Endplate Irregularities Research Articles

Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia with new-found gene mutation of Wntl inducible signaling pathway protein 3

BackgroundAs one kind of osteochondrodysplasia, progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is also known as spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy or arthropathy progressive pseudorheumatoid of childhood. PPD is a very rare disease, especially in China, and has an estimated prevalence of 1/1000000 due to lacking definite prevalence survey. It is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by gene mutation of Wntl inducible signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3). Its basic pathological change is persistent degeneration and loss of articular cartilage in multiple joints. Its clinical appearances include bone enlargement, platyspondyly, irregular endplate, secondary osteoarthritis, extensive osteoporosis, joint rigidity and function loss. Clinical diagnosis of PPD is made based on clinical appearance and imaging examinations, whereas its definite diagnosis depends on gene sequencing. PPD has no severe effect on life span, but causes high disability rate and very poor prognosis. There are only case reports with limited information in China.Case presentationOne female patient was diagnosed as PPD and secondary osteoarthritis. She had typical clinical appearance and imaging examinations, and received individualized therapeutic regimens. She had a gene mutation (c.72delT, p.T24TfsX4) of WISP3. This gene mutation has not been reported by previous literatures and included in Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database.ConclusionsAs the first time, this paper reported a patient with PPD caused by new-found gene mutation (c.72delT, p.T24TfsX4) of WISP3.

Tidemark Avulsions are a Predominant Form of Endplate Irregularity.

Descriptive histologic and magnetic resonance imaging study of human cadaveric spines. To identify and characterize common endplate pathologies to form a histologic foundation for an etiology-based classification system. Irregularities at the spinal disc-vertebra interface are associated with back pain and intervertebral disc herniation injuries. However, there is currently a lack of consensus regarding terminology for classification. This limits the potential for advancing understanding of back pain mechanisms, and prohibits meaningful comparisons for identifying priorities for prevention and treatment. Prior classification systems largely rely on observations from clinical imaging, which may miss subtle pathologic features. Fifteen cadaveric spines with moderate to severe disc degeneration were obtained and scanned with MRI in the sagittal plane using two-dimensional T1-weighted and T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences. Eighty-nine lumbar and lower thoracic bone-disc-bone motion segments were extracted, fixed, sectioned, and stained for histologic evaluation. Focal endplate irregularities were identified and categorized based on features that inferred causation. The presence, type, and anatomic location were recorded. A classification system with three major categories of focal endplate irregularities was created. Disc-vertebra avulsion and vertebral rim degeneration were more common than subchondral nodes: 50% of irregularities were classified as rim degeneration (75/150), 35% were classified as avulsions (52/150), and 15% were classified as nodes (23/150). Ninety percent of avulsions were subclassified as "tidemark avulsions," a highly prevalent form of endplate irregularity in which the outer annulus separates from the vertebra at the tidemark. These tidemark avulsions have not been previously described, yet are visible on T2-weighted MRI as high-intensity regions. This study provides histologic basis for a system to classify focal endplate irregularities. Included is a previously unidentified but prevalent finding of tidemark avulsions, which are visible with both histology and magnetic resonance imaging. These observations will help clinicians better organize patients into meaningful groups to facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and clinical research. 3.

From the international space station to the clinic: how prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability

Background ContextProlonged microgravity exposure is associated with localized low back pain and an elevated risk of post-flight disc herniation. Although the mechanisms by which microgravity impairs the spine are unclear, they should be foundational for developing in-flight countermeasures for maintaining astronaut spine health. Because human spine anatomy has adapted to upright posture on Earth, observations of how spaceflight affects the spine should also provide new and potentially important information on spine biomechanics that benefit the general population. PurposeThis study compares quantitative measures of lumbar spine anatomy, health, and biomechanics in astronauts before and after 6 months of microgravity exposure on board the International Space Station (ISS). Study DesignThis is a prospective longitudinal study. SampleSix astronaut crewmember volunteers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with 6-month missions aboard the ISS comprised our study sample. Outcome MeasuresFor multifidus and erector spinae at L3–L4, measures include cross-sectional area (CSA), functional cross-sectional area (FCSA), and FCSA/CSA. Other measures include supine lumbar lordosis (L1–S1), active (standing) and passive (lying) flexion-extension range of motion (FE ROM) for each lumbar disc segment, disc water content from T2-weighted intensity, Pfirrmann grade, vertebral end plate pathology, and subject-reported incidence of chronic low back pain or disc injuries at 1-year follow-up. Methods3T magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic fluoroscopy of the lumbar spine were collected for each subject at two time points: approximately 30 days before launch (pre-flight) and 1 day following 6 months spaceflight on the ISS (post-flight). Outcome measures were compared between time points using paired t tests and regression analyses. ResultsSupine lumbar lordosis decreased (flattened) by an average of 11% (p=.019). Active FE ROM decreased for the middle three lumbar discs (L2–L3: −22.1%, p=.049; L3–L4: −17.3%, p=.016; L4–L5: −30.3%, p=.004). By contrast, no significant passive FE ROM changes in these discs were observed (p>.05). Disc water content did not differ systematically from pre- to post-flight. Multifidus and erector spinae changed variably between subjects, with five of six subjects experiencing an average decrease 20% for FCSA and 8%–9% for CSA in both muscles. For all subjects, changes in multifidus FCSA strongly correlated with changes in lordosis (r2=0.86, p=.008) and active FE ROM at L4–L5 (r2=0.94, p=.007). Additionally, changes in multifidus FCSA/CSA correlated with changes in lordosis (r2=0.69, p=.03). Although multifidus-associated changes in lordosis and ROM were present among all subjects, only those with severe, pre-flight end plate irregularities (two of six subjects) had post-flight lumbar symptoms (including chronic low back pain or disc herniation). ConclusionsWe observed that multifidus atrophy, rather than intervertebral disc swelling, associated strongly with lumbar flattening and increased stiffness. Because these changes have been previously linked with detrimental spine biomechanics and pain in terrestrial populations, when combined with evidence of pre-flight vertebral end plate insufficiency, they may elevate injury risk for astronauts upon return to gravity loading. Our results also have implications for deconditioned spines on Earth. We anticipate that our results will inform new astronaut countermeasures that target the multifidus muscles, and research on the role of muscular stability in relation to chronic low back pain and disc injury.

Extracorporeal shock wave treatment can selectively destroy end plates in neuromuscular junctions.

This study assesses the effect of radial extracorporeal shock wave (rESW) exposure on neuromuscular transmission and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology. We applied 2,000 rESWs at 0.18 mJ/mm2 and a frequency of 15 Hz to the right calf of male rats, measured the compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and examined NMJ morphology using electron microscopy. Left calf muscles were used as controls. rESW exposure significantly reduced CMAP amplitude without delayed latency in exposed muscles compared with controls. All rESW-exposed muscles exhibited NMJs with irregular end plates. Mean interjunctional fold interval was significantly increased compared with controls. However, axon terminals and muscle fibers surrounding NMJs with irregular end plates were unchanged. This localized destruction of end plates may be caused by differences in acoustic impedance induced by the density of acetylcholine receptors. These results provide a possible mechanism for the effectiveness of rESW treatment for spasticity and dystonia. Muscle Nerve 57: 466-472, 2018.

Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography analysis for spinal instability after lumbar facetectomy in the rat

Intervertebral disc degeneration is thought to contribute to low back pain. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain controversial. In a previous study, we developed an animal model that showed delayed gait disturbance after lumbar facetectomy in the rat. We believe that this gait disturbance was caused by low back pain, although the mechanisms of this gait abnormality remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate structural changes of the lumbar spine after facetectomy in the rat utilizing three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3DμCT) compared to histology. Thirty male SD rats were divided into three groups. In the Sham group (n=13), only exposure of bilateral facet joints at the L4-5 level was performed. In the Experimental group (n=13), complete resection of bilateral L4-5 facet joints was achieved. Naïve rats (n=4) were used for controls. At 7-week postoperative, 3DµCT and histological analyses were performed. On 3DµCT images, increased disc height and endplate irregularities at the L4-5 segment and decreased disc height at adjacent segments were observed in the Experimental group. Histological scores were also higher in the Experimental group than the Sham Group. Degenerative changes were observed at the facetectomy level. These may correspond with the previously reported delayed gait disturbance after facetectomy. This animal model may be useful to create mechanically induced disc degeneration without direct tissue damage to the disc.

Chronic low back pain in relation to Modic changes, bony endplate lesions, and disc degeneration in a prospective MRI study.

