Improvements In Endurance Research Articles

Equated volume load: similar improvements in muscle strength, endurance, and hypertrophy for traditional, pre-exhaustion, and drop sets in resistance training

Equated volume load: similar improvements in muscle strength, endurance, and hypertrophy for traditional, pre-exhaustion, and drop sets in resistance training

Study on the Difference of Endurance Performance between Polarization Intensity and other Intensity Distribution Endurance Training

The purpose of this study is to explore the difference in the effect of endurance training with different intensity distribution on improving athletes ' endurance performance. Through systematic review and empirical analysis, the effects of polarization intensity training and other intensity distribution training in endurance exercise were compared. In this study, literature review, experimental design and data analysis were used to elaborate the theoretical basis, implementation strategy and influence mechanism of polarization intensity training on endurance performance. At the same time, other intensity distribution trainings were classified and described, and the potential effects of these training methods on endurance improvement were analyzed. Further, this study revealed the significant differences in endurance performance between the two training modes through comparative analysis, and discussed possible physiological explanations. Finally, this study puts forward training suggestions for different sports groups, and puts forward the prospect of future research direction. The results of this study show that polarization intensity training has obvious advantages in improving the performance of professional endurance athletes, but other intensity distribution training also shows good applicability and effect among amateur sports enthusiasts.

HAO + Al2O3 FeFET Gate-Stack for Overall Improvement in Operating Voltage, Endurance, and Retention

HAO + Al₂O₃ FeFET Gate-Stack for Overall Improvement in Operating Voltage, Endurance, and Retention

OPTIMISING EFFORT CAPACITY IN TRIATHLON

Background. My personal triathlon practice inspired the creation of a specialized training regimen to improve triathlon training in Romania. This program aims to enhance performance, well-being, and injury prevention for athletes. At the INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CENTRE (CCI) “Dr. Alexandru Partheniu” of UNEFS, we used AEROSCAN technology to assess exercise capacity, measuring heart and breathing rates with the Bruce Protocol for precise physiological monitoring. Objectives. This research demonstrates that tailored training cycles for swimming, cycling, and running can significantly enhance triathlon performance. The goal was to create a customizable, comprehensive training program to maximize the overall training process and provide a scientific foundation for triathlon training in Romania. This research aims to demonstrate that tailored training cycles can significantly enhance triathlon performance. Methods. We used observation, experimental, statistical-mathematical, and bibliographic study methods to interpret the experiment's outcomes. The bibliographic study provided the theoretical basis, while observation and experimental methods enabled real-time data collection. Statistical analysis was crucial for interpreting the data. Results. Using AEROSCAN and the Polar system, we evaluated exercise capacity and tracked heart rate. The Bruce protocol was applied for both initial and final tests. The data showed significant improvements in endurance, speed, and overall performance, supported by statistical analysis, after implementing the customized training program. Conclusion: Our research indicates that tailored athletic training regimens for each triathlon discipline can significantly enhance performance and promote athletes' health and longevity. The results highlight the importance of individualized training plans and suggest potential improvements in Romanian triathlon training practices. Individualized training programs lead to notable improvements in performance and athlete well-being.

Cardiovascular profile of women in cardiac rehabilitation programs and its impact on their functional capacity

