Endurance Training Group Research Articles

The Change of Type of Resistance Exercise for Muscle Mass and Inflammatory Marker in Korean Women

This study is targeted at adults 20 women in the type resistance exercise in muscle mass and inflammatory markers CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, WBC to be observed in the changes. In order to achieve the object that the same exercise volume given to the two groups were classified. MSTG(muscle strength training group, n=10)had the 70 ~ 75% 1RM, 6-10reps, 255kJ was as the 50-55% 1RM, 10-18reps , 288kJ of METG(muscle endurance training group, n=10). two groups are often as 8 weeks exercise was frequency 3 times, For comparison of two groups, repeated measure ANOVA with paired t-test was conducted, the level of statistical significance was set at ?=.05. The results of this study are all groups muscle mass to increase(p<.01, p<.01) and show significant difference between groups(p<.05). CRP is a MSTG difference was not significant after the drawings, after METG in the exercise group showed significant differences ((p <.05). TNF-α is a MSTG and METG group significantly decreased in both groups after exercise appeared to be (p <.05, p <.05), a significant difference was found between groups (p <.05). The WBC is MSTG and METG group all groups significantly decreased after exercise (p <.05, p <.05). IL-6 both groups also showed no significant differences. Therefore, women of the inflammatory markers of resistance exercise can increase muscle mass and lowering high repetitions of low-intensity endurance exercise is more effective forms of resistance are considered.

Differentiating maturational influence on training‐induced strength and endurance adaptations in prepubescent children

To analyze the effect of biological maturation on training-induced strength and endurance adaptations in the prepubertal growth spurt. One hundred and twenty-five healthy children (58 boys, 67 girls), aged 10-11 years old (10.8 ± 0.4 years), who were self-assessed as belonging to Tanner stages I and II, were randomly divided into two experimental groups, a strength training group (19 boys, 22 girls) and an endurance training group (21 boys, 24 girls) that would train twice a week for 8 weeks, as well as a control group (18 boys, 21 girls; no training program). After 8 weeks of training, there were improvements in all strength and endurance measures (P < 0.01) for both groups of Tanner stage I and II children. No significant differences in training response were observed relative to biological maturity or gender (P > 0.05). These data suggest that more biologically mature prepubescent children seem to have no advantage in training-induced strength and endurance adaptations compared with their less mature peers. Additionally, gender did not affect the training-induced changes in strength or aerobic fitness. These results are meaningful for the development of optimized well-rounded training programs in prepubertal children. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:469-475, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Casein hydrolysate supplementation enhances training effects on mitochondrial enzyme activities in slow muscle fibers but not in fast fibers in mice (706.18)

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether ingestion of casein hydrolysate enhances training effects on mitochondrial biogenesis.Methods: Mice were randomly divided into three treatment groups: the control group (CON), the endurance training group (Tr), and the endurance training with casein hydrolysate group (CH+Tr). Mice were ingested either water or casein hydrolysate (0.2 mg/g BW, 7 times/week) and subjected to endurance training (20‐25 m/min×60 min, 5 times/week, for 6 weeks) 30 min after the supplementation. Muscular mitochondrial enzyme activities, citrate synthase (CS) and β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (β‐HAD) were measured.Results: In plantaris muscle, CS activities in Tr and CH+Tr groups were significantly higher than that in CON group (p&lt;0.01) without significant differences between Tr group and CH+Tr group. On the other hand, CS activity in CH+Tr group was significantly higher than those in CON and Tr groups in soleus muscle (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, in cardiac muscle, CS activity in CH+Tr group was significantly higher than that in Tr group (p&lt;0.01) and tended to be higher comparing to CON group (p=0.051). β‐HAD activity was also increased in CH+Tr group in soleus and cardiac muscles.Conclusion: Casein hydrolysate supplementation enhances training effects on mitochondrial enzyme activities in slow muscle fibers but not in fast fibers.Grant Funding Source: Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd

Effects of strength and endurance training intervention on thigh intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue in sarkopenic women

Effects of strength and endurance training intervention on thigh intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue in sarkopenic women

Antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress adaptation to exercise training: Comparison of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training in untrained males

