the source node to the sink base station. It is the sink initiated route discovery process with the known location information of the source node. At the end of the route formation, one primary path and number of alternate paths are built. The proposed protocol is implemented and compared with the existing protocols and found that it outperformed the existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, throughput, latency and network lifetime.

Methodologies for Addressing the Performance Issues of Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks: A Review

The objective of this review article is to offer an insight into the performance issues pertinent to routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. This work has studied the approaches for solving the performance issues such as changes in topology, energy consumption of mobile nodes, delay, routing overhead, message delivery time, throughput, packet delivery ratio, security of networks and mobility management. To provide a perception of solutions for these issues, this study concentrates on various methodologies such as Effective Hierarchical Routing Algorithm, Link Stability with Energy Aware Multipath Routing protocol, Path Encounter Rate metric and Trust-based Source Routing protocol. Effective Hierarchical Routing Algorithm computes the route and has decreased the load of routing protocols. Link Stability with Energy Aware Multipath Routing protocol finds routes with small delay. Delivery ratio of packet in LSEA is improved on par with Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). Delivery ratio of packets in LSEA was enhanced by 40%. To get an efficient metric for routing in high mobility situations, Path Encounter Rate metric was proposed. Throughput achieved with this metric was 30% higher than those obtained by the hop-count metric. To choose a least-cost route with security constraints, TSR was proposed. TSR has improved the packet delivery ratio, ratio of identifying the malicious nodes as well as network throughput. This review of different methods can be used by researchers to find a better solution to these issues.

Fuzzy based Load and Energy Aware Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

outing is a challenging task in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) due to their dynamic topology and lack of central administration. As a consequence of un-predictable topology changes of such networks, routing protocols employed need to accurately capture the delay, load, available bandwidth and residual node energy at various locations of the network for effective energy and load balancing. This paper presents a fuzzy logic based scheme that ensures delay, load and energy aware routing to avoid congestion and minimise end-to-end delay in MANETs. In the proposed approach, forwarding delay, average load, available bandwidth and residual battery energy at a mobile node are given as inputs to a fuzzy inference engine to determine the traffic distribution possibility from that node based on the given fuzzy rules. Based on the output from the fuzzy system, traffic is distributed over fail-safe multiple routes to reduce the load at a congested node. Through simulation results, we show that our approach reduces end-to-end delay, packet drop and average energy consumption and increases packet delivery ratio for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic when compared with the popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Scheme Based on Particle Swarm Optimization in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous mobile nodes forming an ad hoc network without fixed infrastructure. Dynamic topology property of MANET may degrade the performance of the network. However, multipath selection is a great challenging task to improve the network lifetime. We proposed an energy-aware multipath routing scheme based on particle swarm optimization (EMPSO) that uses continuous time recurrent neural network (CTRNN) to solve optimization problems. CTRNN finds the optimal loop-free paths to solve link disjoint paths in a MANET. The CTRNN is used as an optimum path selection technique that produces a set of optimal paths between source and destination. In CTRNN, particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is primly used for training the RNN. The proposed scheme uses the reliability measures such as transmission cost, energy factor, and the optimal traffic ratio between source and destination to increase routing performance. In this scheme, optimal loop-free paths can be found using PSO to seek better link quality nodes in route discovery phase. PSO optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to get a better solution with regard to a measure of quality. The proposed scheme discovers multiple loop-free paths by using PSO technique.

Link-stability and Energy Aware Multipath Routing in MANET

Energy conservation is important for mobile ad hoc networks where devices are expected to work for longer periods of time without the need for charging their batteries. Therefore there is a need of an intelligent routing protocol that can minimize overhead and ensure the use of minimum energy routes. In Progressive Energy Efficient Routing, energy efficient shortest paths are selected with minimum energy consumption. Here due to the single path routing, there occur end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet loss. Therefore to overcome these issues, PEER can be extended for multipath routing. Link-stability metrics and energy aware metrics can be applied for path selection. By this method, stable links are selected. In this study, energy efficient routing is done with maximum life time. The proposed Link-Stability and Energy Aware Multipath Routing gives good performance results in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet drop, energy consumption and delay compared with Progressive Energy Efficient Routing.

Green Communication in Energy Renewable Wireless Mesh Networks: Routing, Rate Control, and Power Allocation

The increasing demand for wireless services has led to a severe energy consumption problem with the rising of greenhouse gas emission. While the renewable energy can somehow alleviate this problem, the routing, flow rate, and power still have to be well investigated with the objective of minimizing energy consumption in multi-hop energy renewable wireless mesh networks (ER-WMNs). This paper formulates the problem of network-wide energy consumption minimization under the network throughput constraint as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem by jointly optimizing routing, rate control, and power allocation. Moreover, the min-max fairness model is applied to address the fairness issue because the uneven routing problem may incur the sharp reduction of network performance in multi-hop ER-WMNs. Due to the high computational complexity of the formulated mathematical programming problem, an energy-aware multi-path routing algorithm (EARA) is also proposed to deal with the joint control of routing, flow rate, and power allocation in practical multi-hop WMNs. To search the optimal routing, it applies a weighted Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, where the weight is defined as a function of the power consumption and residual energy of a node. Extensive simulation results are presented to show the performance of the proposed schemes and the effects of energy replenishment rate and network throughput on the network lifetime.

