Energy Absorption Research Articles

New effectual configuration of bistable nonlinear energy sink

The study presents a new configuration of nonlinear energy sinks (NESs) which is adaptable to function as either stable or bistable NES. The proposed NES is based on the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) in which a torsional stiffness element couples the SLIP to the linear oscillator (LO). The bistable configuration provides a critically stable position when the SLIP is vertically aligned with respect to the LO motion. At this critical stability position, the SLIP NES incorporates pre-stored potential energy which generates the bistability characteristics resembling that of a stiffness-based bistable NES. The equations of motion of the coupled LO with the SLIP NES are derived based on the Euler–Lagrange method in non-dimensional form. The parameters of the considered SLIP NESs are optimized to achieve an optimum energy absorption from the LO. The proposed B-SLIP NES is also applied to suppress seismic ground motion and forced torsional vibrations. The obtained numerical simulation and analytical response results verify the robustness of the B-SLIP NES in vibration suppression performance compared with the tuned mass damper and the cubic stiffness NES.

Experimental and numerical studies on the energy absorption characteristics of Al/CFRP corrugated web beams

Experimental and numerical studies on the energy absorption characteristics of Al/CFRP corrugated web beams

Biaxial tubular hybrid braided structures with supreme tensile performance: Experimental and statistical assessments

Biaxial tubular braided structures are increasingly being recognized as superior alternatives to traditional materials in structural engineering due to their enhanced tensile properties and durability. In this study, the mechanical characteristics of these structures are examined, focusing on the influence of braiding angle, yarn hybridization, and layer configurations on tensile behavior. Sixteen diverse specimens, crafted from polyester and basalt yarns using a 32-carrier vertical braiding machine, are explored, incorporating variations across four braiding angles, three hybridizations, and both single and dual-layer setups. Each specimen underwent rigorous uniaxial tensile testing, revealing critical insights into the relationships between structural configuration and mechanical performance. It was found that increasing the braiding angle significantly enhances elongation, strain, and energy absorption capacities. Additionally, a higher basalt yarn content was observed to amplify tensile strength, suggesting potential for tailored structural optimization. Notably, dual-layer configurations were found to outperform single layers in tensile efficiency, underscoring the advantage of layered designs in engineering applications. A significant gap in current literature is filled by this study, as a detailed analysis of biaxial tubular hybrid braids is provided, paving the way for their informed application in advanced composite structures.

In Situ Transition of Amorphous Carbon to Graphite-like Structures Using MXene as a Template for Fast and Long-Lasting Macrosuperlubricity.

Achieving fast and long-lasting superlubricity in two-dimensional (2D) materials under high-stress conditions is challenging due to their susceptibility to structural deformations, limited load-bearing capacity, oxidation, and thermal degradation. This study introduces an innovative strategy by utilizing a composite of MXene and H-DLC, where, under high-stress conditions, H-DLC acts as a preferential energy-absorbing phase. MXene serves as a template to rapidly and continuously transform the absorbed energy into graphene-like structures, forming an in situ heterogeneous MXene/graphene-like interface. This process achieves long-lasting macroscopic superlubricity. Friction tests indicate that, under high-stress conditions (∼1.5 GPa Hertz pressure), the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the composite films rapidly decreases to macroscopic superluberic regimes of ∼0.003, with a friction lifespan more than ten times that of the original H-DLC films. In-depth experimental research and tribology-focused molecular dynamics simulations have shown that carbon atoms diffusing from decomposed H-DLC form graphene-like structures under high contact stress, which then evolve into MXene/graphene-like heterostructures. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the formation of this heterostructure involves a transition from sp3 to sp2 carbon structures, accompanied by significant energy absorption. Our research presents the lowest CoF achieved by MXene or MXene/H-DLC nanocomposite so far.