Abstract Background The value of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for patients with a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases is supported by a solid body of scientific evidence. It has demonstrated improvement in cardiopulmonary capacity and physical endurance, as well as a reduction in morbidity, mortality and rehospitalization. Despite these benefits, it is an underutilized resource among women. Purpose Our objective was to study the clinical characteristics of women included in our CR program, as well as the evolution of their functional capacity, in comparison to men. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted and consecutive patients who had participated in the CR program at our center, between the years 2019 and 2022, were included. Clinical characteristics and the evolution of functional capacity throughout the program were assessed, stratified by gender. Results 175 patients were included and subdivided by gender into two groups: 144 males and 31 females. The mean age was slightly higher among the female patients, without reaching statistical significance, and the body mass index was similar in both groups. Ischemic heart disease was the primary reason for inclusion in 80% of cases. Within the female patients, 52% had hypertension (p=0.04) and 20% had diabetes (p=0.09), percentages slightly lower than those in males; a similar percentage of patients had dyslipidemia in both groups (see table). The initial METs in ergometry [7.6 (6.3-10.2) among male patients and 4.6 (4.4-6.9) among female patients], and the final METs [10 (8.1-11.3) and 6.8 (5.6-7.6), respectively], were higher in the male group, with a significant increase in METs at the end of the CR program in both groups. Nonetheless, the absolute increase in METs was similar in both males and females. Conclusions Cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent among males. CR programs demonstrate an improvement in functional capacity (defined as an increase in METs) in both males and females, with a similar absolute increase in METs for both genders. Therefore, we must increase our efforts to include more women in CR programs.

Integrating Heart Rate Monitoring Into a Camp for Children With Neuromotor Disorders: A Case Series.

This case series investigated the implementation fidelity, feasibility, and effectiveness of integrating continuous heart rate monitoring with visual feedback into an established, intensive physical therapy camp for children with neuromotor disorders. The provision of continuous visual feedback through color-coded, individually calculated heart rate zones was a feasible and effective intervention, encouraging pediatric gait camp participants to exercise at intensities that produced aerobic and functional gains. The use of technology facilitated participation with peers, an outcome equally as important as their endurance and functional improvements. Pediatric physical therapists play a crucial role in enhancing the well-being and physical fitness of children with disabilities. Encouraging regular exercise in a social environment fosters enjoyable, inclusive experiences while promoting overall health. It is important for clinicians in various pediatric rehabilitation settings to establish programs that offer such opportunities for children with neuromotor disorders.

The Effect of Physical Education with a Humanistic Approach on the Physical Activity Level and Physical Fitness in Shy Children

Background: Shy children often avoid interacting with their peers, which can restrict their participation in physical activities and impact their physical fitness. Therefore, it is essential to offer specific support and strategies to assist these children in increasing their involvement and enhancing their physical fitness. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how physical education, utilizing a humanistic approach, impacts the physical fitness and daily physical activity behavior of shy children. Methods: In order to achieve this, a quasi-experimental field study was planned with pre- and post-tests including a control group. Participants were 9 to 10-year-old elementary school girls from Tehran, selected based on the Chick-Briggs Shyness Scale Physical fitness was measured using tests for cardiorespiratory endurance, agility, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. The physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) was utilized in assessing children's attitude towards physical activity. The experimental group (n = 15) received a physical education course with a humanistic approach using the teaching physical and social responsibility (TPSR) model, while the control group (n = 15) maintained their usual daily routines. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in physical activity levels, muscular endurance, and flexibility compared to the control group. A humanistic, game-based educational approach using the TPSR model can effectively improve certain components of physical fitness and promote a positive attitude towards physical activity in shy children. Conclusions: This approach can help teachers and coaches better understand and assist this group of children in overcoming the negative relationship between shyness, sports participation, and physical fitness.

Does Cathodal Preconditioning Enhance the Effects of Subsequent Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Corticospinal Excitability and Grip Strength?

Lewis, A, Rattray, B, and Flood, A. Does cathodal preconditioning enhance the effects of subsequent anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on corticospinal excitability and grip strength? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Inconsistent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on corticospinal excitability (CSE) and exercise performance are commonly reported. Cathodal preconditioning, involving cathodal tDCS delivered before anodal tDCS over the same region, may enhance changes in CSE and exercise beyond that resulting from anodal tDCS alone. This study aimed to investigate whether the effects of anodal tDCS on CSE and isometric grip strength can be enhanced by cathodal preconditioning. Thirty-five healthy subjects aged 19-37 years completed a familiarization session followed by 4 stimulation conditions presented in a randomized cross-over design across 4 separate sessions. tDCS doses were applied at 2 mA over the primary motor cortex for 10 minutes. Corticospinal excitability was assessed using 120% of resting motor threshold and an input/output curve of motor evoked potentials of the first dorsal interosseous. Grip strength was evaluated as time to exhaustion (TTE) in a sustained isometric contraction. Relative to conventional sham stimulation, TTE was significantly increased by 15% after conventional anodal tDCS. Corticospinal excitability increased in response to tDCS, but this effect did not differ across conditions. Cathodal preconditioning before anodal stimulation did not increase CSE or grip strength beyond that seen in the other stimulation conditions. Our findings did not reveal any significant impact of stimulation type on CSE. Notably, anodal tDCS led to a significant improvement in grip strength endurance. However, cathodal preconditioning did not seem to increase the effect of subsequent anodal stimulation on CSE nor grip strength.

Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power.

Caffeine is one of the most popular ergogenic aids consumed by athletes. Caffeine's ergogenic effect has been generally explained by its ability to bind to adenosine receptors, thus modulating pain and reducing perceived exertion. Another pharmacological agent that may improve performance due to its analgesic proprieties is paracetamol. This study aimed to explore the effects of caffeine, paracetamol, and caffeine + paracetamol consumption on muscular endurance, strength, power, anaerobic endurance, and jumping performance. In this randomized, crossover, double-blind study, 29 resistance-trained participants (11 men and 18 women) ingested either a placebo, caffeine (3 mg/kg), paracetamol (1500 mg) or caffeine + paracetamol 45 min before the testing sessions. The testing sessions included performing the bench press exercise with 75% of one-repetition maximum to momentary muscular failure, isokinetic knee extension and flexion at angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec, Wingate, and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests. Compared to placebo, isolated caffeine ingestion increased the number of repetitions performed in the bench press (p = 0.005; d = 0.42). Compared to placebo, isolated caffeine ingestion and/or caffeine + paracetamol consumption was ergogenic for strength (torque), muscular endurance (total work), or power in the isokinetic assessment, particularly at slower angular velocities (p = 0.027 to 0.002; d = 0.16 to 0.26). No significant differences between the conditions were observed for outcomes related to the Wingate and CMJ tests. This study provided novel evidence into the effectiveness of caffeine, paracetamol, and their combination on exercise performance. We found improvements in muscular endurance, strength, or power only when caffeine was consumed in isolation, or in combination with paracetamol. Isolated paracetamol consumption did not improve performance for any of the analyzed outcomes, thus calling into question its ergogenic potential.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Fitness of Male Middle Distance Runners

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed on male middle distance runners. The study employed experimental research design. All 26 Awuscod male middle distance runners were taken with EG and CG and divided randomly into two equal groups. Both the (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) had taken PT and POT of 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30 meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed respectively.EG participated in additional 10 weeks concurrent interventions. While, the CG continued with their usual training The data collected from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software by using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) with level of significant 0.05. The results showed concurrent training has significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and speed on EG (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in CG (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that concurrent training has a positive impact on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed. Therefore, concurrent training is suggested for middle distance runners to improve physical fitness for athletic performance.

Robotic exoskeleton-assisted gait training in patients with motor incomplete myelopathy

Objectives: To assess the effect of gait training with robotic exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation systems on gait parameters, balance, and overall disability in motor incomplete myelopathy. Design: Prospective pre-post study. Setting: Neurological rehabilitation unit in a tertiary university teaching hospital. Participants: Thirty-four motor incomplete myelopathy patients [22 males, mean age 36.7 y (12.7)] were included in this prospective, pre-post study. Twenty-two had nontraumatic etiology, and 17 had tetraplegia. American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale suggested 23 as C and 11 as American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale-D. The mean duration of the lesion was 333 days. Intervention: Twenty-four sessions of robotic gait training (1-h session, 5–6 sessions/wk) for 4–6 weeks. Outcome measures: Gait speed was assessed using a 10-meter walk test (10MWT), endurance with a 2-minute walk test (2MWT) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT), walking ability by Walking Index in Spinal Cord Injury-walking index for spinal cord injury II, functionality using Spinal cord Independence Measure-SCIM III, and balance by Timed-up-and-go (TUG) test. Results: At baseline, 20 patients were nonwalkers-NWB, and 14 were walkers-WB. The walking index for spinal cord injury II and SCIM III suggested significant improvement in both groups by the end of the study (P<0.05). Among the WB group, 10MWT, 2MWT, and TUG showed significant improvement (P=0.004, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively) with training. Patients in NWB group were able to perform 10MWT, 2MWT, 6MWT, and TUG by the end of the study. Conclusions: Gait training with robotic exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation systems can lead to a significant improvement in gait endurance, speed, balance, and functional outcomes in individuals with incomplete myelopathy. The effect is more pronounced among already ambulatory patients.