LINK STABILITY WITH ENERGY AWARE AD HOC ON DEMAND MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Mobile Ad Hoc Network is one of the wireless network in which mobile nodes are communicate with each other and have no infrastructure because no access point. The MANET protocols can be classified as proactive and reactive routing protocol. The proactive routing protocols, all nodes which participated in network have routing table. This table updated periodically and is used to find the path between source and destination. The reactive routing protocol, nodes are initiate route discovery procedure when on-demand routes. In order to find the better route in MANET, many routing protocols are designed in the recent years. But those protocols are not concentrating about communication links and battery energy. Communication links between nodes and energy of nodes are very important factor for improving quality of routing protocols. This study presents innovative Link Stability with Energy Aware (LSEA) multipath routing protocol. The key idea of the protocol is find the link quality, maximum remaining energy and lower delay. Reflections of these factors are increasing the qualities like packet delivery ratio, throughputs and reduce end-to-end delay. The LSEAMRP was simulated on NS-2 and evaluation results also shown.

Stability and Energy Aware Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Multipath routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) addresses the problem of load balancing, scalability, security and life time of networks. In this paper, we propose a new multipath protocol, Stability and Energy Aware Multipath Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (SEAM-AODV) protocol which is an enhancement of Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It designs a bi-objective optimization formulation to compute the reliability factor based on the stability and residual energy of nodes, through cross layer approach. The reliability of the multiple paths is increased through node disjointness. The path with the highest reliability factor value is selected as the primary path for data transmission. It also employs effective route maintenance mechanism to reduce the frequency of route recovery. This protocol is compared with other similar routing protocol: AOMDV. We use ns-2 for simulation. Our simulation results show that, the proposed protocol reduces the packet loss by up to 25 – 35 % and routing overhead by about 3240 %. It also accomplishes 10 13 % higher packet delivery ratio.

An Efficient Ant Based QOS Aware Intelligent Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm for MANETS

A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a self configurable network connected by wireless links. This type of network is only suitable for temporary communication links as it is infrastructure-less and there is no centralised control. Providing QoS aware routing is a challenging task in this type of network due to dynamic topology and limited resources. The main purpose of QoS aware routing is to find a feasible path from source to destination which will satisfy two or more end to end QoS constrains. Therefore, the task of designing an efficient routing algorithm which will satisfy all the quality of service requirements and be robust and adaptive is considered as a highly challenging problem. In this work we have designed a new efficient and energy aware multipath routing algorithm based on ACO framework, inspired by the behaviours of biological ants. Basically by considering QoS constraints and artificial ants we have designed an intelligent version of classical Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) which will increase network lifetime and decrease packet loss and average end to end delay that makes this algorithm suitable for real time and multimedia applications.

WEAMR — A Weighted Energy Aware Multipath Reliable Routing Mechanism for Hotline-Based WSNs

Reliable source to sink communication is the most important factor for an efficient routing protocol especially in domains of military, healthcare and disaster recovery applications. We present weighted energy aware multipath reliable routing (WEAMR), a novel energy aware multipath routing protocol which utilizes hotline-assisted routing to meet such requirements for mission critical applications. The protocol reduces the number of average hops from source to destination and provides unmatched reliability as compared to well known reactive ad hoc protocols i.e., AODV and AOMDV. Our protocol makes efficient use of network paths based on weighted cost calculation and intelligently selects the best possible paths for data transmissions. The path cost calculation considers end to end number of hops, latency and minimum energy node value in the path. In case of path failure path recalculation is done efficiently with minimum latency and control packets overhead. Our evaluation shows that our proposal provides better end-to-end delivery with less routing overhead and higher packet delivery success ratio compared to AODV and AOMDV. The use of multipath also increases overall life time of WSN network using optimum energy available paths between sender and receiver in WDNs.

Energy-aware utility optimisation for joint multi-path routing and MAC layer retransmission control in TDMA-based wireless sensor networks

This paper formulates a novel energy-aware utility optimisation EUO problem for joint multi-path routing and medium access control MAC layer retransmission control in time division multiple access TDMA-based wireless sensor networks WSNs. As the EUO problem is non-convex and inseparable, we propose a heuristic method called Successive Alternating Convex Approximation SACA to approximately solve the problem. More precisely, we decompose the EUO problem into two alternating convex sub-problems, namely energy-aware multi-path routing and retransmission control. On one hand, given the time slot allocation, the multi-path routing balances the energy consumption within WSNs. On the other hand, provided the traffic distribution, retransmission control enhances the data reliability in the most energy-efficient way. These two sub-problems are solved recursively by means of dual decomposition. The sequence of optimal solutions to these two sub-problems is shown to converge to some steady-state point that approximates a solution to the EUO problem.