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance training (ET), resistance training (RT), and concurrent training (CT) on circulating antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. For this purpose, 30 men aged 21.7 ± 2.4 years were assigned to the following three training groups: ET, which included continuous running with incremental intensity that was increased up to 80% of maximal heart rate (n = 10); RT, which included a beginning load of 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM) that was increased up to 80% of 1RM (n = 10); and CT, which included ET and RT programs every other day during the week (n = 10). Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in plasma were measured. The results showed that SOD significantly increased by 21.85% (p = 0.020), 9.54% (p = 0.032), and 14.55% (p = 0.038) in the ET, RT, and CT groups, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of erythrocyte GPx significantly increased in the ET (p = 0.018) and CT (p = 0.042) groups. The TAC increased significantly in the ET (p = 0.040) and CT (p = 0.049) groups compared with the pretest values. The MDA level significantly decreased in the ET group by 32.7% (p = 0.028), by 32% in the RT group (p = 0.025), and by 29.1% (p = 0.047) in the CT group. However, there was no significant difference in the interaction of time and group between variables of SOD and GPx enzymes and TAC of plasma and MDA in the ET, RT, and CT groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that all three training types induced the same changes in redox state (increased SOD activity and reduction in MDA levels), but at different rates.

Endurance and Strength Athlete's Heart: Analysis of Myocardial Deformation by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography.

BackgroundIntensive training induces two morphological myocardial typologies of athlete's heart. Endurance training (ET) induces eccentric remodeling, bradycardia and better diastolic filling. Strength training (ST) determines concentric chamber remodelling maintaining a normal heart rate (HR). Aim of the study was to compare ET and ST athletes' heart using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE).Methods33 professional ET, 36 ST athletes, and 17 healthy controls (CT) were enrolled. All subjects underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography at rest and STE.ResultsIn ET group, HR was lower than ST group and CT group (p < 0.001; p < 0.01). ET group had higher E/A ratio than ST group and CT group (p < 0.01; p < 0.001). The left ventricular apical circumferential strain in ET group was lower than ST group and CT group (-21.6 ± 4.1% vs. -26.8 ± 7.7%, p < 0.05; vs. -27.8 ± 5.6%, p < 0.01). ET group had lower left ventricular twist (LVT) and untwisting (UTW) than ST group (6.2 ± 0.1° vs. 12.0 ± 0.1°, p < 0.01; -67.3 ± 22.9°/s vs. -122.5 ± 52.8°/s, p < 0.01) and CT group (10.0 ± 0.1°, p < 0.01; -103.3 ± 29.3°/s, p < 0.01). The univariate analysis showed significant correlation between E/A ratio and HR (r = -0.54; p < 0.001), LVT (r = -0.45; p < 0.01), UTW (r = 0.24; p < 0.05). At the multivariate analysis only HR was confirmed as independent predictor of diastolic function in all groups (Beta -0.52; p < 0.001).ConclusionIn ET there was a better global systolic and diastolic functional reserve at rest observed with strain analysis and it maybe depended on autonomic modulation.

Effects of Endurance Training on the Serum Levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ in Sedentary Men.

Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function. To find the relation between exercise and cytokines, we examined the possible effects of an 8-week endurance training program on the serum levels of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in sedentary men. A total of 30 healthy young male volunteers were randomly divided into an endurance training group and a control group. The training group followed a specific exercise protocol (running on a treadmill for 15~30 min at 50~70% maximal heart rate) for 8 weeks and the control group did not participate in any exercise program. Venous blood samples were collected from both the groups 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after the exercise. Repeated ANOVA was used for statistical purposes. The serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were determined by ELISA. Significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were observed in the serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively, after the 8-week endurance training program. Our findings indicated that an 8-week endurance exercise may affect the serum levels of some inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the beneficial role of this training protocol in elderly population and people with certain conditions (inflammation of the vertebrae or other inflammatory diseases).