Age Specifics of Homeostasis Response to Cold Stress in Wistar Rats: Endurance Improvement or Disorganization?

Cold exposure, especially in combination with exercise, is a common procedure to fortify the body. However, its effects in old age are poorly understood. Using the homeostasis stability coefficient as an indicator, the body response to a 20-min swim in cold water was for the first time studied comprehensively in old and young Wistar rats. Effects on the hormonal, hematological, and morphofunctional systems of the liver and thymus were assessed. Unfavorable age-related changes in the stability of homeostasis were observed in old rats. The changes complicated the recovery after cold stress and required the involvement of a greater number of homeostatic mechanisms than in young rats. The liver was found to be the most vulnerable to cold stress. It was concluded that fortifying the body by cold exposure is possible to use in old age, but with due regard to age-related restrictions.

Effect of Fartlek and Interval Training on the Muscular Strength and Strength Endurance of Football Player's Performance

The sixty district level football players were selected randomly as subjects from different schools of Vadodara, Gujarat. The groups were from 16 to 19 years of age; these subjects were further divided into three groups of 20 players each, and the groups were called Experimental group I=20, Experimental group II=20 and the Control group=20. The purpose of the study was to know the effects of the study on the development of district level football players of schools. METHODS: - Subjects were tested under pre-test on Aapher youth fitness test and collected pre-test data, Later both experimental group were given specific training i:e Experimental group I – Fartlek training, Experimental group II- Interval training and Control Group- No training, once the trainings was completed the subjects were tested again under post-test and the data was collected for analysis and interpretation. FINDINGS:- 1. The calculated F-value of adjusted mean was 68.89, which was significant at 0.05 levels. 2. The calculated F-value of adjusted mean was 369.52, which was significant at 0.05 levels as it was greater than tabulated F value at 0.05 levels. CONCLUSION:-1. After analyzing ANCOVA and LSD post hoc test for muscular strength it was observed that there was a significant improvement in the muscular strength of the subject of both the Experimental groups i.e. fartlek training group and interval training group comparatively control group. 2. After analyzing ANCOVA and LSD post hoc test for strength endurance it was observed that there was a significant improvement in the strength endurance of the subject of both the Experimental groups i.e. fartlek training group and interval training group comparatively control group.

Exploring the ergogenic potential of carbohydrate-caffeine combined mouth rinse on exercise and cognitive performance: a systematic review.

Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been independently reported to benefit sport performance. The proposed mechanisms by which mouth rinsing CHO exerts an influence are reported to be different from those for mouth rinsing CAF. However, the potential ergogenic effects of combining CHO and CAF in a single mouth rinse solution, are unclear. This study aimed to review the available evidence of CHO-CAF combined mouth rinse on exercise and cognitive performance in human participants. A systematic literature search was conducted using five databases until April 2024, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Among the nine randomized crossover studies included, only one study showed significant improvements in lower-body muscular endurance with CHO-CAF mouth rinse (effect size (ES): 0.48; p<0.05), while two studies reported non-statistically significant improvements in repeated sprint performance compared to other mouth rinse and placebo conditions (ES: 0.20-0.81; p=0.07-0.18). However, for other performance measures, including repeated jumps, upper-body strength and endurance, endurance cycling, and intermittent recovery run, most evidence (five studies) did not demonstrate significant ergogenic effects. Notably, of the two studies that examined cognitive performance, both reported significant improvements with CHO-CAF mouth rinse compared with the placebo condition (ES: 0.45-3.45; p<0.05). Overall, a synergistic influence of CHO-CAF mouth rinse on physical exercise performance is not evident, but preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits on cognitive performance. Future studies are required to address various methodological issues identified in this review, while practitioners and athletes should exercise caution when considering this novel nutritional strategy.

Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance.

This review investigates the effect of two different concurrent training sequences on endurance performance. The sequences investigated are Endurance-Resistance (ER) and Resistance-Endurance (RE). A literature search is conducted of the SPORTDiscus and Medline databases. The included studies are randomized control trials, which compare the effect of ER and RE on at least one endurance performance variable. A PEDro scale is used to assess the methodological quality of the articles in this review. Of a total of 152 articles identified during the initial screening, 15 studies meet the inclusion criteria. These studies include 426 participants (298 males and 128 females), with 212 of the participants training with ER and 214 with RE. The results are presented as the percentage change of the mean from pre- to post-test. All the studies show an improvement in endurance from pre to post for both interventions, except for the RE group in one study. This review finds small and non-conclusive sequence effects between ER and RE, suggesting that the sequence of concurrent training is not of great importance in relation to endurance performance.

Optimizing the Ferroelectric Performance of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Epitaxial Film by La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Capping Layer

AbstractHafnium‐oxide‐based ferroelectrics have garnered considerable research interest, primarily for their robust ferroelectricity at the nanoscale and their high compatibility with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductors processes. However, the impact of electrodes on the ferroelectric properties of hafnium‐oxide layer, particularly that of top electrodes, is not yet fully understood even in the simplest capacitor geometry. In this study, the La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (LSMO/HZO) epitaxial heterostructure is utilized as a model system to conduct a systematic comparative study on ferroelectricity between the LSMO/HZO (H‐LS) bilayer and LSMO/HZO/LSMO (LS‐H‐LS) trilayer samples. In comparison to the H‐LS sample, the LS‐H‐LS sample exhibits a more uniform polar domain configuration and larger ferroelectric polarization. Moreover, the LS‐H‐LS sample exhibits significant improvements in leakage, endurance, and retention. These substantial enhancements in ferroelectricity are likely due to interfacial stress imposed by the LSMO capping layer and its capacity to accommodate extra oxygen vacancies. These results underscore the pivotal role of oxide‐based top electrodes in determining the ferroelectricity of hafnium‐oxide‐based heterostructures, providing crucial insights for optimizing the performance of innovative ferroelectric devices.

Multiple sclerosis and spasticity: the role of anaesthetic nerve blocks on rectus femoris muscle. When should stiff knee be treated with botulinum toxin?

To compare the effect of rectus femoris diagnostic motor nerve blocks (DNB) with anaesthetics and rectus femoris muscle botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) injection in multiple sclerosis patients with unilateral stiff-knee gait. Prospective observational study Subjects/Patients: Multiple sclerosis patients in stable condition. Patients underwent evaluation before and 1 hour after the anaesthetic block, and 1 month after the botulinum injection. Assessment included a 10-m walking test, a 6-minute walking test, a timed-up-and-go (TUG) test, and a Baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Post-DNB and post-BoNT-A satisfaction was measured with the global assessment of efficacy scale. Fourteen patients with unilateral stiff-knee gait due to multiple sclerosis underwent a DNB, among whom 13 received botulinum injections in the rectus femoris muscle after a satisfying test result. Positive post-DNB results correlated with significant functional improvements after BoNT-A. Higher EDSS and longer time from diagnosis correlated with poorer post-DNB and post-BoNT-A absolute outcomes. DNB showed predictive value for BoNT-A outcomes, especially in the case of worse functional status. It effectively predicted endurance and walking speed improvement, while TUG showed greater improvement after botulinum. In cases of uncertain therapeutic benefit, nerve blocks may provide a valuable diagnostic support, particularly in patients with lower functional status.