To clarify the significance of Modic changes, bony endplate lesions, and disc degeneration as predictors of chronic low back pain (LBP) during 1-year follow-up. 49 patients with severe, non-specific, chronic LBP, and Modic 1 lesion (M1) were prospectively studied with MRI and questionnaire. Changes in grade of disc degeneration, severity of Modic changes, Schmorl lesions, and bony endplate irregularities were evaluated and changes assessed in LBP intensity on numeric rating scale 0-10 and severity with Oswestry disability index 0-100 (ODI). Association between change in MRI findings and symptoms was computed using generalized estimating equations analysis. Although pain decreased in most patients during 1-year follow-up, it increased or persisted in 36%. Change in M1, M2, bony endplate lesions, and signal intensity (SI) and height of the disc associated with change of pain intensity, while change in M1, bony endplate lesions, and disc height associated with change of ODI. Not only persistent M1s, increasing bony endplate lesions, decreasing disc height, and M2s, but also new M2s predicted persistence of pain, while decrease of M1s and SI of the disc and increase of size of M2s predicted decrease of pain. Changes in disc bulges did not associate with pain. In patients with chronic non-specific LBP, persisting M1, decreasing disc height, and increasing bony endplate lesions associated with persisting pain while decrease of SI of the disc with decrease of pain. Such changing MRI findings in the same disc space have earlier been shown to progress abnormally fast. They may be signs or biomarkers of a prolonged pain causing, deforming degenerative process, and should lead to considering early intervention or specific treatments to affect that process.

The Oblique Anterolateral Approach to the Lumbar Spine Provides Access to the Lumbar Spine With Few Early Complications.

During the last 20 years several less-invasive anterior approaches to the lumbar spine have become standard, including the extreme lateral transpsoas approach. Although it is associated with a lower risk of vascular injury compared with anterior midline approaches, neuromonitoring is considered mandatory to avoid neurologic complications. Interestingly, despite neuromonitoring, the reported risk of neurologic deficits with the extreme lateral transpsoas approach is greater than observed with other anterior approaches. An alternative lateral, oblique, psoas-sparing approach, recently named the oblique lumbar interbody fusion, uses the anatomic pathway between the abdominal vessels anteriorly and the lumbar plexus laterally to decrease the risk of neurologic and vascular injury; however, as yet, little on this new approach has been reported. We asked: what proportion of patients experienced (1) perioperative complications (overall complications), (2) vascular complications, and (3) neurologic complications after less-invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion through the oblique lumbar interbody approach at one high-volume center? We performed a chart review of intra- and perioperative complications of all patients who had undergone minimally invasive anterior lumbar interbody fusion through a lateral psoas-sparing approach from L1 to L5 during a 12-year period (1998-2010). During the study period, the oblique, psoas-sparing approach was the preferred approach of the participating surgeons in this study, and it was performed in 812 patients, all of whom are studied here, and all of whom have complete data for assessment of the short-term (inpatient-only) complications that we studied. In general, we performed this approach whenever possible, although it generally was avoided when a patient previously had undergone an open retro- or transperitoneal abdominal procedure, or previous implantation of hernia mesh in the abdomen. During the study period, posterior fusion techniques were used in an additional 573 patients instead of the oblique lumbar interbody fusion when we needed to decompress the spinal canal beyond what is possible through the anterior approach. In case of spinal stenosiscalling for fusion in combination with a high disc space, severe endplate irregularity, or severe biomechanical instability, we combined posterior decompression with oblique lumbar interbody fusion in 367 patients. Complications were evaluated by an independent observer who was not involved in the decision-making process, the operative procedure, nor the postoperative care by reviewing the inpatient records and operative notes. A total of 3.7% (30/812) of patients who underwent the oblique lumbar interbody fusion experienced a complication intraoperatively or during the hospital stay. During the early postoperative period there were two superficial (0.24%) and three deep (0.37%) wound infections and five superficial (0.62%) and six deep (0.86%) hematomas. There were no abdominal injuries or urologic injuries. The percentage of vascular complications was 0.37% (n = 3). The percentage of neurologic complications was 0.37% (n = 3). The risk of vascular complications after oblique lumbar interbody fusion seems to be lower compared with reported risk for anterior midline approaches, and the risk of neurologic complications after oblique lumbar interbody fusion seems to be lower than what has been reported with the extreme lateral transpsoas approach; however, we caution readers that head-to-head studies will need to be performed to confirm our very preliminary comparisons and results with the oblique psoas-sparing approach. Similarly, future studies will need to evaluate this approach in terms of later-presenting complications, such as infection and pseudarthrosis formation, which could not be assessed using this inpatient-only approach. Nevertheless, with the results of this study the oblique psoas-sparing approach can be described as a less-invasive alternative for anterior lumbar fusion surgery from L1 to L5 with a low risk of vascular and neurologic damage and without costly intraoperative neuromonitoring tools. Level IV, therapeutic study.