Influence of strength, endurance and concurrent training on the lipid profile and blood testosterone and cortisol response in young male wrestlers

Background: There is little information regarding the effects of concurrent training (endurance and resistance training) on the fat profile, blood testosterone and cortisol response. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of concurrent training on the fat profile, blood testosterone and cortisol response in young male wrestlers. Material/Methods: Twenty-four young male wrestlers voluntarily participated and were randomly assigned to three groups, namely: endurance training (ET, N=8), strength training (ST, N=8) and concurrent training (CT, N=8). The groups did their training programs three sessions per week. Results: The findings of this study showed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased by 33.54% in the strength group (P=0.02). Total Testosterone (TT) experienced a decrease by 30.68% in the endurance group (P= 0.02) and by 41.55% in the concurrent group (P=0.02). Cortisol (cor) increased by 55.73% in the endurance (P=0.00) and by 41.55% in the concurrent (P=0.02) group, respectively. Testosterone-to-Cholesterol ratio (TT:Cor) decreased by 125.80% by and 78.12% in the endurance (P=0.00) and concurrent (0.04) groups, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the decrease in HDL, an increasing trend in TT in the strength training group and also a decrease in TT and an improved lipids profile in the endurance and concurrent training groups can be a function of the training type.

Changes in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training

The effect of different doses of endurance training on the capacity to oxidize fat during exercise in sedentary, overweight men and assessment of variables associated with changes in peak fat oxidation (PFO) were evaluated. Young, sedentary, overweight men were randomized to either the high-dose (HIGH, 600 kcal/day, n = 17) or moderate-dose (MOD, 300 kcal/day, n = 18) endurance training groups or controls (CON, n = 15). PFO and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) were measured using indirect calorimetry, body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and protein levels of mitochondrial enzymes determined by Western blotting. PFO increased in both MOD [1.2 mg/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/min, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08:2.3, P = 0.03] and HIGH (1.8 mg/kg FFM/min, CI: 0.6:2.9, P < 0.001) compared with CON. Skeletal muscle expression of citrate synthase, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial oxphos complexes II-V increased similarly in MOD and HIGH. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with backward elimination of individual variables correlated with changes in PFO revealed increases in cycling efficiency, FFM, and VO2 peak as the remaining associated variables. In conclusion, PFO during exercise increased with both moderate- and high-dose endurance training. Increases in PFO were mainly predicted by changes in VO2 peak, FFM, and cycling efficiency, and less with skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes.

Effects of Body Fat and Dominant Somatotype on Explosive Strength and Aerobic Capacity Trainability in Prepubescent Children

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of body fat and somatotype on explosive strength and aerobic capacity trainability in the prepubertal growth spurt, marked by rapid changes in body size, shape, and composition, all of which are sexually dimorphic. One hundred twenty-five healthy children (58 boys, 67 girls), aged 10-11 years (10.8 ± 0.4 years), who were self-assessed in Tanner stages 1-2, were randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups to train twice a week for 8 weeks: strength training group (19 boys, 22 girls), endurance training group (21 boys, 24 girls), and a control group (18 boys, 21 girls). Evaluation of body fat was carried out using the method described by Slaughter. Somatotype was computed according to the Heath-Carter method. Increased endomorphy reduced the likelihood of vertical jump height improvement (odds ratio [OR], 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.85), increased mesomorphy (OR, 6.15; 95% CI, 1.52-24.88) and ectomorphy (OR, 6.52; 95% CI, 1.71-24.91) increased the likelihood of sprint performance, and increased ectomorphy (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.20-12.27) increased the likelihood of aerobic fitness gains. Sex did not affect the training-induced changes in strength or aerobic fitness. These data suggest that somatotype has an effect on explosive strength and aerobic capacity trainability, which should not be disregarded. The effect of adiposity on explosive strength, musculoskeletal magnitude on running speed, and relative linearity on running speed and aerobic capacity seem to be crucial factors related to training-induced gains in prepubescent boys and girls.

Concurrent training effect on muscle fibers in Wistar rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the modeling of muscle fibers in rats submitted to different exercise protocols. Fifty-five Wistar rats were submitted divided into four different groups: Control group (CG; N=16); endurance training group (ETG; N=13), strength training group (STG; N=13) and concurrent training group (CTG; N=13). The intensity of endurance training was determined by the critical workload. Statistical analysis involved the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons, followed by Dunn's post test (p&lt;0.05). All animals submitted to training exhibited an increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers. The largest increase (p&gt;0.05) occurred in the STG and CTG at both four (mean:2952,95 ± 878,39 mean:2988,84 ± 822,58) and eight weeks respectively (mean:3020,26 ± 800.91; mean:3104,91 ± 817,87). The findings demonstrate similar results obtained with strength training and concurrent training, with a greater increase in muscle fiber area in both groups in comparison to the control group and group submitted to endurance training.