Blast resistance analysis of butterfly-like reentrant circular honeycomb sandwich structure

Negative Poisson honeycomb has great potential in the field of protection against explosive shock due to its unique tensile expansion characteristics and excellent energy absorption capacity. However, there are limitations in the types and performance enhancement of the current negative Poisson honeycomb sandwich structure (HSS), so to further improve the blast resistance of conventional HSS and reduce the mass of the structures, a butterfly-type reentrant circular HSS is designed in this paper. In this analysis, the JC constitutive model related to the mechanical properties of AL-6XN304 alloy steel was used for simulation, and the explosion load was applied to the sandwich structure using the CONWEP loading mode in ABAQUS, and its explosion process was analyzed numerically in detail. Explosive simulation of square-core HSS is first performed, and the precision of the numerical model is verified by comparing it with the experimental result in the existing literature. Secondly, the dynamic response of the imitation butterfly-type HSS under air loading was investigated, and the blast resistance performance of this structure was compared with that of four HSSs under the same air loading. The effects of explosive mass, cell thickness, cell wall radius, and cell length parameters on the blast resistance of imitation butterfly-type reentrant circular sandwich structure were also explored. Findings indicate that the dynamic response of the butterfly-like reentrant circular HSS is divisible into three distinct phases: core compression, overall deformation, and equilibrium vibration. Compared with the square, circular, reentrant hexagonal, and star HSSs, the center displacement of the front panel of the structure is 22.4, 20.2, 8.8, and 23.0% lower, respectively, and the center displacement of the rear panel is 24.4, 20.6, 7.1, and 8.2% lower, respectively. In addition, the central area of the structure is also the lowest deflection. Therefore, the butterfly-like reentrant circular HSS has the best explosion resistance. The butterfly-like reentrant circular HSS of the front and rear panel deflection and the displacement at the center point escalates as the explosive mass grows, diminishes with the thickening of the cell wall, lessens as the radius of the cell wall shrinks, and lessens as the cell length shortens, the blast resistance of the structure can be further improved.

Role of the upper limb in limiting head impact during laboratory-induced falls in at fall-risk older adults.

Fall-related head impact is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in older adults. There is limited understanding of factors related to fall-related head impact. This investigation examined characteristics of upper limb movements during standing-height falls and examined their association with fall-related head impact in older adults at risk for falls. Older adults (n=29) at risk for fall-related injuries underwent experimentally induced falls in multiple directions (backwards and sideways). To characterize the upper limb movements and their association with head impact, a standardized analysis tool was used to analyze a total of 164 video-recorded falls. The association between upper limb movements (and their characteristics) and head impact was analyzed through logistic regression. Nearly 80% of falls involved upper limb movements. Absence of upper limb movements significantly increased head impact odds by approximately 4-fold. The odds of head impact were reduced in falls with energy absorption at the forearm (0.013-fold) and upper arm (0.018-fold), compared to falls without upper limb energy absorption. Backwards falls showed significantly higher odds of head impact (more than 4-fold). Upper limb movements are common during fall descent and are associated with lower odds of experiencing head impact. Energy absorption with the upper limb seems to be an important protective mechanism. Future work should explore if these movements can be augmented with targeted training.

Impact of lattice designs and production parameters on mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg in laser powder bed fusion

Abstract This study investigates the impact of lattice designs and production parameters on the mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). The research explores the production and performance of gyroid, diamond, and lidinoid lattice structures under varying scanning speeds (600, 900, 1,200 mm s−1). Key findings indicate that scanning speed significantly influences mechanical properties and energy absorption capabilities. The gyroid lattice structure produced at 600 mm s−1 exhibited the highest compressive strength (76.51 MPa) and energy absorption (28.57 MJ m−3). SEM-EDS analysis revealed no substantial structural defects, while porosity and microstructural deformations were observed at higher scanning speeds. Finite element simulations demonstrated localized buckling and fissure formation in lattice structures under compressive loads. The study highlights the critical role of production parameters in optimizing the mechanical performance of L-PBF-manufactured AlSi10Mg, offering insights into achieving cost and time efficiencies in additive manufacturing processes. This comprehensive analysis contributes to advancing the application of L-PBF in producing complex, high-performance aluminum alloy components for industrial use.