SAPHO Syndrome: Imaging Findings of Vertebral Involvement.

Imaging findings in patients with a combination of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) are often misinterpreted as discitis/osteomyelitis or metastases, resulting in multiple biopsies and delayed diagnosis. We have incidentally noted a semicircular morphology in vertebral body imaging in several cases of SAPHO syndrome with vertebral involvement. Our goal was to evaluate the prevalence of this distinctive morphology in these patients. A retrospective review of patients with SAPHO syndrome diagnosed between July 1998 and August 2013 was conducted. A descriptive analysis of MR imaging, CT, radiography, bone scanning, and PET imaging was performed for the presence and distribution of vertebral body signal intensity or attenuation changes and/or enhancement; contiguous vertebral body involvement; vertebral body collapse; endplate irregularity; disc space, facet, and spinous process involvement; subligamentous thickening; and paraspinal soft-tissue involvement. Eighteen patients (16 women [89%]; mean age, 52.9 years) with SAPHO and spine involvement were included. Contiguous involvement of ≥2 vertebral bodies was found in 16 patients (89%), with a curvilinear or "semicircular" pattern involving portions of adjacent vertebral bodies in 10 (63%, P = .14). Most intervertebral discs demonstrated absence of abnormal T2 hyperintensity (73%) and enhancement (89%). Subligamentous thickening was present in 12 (67%). Paraspinal soft-tissue involvement was present in 6 (33%). SAPHO syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis in a patient with a curvilinear or semicircular pattern of vertebral involvement, contiguous vertebral body involvement, and absence of intervertebral disc edema and enhancement.

Vertebral Scheuermann's disease in Europe: prevalence, geographic variation and radiological correlates in men and women aged 50 and over.

In 27 centres across Europe, the prevalence of deforming spinal Scheuermann's disease in age-stratified population-based samples of over 10,000 men and women aged 50+ averaged 8% in each sex, but was highly variable between centres. Low DXA BMD was un-associated with Scheuermann's, helping the differential diagnosis from osteoporosis. This study aims to assess the prevalence of Scheuermann's disease of the spine across Europe in men and women over 50 years of age, to quantitate its association with bone mineral density (BMD) and to assess its role as a confounder for the radiographic diagnosis of osteoporotic fracture. In 27 centres participating in the population-based European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS), standardised lateral radiographs of the lumbar and of the thoracic spine from T4 to L4 were assessed in all those of adequate quality. The presence of Scheuermann's disease, a confounder for prevalent fracture in later life, was defined by the presence of at least one Schmorl's node or irregular endplate together with kyphosis (sagittal Cobb angle >40° between T4 and T12) or a wedged-shaped vertebral body. Alternatively, the (rare) Edgren-Vaino sign was taken as diagnostic. The 6-point-per-vertebral-body (13 vertebrae) method was used to assess osteoporotic vertebral shape and fracture caseness. DXA BMD of the L2-L4 and femoral neck regions was measured in subsets. We also assessed the presence of Scheuermann's by alternative published algorithms when these used the radiographic signs we assessed. Vertebral radiographic images from 4486 men and 5655 women passed all quality checks. Prevalence of Scheuermann's varied considerably between centres, and based on random effect modelling, the overall European prevalence using our method was 8% with no significant difference between sexes. The highest prevalences were seen in Germany, Sweden, the UK and France and low prevalences were seen in Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Centre-level prevalences in men and women were highly correlated. Scheuermann's was not associated with BMD of the spine or hip. Since most of the variation in population impact of Scheuermann's was unaccounted for by the radiological and anthropometric data, the search for new genetic and environmental determinants of this disease is encouraged.

Herniation of cartilaginous endplates in the lumbar spine: MRI findings.