Functional and Muscular Adaptations in an Experimental Model for Isometric Strength Training in Mice

Exercise training induces muscular adaptations that are highly specific to the type of exercise. For a systematic study of the differentiated exercise adaptations on a molecular level mouse models have been used successfully. The aim of the current study was to develop a suitable mouse model of isometric strength exercise training characterized by specific adaptations known from strength training. C57BL/6 mice performed an isometric strength training (ST) for 10 weeks 5 days/week. Additionally, either a sedentary control group (CT) or a regular endurance training group (ET) groups were used as controls. Performance capacity was determined by maximum holding time (MHT) and treadmill spirometry, respectively. Furthermore, muscle fiber types and diameter, muscular concentration of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDHa), and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) were determined. In a further approach, the effect of ST on glucose intolerance was tested in diabetic mice. In mice of the ST group we observed an increase of MHT in isometric strength tests, a type II fiber hypertrophy, and an increased GLUT4 protein content in the membrane fraction. In contrast, in mice of the ET group an increase of VO2max, a shift to oxidative muscle fiber type and an increase of oxidative enzyme content was measured. Furthermore strength training was effective in reducing glucose intolerance in mice fed a high fat diet. An effective murine strength training model was developed and evaluated, which revealed marked differences in adaptations known from endurance training. This approach seems also suitable to test for therapeutical effects of strength training.

Greater BOLD response to working memory in endurance-trained adults revealed by breath-hold calibration.

Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with increased frontal and parietal activation during executive function tasks. While these findings suggest fitness-related enhancement of neuronal response, the utility of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may be limited by potential fitness-related differences in global vascular reactivity. The aim of this study was to determine if highly fit adults display differential activation during working memory after calibration for vascular reactivity relative to their sedentary counterparts. Thirty-two endurance-trained and 24 sedentary adults, aged 40-65 years, completed a 2-Back verbal working memory task and a breath-hold challenge during fMRI. Group differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during working memory were examined across the whole brain and in a priori regions of interest (ROI) before and after breath-hold calibration using non-parametric permutation testing. Multiple regression was used to explore the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max), age, and calibrated 2-Back-related activation within the one a priori ROI with significant group effects. In comparison to the endurance-trained group, the sedentary group exhibited greater BOLD signal changes in response to the breath-hold task. After, but not before calibration, the endurance-trained group displayed significantly higher 2-Back-related activation in the right middle frontal gyrus (P = 0.049). Older age predicted lower 2-Back-related activation (ß = -0.308, P = 0.031), whereas fitness predicted higher activation (ß = 0.372, P = 0.021) in this region. Breath-hold calibration increased detection of working memory-related BOLD response differences between sedentary and endurance-trained adults. Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to mitigate age-related changes in BOLD during working memory in this region.

Comparing the effect of moderate intensity exercise on arterial stiffness in resistance trained athletes, endurance trained athletes and sedentary controls: A cross-sectional observational study

BackgroundArterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There has been no previous research comparing the acute changes to arterial stiffness following aerobic exercise in different groups of athletes. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effect of aerobic exercise on arterial stiffness in resistance-trained (RT) athletes, endurance-trained (ET) athletes and sedentary controls. MethodsCentral and peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured before and at 3, 15 and 30 min intervals post-exercise in RT athletes (n = 18), ET athletes (n = 19) and sedentary controls (n = 15). PWV was measured using Doppler flow velocimeters and derived from the ‘foot-to-foot’ transit times. Blood pressure and heart rate recordings preceded all PWV measurements. ResultsResting PWV did not differ significantly between groups. In the endurance and control group, central PWV increased at 3 min post-exercise (from 7.7 ± 2.2 to 10.6 ± 4.2 m/s; P = 0.02 and from 7.4 ± 2.2 to 9.1 ± 3.1 m/s; P = 0.01 respectively), followed by a decline to baseline within 15 min of exercise cessation. Central PWV fell at 30 min post-exercise (P = 0.08) in the resistance group, although this was a non-significant reduction. Peripheral PWV did not change significantly from respective baseline values in any group. ConclusionThe ET and control group exhibited differences in their central arterial response to exercise compared to the RT group, although peripheral arterial response was similar between the groups. Higher intensity and/or prolonged exercise is likely to be required for more pronounced differences.

Effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone and exercise training on insulin like growth factor I concentration in left ventricles

Introduction: Anabolic-androgenic steroids are increasingly used in athletes and non-athletes elderly males. Several studies have suggested that synthetic testosterone have direct effects by causing cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular contractile dysfunction. All of these factors contribute to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, limited data are available regarding interactions between anabolic hormones concentration and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression in the heart in response to exercise training. Therefore, we examined effects of supraphysiological testosterone administration on left ventricular remodeling and cardiac IGF-I concentrations in sedentary and exercise-trained rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=52) were randomly allocated to groups with a 6-week endurance training with or without testosterone, and sedentary animals with or without testosterone. The hormone (20mg/250 g BW) was administrated once a week for six weeks. After six weeks the animals were anesthetized and the heart was excised and weighted. The left ventricular was separated to biochemical analyses. Results: Testosterone treated sedentary animals showed significant higher cardiac IGF-I concentrations compared to control group (p<0.001). In endurance-trained groups, cardiac IGF-I concentrations were significantly higher after testosterone administration (p<0.01). The administration of supraphysiological testosterone significantly increased left ventricular mass of sedentary rats and left ventricular mass to body weigh ratio in endurance trained animals compared to control group. However, this effect was relatively small in trained group with and without testosterone administration. Conclusions: The data demonstrate that increased cardiac IGF-I concentration in response to higher serum testosterone might be responsible for heart hypertrophy observed in both sedentary and endurance- trained animals.

You get what you give: localized vascular changes are apparent following long‐term exercise training

You get what you give: localized vascular changes are apparent following long‐term exercise training

Intramuscular doxorubicin accumulation and skeletal muscle fatigue: effects of prior exercise

The anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX) has been shown to accumulate in skeletal muscle and result in muscle fatigue, but the role that exercise plays in DOX accumulation and fatigue in skeletal muscle is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise prior to DOX administration on intramuscular DOX accumulation and skeletal muscle fatigue. Ten‐week old, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to an endurance training group (treadmill training), a resistance training group (raised food/water), or a sedentary group for 10 weeks. After the activity treatment period, animals received DOX or saline as a control. One day after injection, the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were excised, and fatigue was analyzed ex vivo. DOX levels in the soleus and EDL were then quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. The endurance and resistance training models employed attenuated the increased muscle fatigue associated with DOX treatment, but this reduction in fatigue was not associated with decreased intramuscular DOX levels. This suggests that the beneficial effects of exercise on DOX‐induced skeletal muscle fatigue observed one day following treatment are not necessarily attributed to reduced intramuscular DOX levels.

Exercise-Induced Insulin-Like Growth Factor I System Concentrations after Training in Women

This study examined the effects of short-term physical training on the acute hormonal response (i.e., growth hormone, total and free insulin-like growth factor I [IGF-I], and IGF binding proteins [IGFBP]-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3) to resistance exercise (RE) in women. Forty-six women (20.3 ± 0.3 yr, mass = 64.1 ± 7.3 kg, height = 165.7 ± 1.0 cm) were randomly assigned to an endurance training (E), resistance training (R), combined training (R + E), or control (C) group for 8wk. Subjects completed a standardized bout of RE (six sets of back squats at 10 repetition maximum) before and after training. Blood samples were obtained at rest (PRE), after the third set, immediately postexercise (POST), and at 15 min and 30 min after exercise. Acute RE significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum growth hormone (mean ± SD; change from PRE to POST = +10.9 ± 7.5 μg·L-1), total IGF-I (+66.1 ± 25.4 μg·L-1), IGFBP-1 (+2.5 ± 3.1 μg·L-1), IGFBP-2 (+86.0 ± 86.8 μg·L-1), and IGFBP-3 (+0.69 ± 0.25 mg·L-1) concentrations and decreased free IGF-I concentrations (-0.14 ± 0.21 μg·L-1). After 8 wk of training, total IGF-I concentrations were significantly increased (change in POST concentrations from week 0 to week 8 = +82.5 ± 120.8 μg·L-1), and IGFBP-1 concentrations were significantly decreased (-6.7 ± 13.6 μg·L-1) during exercise in groups that participated in resistance training (R and R + E); no significant changes were seen after E or C. Participation in resistance training increased total IGF-I and reduced IGFBP-1 concentrations during acute RE, indicating exercise mode-specific adaptations in the circulating IGF-I system.