Enhancing the performance of extreme learning machine technique using optimization algorithms for embedded workload characterization

Embedded devices are used in many domains, including healthcare, industries, and home automation, all of which entail significant workloads. As a direct consequence, the embedded devices require retrieval and processing of data of large volume, which occupy large memory space in the embedded devices. Compression along with workload characterization is an effective technique for minimizing memory usage and to the improvement of endurance of memory in such devices. This paper investigates the embedded workload characterization using Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) that is particularly suitable for large-scale datasets and real-time applications. Though ELM is single-layer feedforward network, its input weight randomization has a considerable effect on the accuracy of the classification. In this paper, the authors have proposed a hybrid algorithm for the optimization of the randomization of ELM. The Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Ant Colony Optimizer (ACO), and the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) were used in the optimization of the classification process in ELM to increase the accuracy of the results. The input data must be categorized based on the energy consumed by each workload to proceed with further processing according to the system requirements. This paper explores and analyses the performance of hybridized ELM-Genetic algorithm (ELM-GA), ELM-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), ELM-Ant Colony Optimizer (ELM-ACO), and ELM- Whale Optimization Algorithm (ELM-WOA) optimization algorithms. The embedded benchmarks Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Mi Benchmark (MiBench), and Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC) have been used as a dataset for classification in this paper. The extensive experimental study shows that the hybridized ELM-WOA provides a 98.5 % classification accuracy, 98.1 % specificity, and 98 % sensitivity compared to the other optimization methods discussed in this paper.

The Benefits of Physical Activity for Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Literature Review

Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a complex and progressive genetic disorder that significantly impacts multiple organ systems, particularly the lungs and digestive tract. Despite advances in treatment and improved life expectancy, CF remains incurable, necessitating ongoing research and comprehensive management strategies. One of the key components in managing CF is the incorporation of physical activity (PA). Aim of the study The aim of the study is to investigate the role of physical activity in in the management of cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods This study underscores the critical role of physical activity (PA) in the management and overall well-being of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). It provides a comprehensive review of the multifaceted benefits of PA for CF patients, highlighting its positive impact on exercise tolerance, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and quality of life. PubMed and Google Scholar database was searched for articles written in English. The search included the keywords. Results The data suggest that while CF patients face unique challenges, including muscle weakness and exercise intolerance, regular PA can mitigate these effects and improve overall health outcomes. Supervised exercise programs have demonstrated significant improvements in exercise tolerance and respiratory muscle endurance without adverse effects, indicating their feasibility and safety for CF patients. Studies have shown that patients with CF who engage in regular PA experience slower declines in lung function, fewer hospitalizations, and better nutritional status. Specific types of exercise, such as anaerobic training, have been particularly effective in increasing muscle strength and body weight.

Respiratory Muscle Training in Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review on the Training Protocols and Effects on Reported Outcomes.

Respiratory muscle training (RMT) is considered an effective tool to improve cardiorespiratory limitations in athletes. The goals of this systematic review were to explore the role of RMT and its implementation within sport rehabilitation programs in para-athletes. Several databases were searched until January 2024. Eligible studies were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Quality assessment was made using the PEDro scale and version 2 of the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials. Eight studies (a total of 108 participants) were selected for the analysis. Five studies preferred using resistive loading, while 2 studies used normocapnic hyperpnea, and 1 study used threshold inspiratory muscle training. Respiratory functions (respiratory muscle strength and endurance, spirometry measures) and exercise performance were assessed as the main outcomes. Significant increases in respiratory muscle strength were reported in 5 studies. Two studies observed improvement in respiratory muscle endurance and 3 studies reported increased exercise capacity. This review suggests that although RMT can enhance respiratory muscle strength and endurance, it should not be considered the primary method for boosting the exercise performance of para-athletes. Additional research is necessary to explore the impact of various RMT techniques on different outcomes from the perspective of sport rehabilitation in para-athletes.