The purpose of this study was to determine reliable MRI findings suggesting disk herniation with cartilage endplate herniation in the lumbar spine. The records of 73 patients who underwent lumbar spinal MRI and lumbar microdiskectomy between March 2005 and January 2009 were searched to find those with the diagnosis of disk herniation with cartilage endplate herniation confirmed during surgery. The following morphologic features were assessed: posterior corners (posterior marginal nodes, dorsal corner defects, Modic changes, and posterior osteophytes), mid endplates (endplate irregularities, Modic changes), and heterogeneous low signal intensity of extruded material. The chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis with age, body mass index, and sex as covariates were used for the analysis. The ROC curve was obtained with scores of the statistically significant MRI findings. Posterior marginal nodes, posterior osteophytes, Modic changes in posterior corners, mid endplate irregularities, Modic changes in mid endplates, and heterogeneous low signal intensity of extruded material were significantly more frequent in patients with disk herniation with cartilage endplate herniation (0.000 < p < 0.009). The AUC for diagnosing disk herniation with cartilage endplate herniation with our scoring system of the six MRI findings (0-6) was 0.888. The presence of disk herniation with cartilage endplate herniation could be ascertained with the following MRI findings: posterior marginal nodes, posterior osteophytes, mid endplate irregularities, heterogeneous low signal intensity of extruded material, and Modic changes in posterior corners and mid endplates.

Neuroimaging features of Cornelia de Lange syndrome.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by distinctive facial dysmorphia and dwarfism. Multiple organ system involvement is typical. Various central nervous system (CNS) aberrations have been described in the pathology literature; however, the spectrum of neuroimaging manifestations is less well documented. To present neuroimaging findings from a series of eight patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. The CT/MR database at a single academic children's hospital was searched for the terms "Cornelia," "Brachmann" and "de Lange." The search yielded 18 exams from 16 patients. Two non-CNS and six exams without available images were excluded. Ten exams from eight patients were evaluated by a board-certified neuroradiologist. All patients had skull base dysplasia, most with an unusual coronal basioccipital cleft (7/8). All brain MR exams showed microcephaly, volume loss and gyral simplification (5/5). Six patients had an absent massa intermedia. Four patients had small globe anterior segments; three had optic pathway hypoplasia. Basilar artery fenestration was present in two patients; vertebrobasilar hypoplasia was present in one patient. The inner ear vestibules were dysplastic in two patients. One patient had pachymeningeal thickening. Spinal anomalies included scoliosis, segmentation anomalies, endplate irregularities, basilar invagination, foramen magnum stenosis and tethered spinal cord. Typical imaging manifestations of Cornelia de Lange syndrome include skull base dysplasia with coronal clival cleft, cerebral and brainstem volume loss, and gyral simplification. Membranous labyrinth dysplasia, anterior segment and optic pathway hypoplasia, basilar artery fenestration, absent massa intermedia and spinal anomalies may also be present.

Comparison between two types of “Scheuermann disease-like people”: thoracolumbar disc herniation patients and healthy volunteers with radiological signs of Scheuermann's disease

Background Scheuermann's disease (SD) is a spinal disorder and includes both a classic form and an atypical form. Interestingly, its existence among the general population as well as the disc disease patients is common. One of our previous studies showed that about 18% of the hospital staff members meet the SD criteria. On the other hand, another study has demonstrated that 95.2% of the symptomatic thoracolumbar disc herniation (STLDH) patients meet the SD criteria, which suggests that STLDH is very likely a special form of SD. The purpose of this study was to discriminate the factors contributing to the development of STLDH by comparing STLDH patients with the healthy SD-like hospital staff members. Methods This is a retrospective study including 33 STLDH patients who met the SD criteria and 30 SD-like hospital staff members. The STLDH group was chosen from a group of patients who underwent surgery after a diagnosis of STLDH (T10/11-L1/2) at our hospital between June 2007 and June 2010. SD-like hospital staff members were chosen from a database created in 2007, which contained a lumbar MR and low back pain (LBP) questionnaire of 188 hospital staff members. The demographic and radiologic characteristics were compared between groups. Results There was no statistical difference in sex, age, and height between the two groups. The STLDH patients had higher body weight, boby mass index, and thoracolumbar kyphotic angle than SD-like hospital staff members. In addition, STLDH patients had more levels of Schmorl's nodes (3.5±1.7 vs. 2.0±1.9, t=3.364, P=0.001) and irregular endplateson (4.0±1.9 vs. 2.7±1.9, t=2.667, P=0.010) compared to the SD-like hospital staff members. Conclusions Higher body weight, higher body mass index, larger thoracolumbar kyphosis, and more Schmorl's nodes and irregular endplates on MR may be associated with the development of STLDH in “SD-like people.”