Effects of Endurance Training on Lipid Metabolism and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels in Streptozotocin-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats on a High-fat Diet

[Purpose] Exercise has been recognized as a simple and economical therapeutic modality that effectively benefits patients with diabetes, for instance, increasing insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. However, thus far, no studies have examined the effect of endurance training exercises on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study examined the effect of endurance training exercise regimens on body weight, glucose and insulin levels, lipid profiles, and HbA1c levels in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats on a high-fat diet. HbA1c was considered an indicator of glucose control during endurance training. [Methods] A total of 36 rats were included in this study. Diabetes was induced by administering STZ to 2 groups of 12 rats each, and, the remaining 12 rats were classified as the normal group. Biochemical parameters were measured 28 days later, and included: serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose, and insulin levels. [Results] A significant decrease in serum TC and TG levels, and an increase in HDL cholesterol level were observed in the endurance training group. Moreover, blood glucose and HbA1c levels after 28 days of exercising were significantly lower in the endurance training group than in the control group (p<0.05). [Conclusion] These results indicate that endurance training affects body weight and, lipid profiles, as well as fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels, in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats on a high- fat diet. We suggest that endurance training exercises may exhibit therapeutic, preventative, and protective effects against diabetes mellitus through improving lipid metabolism, glycemic control, and HbA1c levels.

Abstract OT3-2-01: Influence of strength and endurance training on selected physical and psychological parameters and on immune system, metabolism and circulating tumor cells during adjuvant chemotherapy

Abstract Background: Reduced quality of life, limited performance and fatigue are commonly observed side effects of breast cancer systemic treatment. In previous studies sport therapy could improve these symptoms. Sport has also been reported to positively impact the clinical course of the disease. So far it has remained unclear if these influences on clinical outcome are caused by alterations in the immune system or in tumor biology or in glucose or fat metabolism. The aim of this study is to analyse the implications of individual interventions in exercise therapy on endurance, muscle strength, fatigue and quality of life, alterations in the immune system or in tumor biology or in glucose or fat metabolism for breast cancer patients during chemo therapy. Method: The trial is prospectively randomised and controlled and will involve 60 breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. 20 patients each are randomized into a strength training group, an endurance training group or a control group (with standard care). At the beginning and after 12 weeks the following tests are undertaken: isometric maximum strength test, a PWC 150 test to determine the endurance of patients. The standardised questionnaire EORTC QLQ C30 including module BR23 to measure quality of life and the questionnaire MFI-20 to determine symptoms of fatigue are filled in. Questionnair D2 measures ability to concentrate. Immunologic parameters as CD4, CD8 and T-REG-cells (FACS-Analysis), the number of the circulating tumour cells (measured by density gradient centrifugation) and also the concentration of glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin are being measured at study entry and after 12 weeks. Momentarily patients are being screened, recruited and randomised into the trial. The final evaluation of the results is planned II/ 2013. Discussion: The purpose of this study is to show if additional value can be added by individualized strength- or endurance training. Stabilisation or improvement of maximum strength and endurance during chemotherapy, as well as increase of quality of life and reduction of symptoms of fatigue would be a major improvement. Knowledge about effects of physical activity on circulating tumour cells as well as on immunologic alterations and on glucose and fat metabolism under chemotherapy could lead to a more specific counseling of patients and an individualized training program during chemotherapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-2-01.