Investigation of dynamic impact behavior of bighorn sheep horn

The horn of the bighorn sheep is composed of keratin-based biological material that has a tubule-lamella structure, which gives it anisotropic hardening properties under impact loading. This paper aims to investigate the energy dissipation mechanisms inherent in bighorn sheep horns by developing a numerical material model that accounts for the horn’s anisotropic features and strain-rate effects. To this end, a transversely isotropic constitutive model, which includes both anisotropic hardening and strain-rate effects, was formulated to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of bighorn sheep horns. Material characterization was conducted through uniaxial compression tests that were conducted under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The developed constitutive model was implemented into LS-Dyna via a user-defined material subroutine and was validated against empirical data. The validated numerical model was used to investigate the horn’s mechanical responses under dynamic loading conditions. The paper focused on impact energy dissipation mechanisms, including energy absorption and transition, stress distribution, and displacement wave propagation. The insights gained from this paper are expected to significantly contribute to the development of novel artificial materials with enhanced energy absorption and impact mitigation properties.

Evaluation of polyester high-tenacity fabric and carbon nanotube reinforcements for improving flexural response in concrete beams.

This research scrutinized the effectiveness of utilizing polyester high tenacity fabrics to enhance the functionality of concrete panels. Two distinct woven fabrics with comparable strength resistance were fabricated and assessed. Concrete beams were compared in their original form and those reinforced with woven fabrics, along with beams reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (B, BC2, BC4, BS1, and BS2). Results indicated that the textile-reinforced concrete panels displayed notably greater energy absorption capabilities post-failure under flexural loads in comparison to the control and CNT-reinforced panels. This enhanced performance was credited to the development of multiple cracking patterns in the textile-reinforced panels. The flexural behavior of the textile-reinforced panels was characterized by four discernible phases: a linearly increasing segment, a crack propagation phase featuring multiple cracking, a post-cracking phase with reduced stiffness, and ultimately, failure due to fabric rupture or debonding. Conversely, the control and CNT-reinforced panels exhibited a more brittle response post-initial cracking, with a limited number of cracks and reduced deformation capacity. The performance of the textile samples was largely unaffected by their specific characteristics, except for the fabric wrapping angle. The introduction of 0.04% CNTs marginally enhanced crack flexural resistance compared to the control and 0.02% CNT panels, owing to the varied distribution of CNTs within the matrix. Overall, the textile-reinforced concrete panels demonstrated superior load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy absorption when compared to the other reinforcement techniques examined.

Interaction Parameters of Some Polymers Used in Nuclear Power Plants with Ionizing Radiation, Produced Secondary Radiations and Radiation Damages

AbstractThe primary interactions of polypropylene (PP), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polychloroprene (CR) and polyurethane (PUR) polymers preferred in the nuclear industry with gamma and neutron radiations, secondary radiations formed after neutron interactions and damages given to polymers by these ionizing radiations are investigated. The gamma interaction parameters Were determined in the photon energy range of 0.03‐20 MeV using WinXCOM, GEANT4 and FLUKA methods. Also, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors and Kerma parameters are calculated at different photon energies. To investigate the interactions of the studied polymers with neutron, the effective removal cross‐section for fast neutrons with theoretical and the partial neutron rates passing through the studied polymer at 4.5 MeV, 100 eV and 0.025 eV energies are determined with simulation codes. The numbers of secondary gamma‐rays and neutrons Were obtained with GEANT4. The Total Ionizing Dose and Displacements per Atom parameters are studied with the help of FLUKA simulation. It is observed that the interaction of PVC polymer with gamma radiation and PP polymer with neutron particles is higher than the others. The secondary radiation from PVC and CR is less. The PP, PVA, and EVA exhibit superior resistance to radiation damage.

Flexural behaviours and heterogeneous interface fracture in overmoulded multi-material thermoplastic composites