세션간 네트워크 코딩 기회를 인식하는 다중 경로 라우팅 프로토콜

무선 애드 혹 네트워크는 제한된 에너지를 갖고 있는 노드들에 의해 자율적으로 구성되는 기반 구조가 없는 네트워크이다. 노드가 갖는 이런 제약사항은 데이터 전송 시 에너지 고갈로 데이터 전달이 갑작스럽게 실패하는 상황을 초래한다. 정적인 무선 애드 혹 네트워크를 대상으로, 에너지 예약 기법 및 다중 경로 라우팅 기법을 이용하여 네트워크 내 노드들의 잔여 에너지가 적은 경우에도 안정적 데이터 전송을 지원하는 PAMP가 제안되어 있다. 본 논문은 PAMP에 다중 경로를 설정하는 과정에서 네트워크 코딩 기회가 있는 경로를 우선적으로 선정하여 중간 노드의 에너지를 절약할 수 있는 기법을 추가할 것을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통한 성능 분석에서 본 논문에서 제안하는 기법이 기존의 PAMP와 센서 네트워크에서의 에너지 인식 다중 경로 설정 기법인 REAR에 비해 패킷 전송 성공률이나 노드의 에너지 소비에 있어서 우수한 성능을 보이고 있다. An ad hoc network consists of nodes with limited energy. Therefore, the data transmission can fail abruptly due to lack of energy of transmitting node. A previous work PAMP proposed to build multiple low-energy paths to support stable packet delivery exploiting the nodes with low energy. It has energy-reservation scheme and multi-path selection scheme for stationary wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose an extended version of PAMP by incorporating network coding opportunity in path selection process. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme shows better packet delivery ratio and lower energy consumption compared with PAMP and a legacy energy-aware multipath routing protocol REAR.

An Adaptive Energy-aware Multi-path Routing Protocol with Load Balance for Wireless Sensor Networks

Using the available but limited resources of sensors more efficiently has been the recent interest in designing the routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The major concern includes energy, storage and computing resources. Accordingly, we propose an adaptive energy-aware Multi-path routing protocol with load balance (AEMRP-LB). It introduces a concept named direction-angle to overcome the deficiency of broadcast and takes into account the tradeoff between the residual energy and hop count to establish multiple node-disjoint paths. The traffic load is balanced over the selected paths by using a weighted traffic scheduling algorithm considering their transmitting capacity, and then AEMRP-LB uses the advantages of Multi-path Source Routing to report the acquired data as saving the computing and storage resources of the sensors. In the scene with multiple Source-Sink pairs, AEMRP-LB can adaptively adjust the available residual energy of shared nodes so as to make reasonable use of them. The simulation results show that AEMRP-LB outperforms the two comparative schemes, and the sensors consume the energy in a more equitable way which ensures a more graceful degradation of service with time.

Energy Aware Clustered Based Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the advance of wireless communication technologies, small-size and high-performance computing and communication devices are increasingly used in daily life. After the success of second generation mobile system, more interest was started in wireless communications. A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network without any fixed infrastructure or centralized control; it contains mobile nodes that are connected dynamically in an arbitrary manner. The Mobile Ad hoc Networks are essentially suitable when infrastructure is not present or difficult or costly to setup or when network setup is to be done quickly within a short period, they are very attractive for tactical communication in the military and rescue missions. They are also expected to play an important role in the civilian for as convention centers, conferences, and elec-tronic classrooms. The clustering is an important research area in mobile ad hoc networks because it im-proves the performance of flexibility and scalability when network size is huge with high mobility. All mo-bile nodes operate on battery power; hence, the power consumption becomes an important issue in Mobile Ad hoc Network. In this article we proposed an Energy Aware Clustered-Based Multipath Routing (EACMR), which forms several clusters, finds energy aware node-disjoint multiple routes from a source to destination and increases the network life time by using optimal routes.

An Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the major challenges facing the design of a routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to find the most reliable path between the source and sink node. Furthermore, a routing protocol for WSN should be well aware of sensor limitations. In this paper, we present an energy efficient, scalable, and distributed node disjoint multipath routing algorithm. The proposed algorithm, the Energy-aware Multipath Routing Algorithm (EMRA), adjusts traffic flows via a novel load balancing scheme. EMRA has a higher average node energy efficiency, lower control overhead, and a shorter average delay than those of well-known previous works. Moreover, since EMRA takes into consideration network reliability, it is useful for delivering data in unreliable environments.

An Energy Aware Multi-Path Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Due to the new technology development, mobile ad hoc networks are becoming very important. The nodes that make up the mobile ad hoc network are battery powered. The problem of conserving energy at nodes is very important and a challenging one. In this article we present an Energy Aware Multi-path Dynamic Source Routing protocol (EAMPDSR). This protocol is based on the existing on-demand Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR). It is energy aware and uses a multi-path technique. EA-MPDSR reduces the energy consumed per received data bytes as well as prolongs the network lifetime, which leads to improvement in the performance of the network. The simulation results show the EA-MPDSR protocol performs better than conventional DSR and maximum of minimum energy DSR (MME-DSR) protocols.