Computed tomographic myelography of a foal with discospondylitis and extradural spinal cord compression due to a vertebral abscess

SummaryA one‐month‐old Quarter Horse colt presented with progressive gait abnormalities and weakness. The foal was ataxic at presentation. Radiography identified focal endplate irregularities and lysis at C6–7. Radiographic diagnosis was discospondylitis. Computed tomographic myelography was performed immediately following euthanasia and identified an extradural compressive spinal cord lesion corresponding to the site of discospondylitis. Post mortem examination findings included abscess formation at the C6–7 intervertebral space with osteomyelitis extending into the adjacent physes and subchondral bone of caudal C6 and cranial C7. The vertebral abscess extended into the ventral spinal canal at C6–7 and was identified as the cause of extradural spinal cord compression. Salmonella sp. was cultured and isolated from purulent exudate at the intervertebral space. Computed tomographic myelography has not been previously reported for assessment of discospondylitis in horses and was successful at accurately characterising spinal cord compression in addition to osteolytic changes associated with discospondylitis.

Effects of sagittal endplate shape on lumbar segmental mobility as evaluated by kinetic magnetic resonance imaging.

Retrospective analysis using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging. To investigate relationships between vertebral endplate remodeling, Modic changes, disc degeneration, and lumbar segmental mobility. Previous studies have shown that disc degeneration and vertebral endplate Modic changes are associated with differences in spinal motion, however, the effects of vertebral endplate morphology on lumbar segmental motion have not been fully investigated. A total of 420 patients underwent kinetic magnetic resonance imaging of 2100 lumbar motion segments. Sagittal endplate shapes (concave, flat, irregular), Modic changes (types, 0-3), and disc degeneration (grade, I-V) were assessed along with translational and angular motion of vertebral segments in flexion, extension, and neutral positions. The most common findings were concave endplate shape (63.24%), type 2 Modic change (71.79%), and grade II disc degeneration (40.33%). Flat, irregular endplates were more common at L1-L2, L4-L5, and L5-S1 than L2-L3 and L3-L4. Types 1, 2, and 3 Modic changes increased in frequency according to endplate shape: concave less than flat less than irregular. Type 0 was observed to decrease with the change of endplate shape from flat to concave to irregular. Vertebral levels with irregular endplates had more disc generation than those with flat; levels with flat endplates had significantly more disc degeneration than those with concave. Translational motion of the lumbar segment was greatest at levels with irregular endplates and decreased at those with flat and then concaves endplates. Angular motion was least at levels with irregular endplates and increased at levels with flat, then concave endplates. The degree of pathogenic lumbar segmental motion is associated with remodeling of the sagittal endplate. Endplate remodeling may occur as an adaptation to restrain abnormal movement of the lumbar segment. N/A.

TYPE III CAWLEY ANDERSSON LESION IN A CASE OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Abstract:Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects especially males in the second and third decades of life.1 The main clinical symptom is inflammatory back pain typically occurring at night and morning stiffness improving after exercise.1 Apart from syndesmophytes and ankylosis of the spine resulting in rigidity, in longstanding ankylosing spondylitis, also focal destructive 1 discovertebral lesions (Andersson lesions) can occur.1 The case we present here is of a 35 year old male patient who presented to us with the symptoms of pain of upper back and both shoulders for 6 years. Pain was followed with stiffness of the neck and shoulder. Radiography of the dorsolumbar spine revealed squaring of the vertebra, syndesmophytes, calcification of the anterior spinal ligament, end plate irregularity at D10-D11 level, ill defined sclerosis with fracture of the ankylosed spine, features consistent with Andersson lesion type III. He underwent posterior spinal fusion with good functional outcome.