The development of lightweight multi-material composites is imperative to meet the demands of the aerospace and automotive industries. Thermoplastic-based multi-material composites represent a novel approach, wherein two or more distinct composite materials are combined to create a hybrid material with enhanced performance characteristics. However, varying failure modes across multi-scale interfaces in the composites affect their mechanical performance in a complex manner. In this study, multi-material composites were manufactured through overmoulding of virgin polycarbonate (VP) and short-fibre reinforced polycarbonate (SFP) on continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic polycarbonate (CFRTP) laminate to assess behaviours of heterogeneous interfaces and structural performance under flexural loading. In the compression overmoulding process, the consolidation of thermoplastics creates interdiffusion of polymer chains across the multi-material interfaces. The multi-material composites successfully demonstrated enhanced flexural properties compared to single material constituent such as VP, SFP, and CFRTP. Benchmarking with CFRTP composite laminates, results revealed that overmoulding SFP on CFRTP results in 319 % higher flexural strength and 36 % higher of flexural modulus. VP/CFRTP composite offered 103 % more flexural strain and 175 % more specific energy absorption during fracture. Strategic optimization of the neutral axis (NA) and integration of high modulus materials in multi-material systems contributed to such performance enhancements. Failure analysis conducted using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed progressive heterogeneous interface fracture and crack propagation in the CFRTP laminate layer. Results indicated that control of interface failure modes need to be considered in multi-material structure design to achieve desired flexural strength.

Optimized design of energy absorption of aluminum foam filled CFRP thin-walled square tube based on agent model

PurposeAluminum foam-filled thin-walled unit structures have received much attention for their excellent energy absorption properties. To improve the energy absorption effect of car energy absorption box under axial compression, this paper optimizes the fiber lay-up sequence, fiber angle and aluminum foam density of aluminum foam filled carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) thin-walled square tubes.Design/methodology/approachDesign of sample points required to construct the proxy model using design of experiments (DOE) method, and the data sample points of different models are obtained through Abaqus simulation and test. A double high-precision proxy model with the maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) and the minimum initial peak crash force (PCF) as the evaluation index is constructed based on the response surface function method. The NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to optimize the design parameters and obtain the optimal solution for the Pareto front, and the results were verified by using the multi-objective optimization toolbox in design-expert.FindingsThe results show that the optimal solution to the multi-objective optimization problem with the inclusion of the lay-up sequence is ρ = 0.5g/cm3 for a fiber lay-up angle varying in the range ±15–90° and an aluminum foam density varying in the range 0.2g/cm3-0.5g/cm3, with a lay-up method of [±87°/±16°/±15°/±89°]. The two optimization methods correspond to SEA and PCF errors of 2.109% and 4.1828%, respectively. The optimized SEA value is 18.2 J/g and the PCF value is 18,230 N. The optimized design reduces the peak impact force and increases the specific energy absorption, which improves the energy absorption effect of thin-walled energy-absorbing boxes for automobiles.Originality/valueIn this paper, the impact resistance of CFRP thin-walled square tubes filled with aluminum foam is optimized. Based on numerical simulations and experiments to obtain the sample point data for constructing the dual-agent model, we investigate the effect of filling with different densities of aluminum foam under the simultaneous change of fiber lay-up angle and order on its mechanical properties in this process, and carry out the multi-objective optimization design with NSGA-II algorithm.

Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Fibre-Reinforced Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Additive manufacturing (AM) plays a significant role in the 4th Industrial Revolution due to its flexibility, allowing AM equipment to be connected, monitored, and controlled in real time. In advance, the minimum waste of material, the agility of manufacturing complex geometries, and the ability to use recycled materials can provide an advantage to this manufacturing method. On the other hand, the poor strength and durability of the thermoplastics used in the manufacturing process are the major drawback that keeps AM behind common production methods such as casting and machining. Fibre-reinforced polymers can enhance mechanical properties, advance AM from the commonly used polymers, and make AM competitive against conventional production methods. The main focus of the current review is to examine the work conducted in the field of reinforced additively manufactured technologies in the literature of recent years. More specifically, this review discusses the conducted research in the composite fibre coextrusion (CFC) additive manufacturing techniques developed over the past years and the materials that can be used. In addition, this study includes an up-to-date comprehensive review of the evaluation of fibre-reinforced 3D printing along with its benefits in terms of mechanical response, namely tensile, flexural, compression and energy absorption, anisotropy, and dynamic properties. Finally, this review highlights possible research gaps regarding fibre-reinforced AM and proposes future directions, such as deeper investigations into energy absorption and anisotropy, to position fibre-reinforced AM as a preferred fabrication method for ready-to-use parts in cutting-edge industries, including automotive, aerospace, and biomedical sectors.

Investigation of Ductility and Damage Behavior of C/GFRP Composite Laminates under Bending Loads

Carbon and glass fabric reinforced polymer (C/GFRP) composites are extensively used in aerospace and sports industry because of their exceptional properties. However, during service, static and dynamic bending loads can ensue damage in composites affecting their strength, stiffness and energy absorption. Carbon fiber composites, being inherently brittle, are prone to sudden catastrophic fracture without ductile-like behavior of metals. This study investigates mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms of woven C/GFRP composites in on- and off-axis orientations during bending. Initially, bending tests with quasi-static loading were performed, followed by dynamic ones using an Izod impact testing apparatus. Results showed distinct behavior in on-axis CFRP laminates with brittle fracture. Off-axis CFRP samples and both on- and off-axis GFRP laminates showed signs of damage and non-linear behavior, yet they retained their ability to bear loads. Significantly, off-axis specimens of both types and on-axis GFRP laminates exhibited enhanced energy absorption capabilities without experiencing fracture, undergoing pseudo-ductile deformation. CFRP specimens were analyzed with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), provided insights into prevalent damage modes such as matrix mircocracking, debonding of tows, delamination and breakage of fabric. While on-axis CFRP laminates experienced brittle fracture, off-axis specimens exhibited a ductile-like response attributed to matrix plasticity, cracking and fiber trellising before eventual failure.

Experimental and numerical evaluation of fibre-reinforced concrete vault forming slabs subjected to low-velocity impact loading

Vaults and dome structures are attractive in architecture due to their ability to evenly distribute weight and support substantial loads without internal columns. Fibre-reinforced concrete is ideal for these compressive structures, which experience low tensile stress. Assessing their performance under impact loading is crucial for safety, financial protection, and preserving cultural heritage. In this study, twelve arch-shaped slabs with thicknesses of 50, 75, and 100 mm, incorporating varying fibre percentages, were tested using a drop-weight impact test machine. Finite element analysis, validated against experimental results, was employed to evaluate the slabs’ behaviour under low-velocity impacts. The analysis revealed multiple flexural cracks in fibre-reinforced specimens, with maximum crack widths decreasing as fibre ratios increased. Although the number of microcracks rose with higher fibre content, crack spacing diminished. Results indicated that adding steel fibres significantly enhances tensile strength and energy absorption—showing a 90% increase in the 100 mm thick dome with 1.5% fibres—while reducing cracking. These improvements contribute to the durability, stability, and safety of concrete domes, lowering maintenance costs. Thus, incorporating steel fibres in the design and construction of impact-resistant concrete domes is highly recommended.

Design of continuously radial density-graded aluminum foam with unidirectional and bidirectional and study on blast resistance of sandwich tube

This work focuses on investigation of the internal blast resistance of metal sandwich tubes with continuously radial density-graded aluminum foam cores. Based on the 3D-Voronoi technology in polar coordinates, unidirectionally and bidirectionally continuously density-graded aluminum foam were developed for the cores of sandwich tubes in Finite Element (FE) model. And the correctness of core gradient was verified by comparing theoretical design with the actual value generated by FE model. Effects of core density distribution and core density gradient on blast resistance of sandwich tubes were explored and identified. The results indicate that, when the core density gradient is constant, the sandwich tube with negative-gradient core exhibits the smallest maximum deformation of the outer tube, while the negative-middle-low-gradient core tube shows the highest specific energy absorption ( SEA). For negative-gradient core tube, as the core density gradient increases, the maximum deformation of the outer tube decreases significantly, with only slight reduction of the structural SEA. For negative-middle-low-gradient core tube, as the core density gradient increases, the maximum deformation of the outer tube decreases, while the SEA increases.

Ballistic characteristics of ceramic core sandwich structures

The ceramic core sandwich structure (CCSS) is a lightweight material with advantages of high anti-ballistic impact performance, high energy absorption and high specific strength. The ballistic performances of the CCSS with metal face plates hit vertically by projectiles with the nose shapes of conical, flat, and hemispherical are studied analytically and numerically in this paper. Based on the principle of energy conservation, an analytical model of ballistic characteristics of the sandwich ceramic core structure is developed. Numerical calculations are conducted, and the numerical model has been verified by experimental results from references by others. In addition, the analytical results agree well with finite element results. The effects of shape of projectile head, the thickness ratio of three plates of CCSS, and the ratio of shear strength of ceramic core to yield strength of metal face plates on the ballistic characteristics of the CCSS are discussed. It is shown that the conical-nosed projectile achieved the highest ballistic limit velocity (BLV) and the sharper nose increases the normal stress at the impact area thereby enhancing the BLV. The thickness of the ceramic core significantly influences the resistance of the CCSS and the thicker ceramic core enhances the ability of CCSS to absorb kinetic energy from the projectile. Furthermore, an appropriate increase in the yield strength of face plates can enhance the anti-ballistic impact performance of the CCSS. These insights have practical implications for the design of protective systems in military and civilian applications, where optimizing materials for impact resistance is crucial.

Ultra-broadband absorber and perfect thermal emitter for high-efficiency solar energy absorption and conversion

This study proposes a pyramid-shaped solar absorber designed with multi-layered Ti-SiO2 ring stacked. The structure achieves an average absorption efficiency of 98.03 % over the range of 280–4000 nm, and under AM1.5 spectral conditions, the weighted average absorption efficiency reaches 97.66 %, the bandwidth with an absorption efficiency greater than 90 % reaches 3750 nm. To explore the reason for achieving ultra-broadband absorption with this structure, the electromagnetic field distribution at three absorption peaks was calculated. The results revealed that the resonance between the polarization direction of the three-layer circular ring stacked structure and the plasmon resonance at the junction of Ti and SiO2 contribute to the model's capability for ultra-broadband high-efficiency absorption. At the same time, the thermal emissivity of the structure was calculated at high temperatures of 1000 K and 2000 K, both exceeding 97 %. Furthermore, due to the fully symmetrical design, the absorber is polarization-independent. It was found through calculations that whether in TM mode or TE mode, as the incident angle varies from 0° to 60°, the average absorption efficiency of the absorber changes only by 11.16 %, thereby verifying the structure's excellent insensitivity to incident light angles. In summary, all these characteristics indicate that the model has excellent application prospects in fields such as solar energy collection and photothermal conversion.

Crashworthiness design and enhanced energy absorption of multi-cell thin-walled circular tubes

In order to improve the crashworthiness and enhance the energy absorption capacity of thin-walled structures, a new multi-cell thin-walled circular tube was established by combining the advantages of type I (bending-dominant) and type II (tension-dominant) structures in this paper. The crush resistance and specific energy absorption (SEA) of multi-cell empty and multi-cell foam-filled tubes (MFTs) subjected to axial crushing loads were experimentally investigated. It was shown that due to the introduction of ribbed structures, the crush resistance and energy absorption efficiency of multi-cell empty tubes can be obviously enhanced. Filling the empty tube with foam, the peak force of foam filled thin-walled circular tube structure is improved distinctly. The MFTs have a higher crushing load efficiency and lower average loading fluctuation than the corresponding multi-cell empty tubes, which are mainly affected by the ribbed angles. With the increase in ribbed angles, the load-carrying capacity and the SEA of the MFTs can also be enhanced, but the undulation of the load-carrying capacity is simultaneously reduced. When the ribbed angle is more than 45°, the MFTs have better energy absorption and crushing load efficiency. Compared with a multi-cell empty tube, the SEA of the MFT increased by about 19%.

Low-Velocity Impact Behaviour of Titanium-Based Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Laminate.

This study investigated the low-velocity impact response of titanium-based carbon-fibre/epoxy laminate (TI-CF FML). A comprehensive experimental study was carried out with impact energies ranging from 16.9 J to 91.9 J. Finite element analysis, performed using ABAQUS, was employed to elucidate the failure mechanisms of the laminate. Three distinct damage modes were identified based on the impact energy levels. The energy absorption characteristics of the TI-CF FML were analysed, revealing that maximum energy absorption is achieved and remains constant after penetration occurs. The relationship between impact force and displacement was also explored, showing that the laminate can withstand a peak force of 13.1 kN. The research on the impact resistance, damage mechanisms and energy absorption capacity of TI-CF FML provides an in-depth understanding of the impact behaviour of the laminate and its suitability for various industrial applications.