Schmorl Nodes, Disc Degeneration, and Pain

Schmorl nodes (SNs) of the lumbar spine are an ill-defined entity sometimes referred to as intravertebral disc herniation and by others as end plate irregularities. They are often considered a radiographic curiosity with no clinical consequences. As part of a large-scale population-based study of the Hong Kong Degenerative Disc Disease cohort, sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine were analyzed in 2,499 volunteers. SNs were found in 16.4% of the study population, being most common at L1/2 and L2/3 (54.1%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that males, taller and heavier individuals had an increased likelihood of SN ( p &lt; 0.005), suggesting mechanical factors may play a role in their pathogenesis. On the contrary, SNs were independent of age. Overall presence of SN was associated with disc degeneration ( p &lt; 0.001), and linearly correlated ( R2 = 0.97) with increase in severity of degeneration. SN were particularly associated with severe disc degeneration at L1/2 and L2/3 with 22- to 15-fold increased odds, respectively ( p &lt; 0.0001), but less than 5-fold increased odds ( p &lt; 0.001) were noted in the lower lumbar spine. This presentation will discuss the various radiologic appearances of end plate irregularities that may be considered as SNs and propose a new classification based on morphology. In addition, morphological patterns tend to cluster in a particular manner to suggest different etiological factors may be associated with different subtypes of SNs. The relevance of end plate changes in the etiology of lumbar disc degeneration will also be discussed. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Aspergillus Spondylodiscitis in an Immunocompetent Patient following Spinal Anesthesia

.Aspergillusspecies,whicharenormalinhabitantsof therespiratory tract, are commonly responsible for fungalspondylodiscitis. These fungi invade the spine when theimmune status of the host is compromised such as in organtransplant patients, patients on chronic steroid treatment orpatientsreceivingchemotherapy

Scheuermann Disease

Observational population-based study. To determine the prevalence of radiographical Scheuermann disease in a Dutch population and evaluate the consistency of diagnostic criteria. Scheuermann disease is a form of osteochondrosis characterized by increased posterior rounding of the thoracic spine with structural vertebral deformity. Different expert opinion-based radiological criteria exist, yet these have not been validated. The prevalence in the general population reported ranged from 1% to 10%. Lateral spine radiographs of 2753 Rotterdam Study participants (aged 45-89 yr) were assessed for Scheuermann disease using Sørensen and Sachs' radiographical criteria in 2 phases. Cohen κ statistics were calculated for interrater agreement. Prevalence estimates were calculated and sex differences were tested with Pearson χ test. We evaluated whether varying the kyphosis angle criterion would change the prevalence estimate. A total of 677 (24.6%) individuals had endplate irregularities and 140 (5.1%) individuals had vertebral wedging. Abnormalities were significantly more prevalent among males (P < 0.05). The interrater agreement κ statistics were 78.8% for vertebral wedging and 79.4% for endplate irregularity. A total of 127 individuals had both criteria, of which 111 had a kyphosis angle greater than 45°, resulting in a prevalence of 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3%-4.7%). The disease prevalence was 4.5% in males versus 3.6% in females, yet this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.23). Adjustment of the kyphosis angle criterion from 45° to 40° or 35° increased the number of cases marginally, corresponding to prevalence estimates not significantly different from the estimates using original criteria (4.2% [95% CI: 3.3%-4.7%] and 4.4% [95% CI: 3.6%-5.2%]). Our results revealed a prevalence of 4.0% of radiographical Scheuermann disease in Dutch individuals aged 45 years and older. Although there is no current "gold standard" for the radiographical definition, standardized scoring of independent features resulted in substantial interobserver agreement, and different applications of diagnostic criteria did not significantly alter the classification.

Clinical and Radiographic Features of the Autosomal Recessive form of Brachyolmia Caused byPAPSS2Mutations

Brachyolmia is a heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia characterized by generalized platyspondyly without significant long-bone abnormalities. Based on the mode of inheritance and radiographic features, at least three types of brachyolmia have been postulated. We recently identified an autosomal recessive form of brachyolmia that is caused by loss-of-function mutations of PAPSS2, the gene encoding PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) synthase 2. To understand brachyolmia caused by PAPSS2 mutations (PAPSS2-brachyolmia), we extended our PAPSS2 mutation analysis to 13 patients from 10 families and identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in all. Nine different mutations were found: three splice donor-site mutations, three missense mutations, and three insertion or deletion mutations within coding regions. In vitro enzyme assays showed that the missense mutations were also loss-of-function mutations. Phenotypic characteristics of PAPSS2-brachyolmia include short-trunk short stature, normal intelligence and facies, spinal deformity, and broad proximal interphalangeal joints. Radiographic features include platyspondyly with rectangular vertebral bodies and irregular end plates, broad ilia, metaphyseal changes of the proximal femur, including short femoral neck and striation, and dysplasia of the short tubular bones. PAPSS2-brachyolmia includes phenotypes of the conventional clinical concept of brachyolmia, the Hobaek and Toledo types, and is associated with abnormal androgen metabolism.

Bone marrow lesion regression is associated with worsening peri-articular bone: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Bone marrow lesion regression is associated with worsening peri-articular bone: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative