Rate Of Endotracheal Intubation Research Articles

The association of anemia with the clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in children.

Anemia is associated with severe outcomes in adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), but few studies investigated its association with pediatric CAP. Hence, we tried to delineate the association of anemia with the clinical outcomes of CAP in children. This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2010 to 2019 in a medical center. Inpatients aged 6 months to 17 years who were diagnosed with CAP and without major underlying diseases were included. The subjects' clinical data within 24 h of admission and clinical outcomes were collected. We accessed the rates of adverse outcomes and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of these outcomes between anemic and nonanemic patients, as well as among patients with different types of anemia. In this study of 3601 patients, the prevalence of anemia was 11.6% (418/3601). Anemic patients had higher rates of intensive care (16.8% vs. 3.6%; p < 0.001), endotracheal intubation (11.0% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.001), and empyema (8.6% vs. 0.6%; p < 0.001) than nonanemic patients. In addition, anemia was independently associated with intensive care (adjusted OR, 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-4.42), endotracheal intubation (adjusted OR, 3.79; 95% CI, 2.17-6.63), and empyema (adjusted OR, 4.72; 95% CI, 2.30-9.69). Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and normocytic anemia were associated with these adverse outcomes but not with anemia due to thalassemia trait. Anemia is a biomarker associated with poor outcomes in pediatric CAP, and patients with IDA or normocytic anemia should be carefully monitored and managed since they may have higher disease severity.

How to treat patients with acute respiratory failure? Conventional oxygen therapy versus high‐flow nasal cannula in the emergency department

Objective:To investigate whether high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy could reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation and improve arterial blood gas values, vital signs, and clinical outcomes of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure as compared with conventional oxygen therapy alone.Methods:This retrospective, observational study was performed in the 15‐month study period and included adult patients with tachypnea and hypoxemia, whose vital signs and arterial blood gas were monitored. The high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen group consisted of patients admitted to the emergency department with acute respiratory failure when high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen treatment was available in the hospital, while the conventional oxygen therapy group consisted of patients who have presented to the emergency department with acute respiratory failure in the absence of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen device in the hospital. The primary outcome of the study was improvement in vital signs and arterial blood gas values within first and fourth hours of the treatment. The second outcome was the need for intubation in the emergency department, length of hospital stay, and hospital mortality.Results:The decrease in the pulse and respiratory rate of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen–treated group was significantly greater than the conventional oxygen therapy group on the first and fourth hours of treatment (p &lt; 0.001). PaO2 values were significantly higher in the high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen group at the first and fourth hours of treatment (p ⩽ 0.001). Likewise, mean SaO2 levels of patients receiving high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen treatment was significantly higher than those of patients in the conventional oxygen therapy group (p = 0.006 at 1 h and p &lt; 0.001 at 4 h). In the hypercapnic patients, the decrease in PaCO2 and increase in pH and PaO2 values were significantly greater in high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen group (p &lt; 0.001). The difference between the groups regarding the need for invasive mechanical ventilation was not statistically significant (p = 0.179).Conclusion:High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen treatment has been associated with favorable effects in vital signs and arterial blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure. High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen might be considered as the first‐line therapy for patients with hypoxemic and/or hypercapnic acute respiratory failure.

Non-invasive oxygenation support in acutely hypoxemic COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU: a multicenter observational retrospective study

BackgroundNon-invasive oxygenation strategies have a prominent role in the treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While the efficacy of these therapies has been studied in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the clinical outcomes associated with oxygen masks, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients remain unclear.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we used the best of nine covariate balancing algorithms on all baseline covariates in critically ill COVID-19 patients supported with > 10 L of supplemental oxygen at one of the 26 participating ICUs in Catalonia, Spain, between March 14 and April 15, 2020.ResultsOf the 1093 non-invasively oxygenated patients at ICU admission treated with one of the three stand-alone non-invasive oxygenation strategies, 897 (82%) required endotracheal intubation and 310 (28%) died during the ICU stay. High-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula (n = 439) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 101) were associated with a lower rate of endotracheal intubation (70% and 88%, respectively) than oxygen masks (n = 553 and 91% intubated), p < 0.001. Compared to oxygen masks, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula was associated with lower ICU mortality (hazard ratio 0.75 [95% CI 0.58–0.98), and the hazard ratio for ICU mortality was 1.21 [95% CI 0.80–1.83] for non-invasive mechanical ventilation.ConclusionIn critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients and, in the absence of conclusive data, high-flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula may be the approach of choice as the primary non-invasive oxygenation support strategy.

Endotracheal intubation rate is lower with additional face-mask noninvasive ventilation for critically-ill SARS-CoV-2 patients requiring high-flow nasal oxygen: a retrospective bicentric cohort with propensity score analysis.

SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is responsible for unprecedented numbers of acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). This work aimed to assess whether adding face-mask noninvasive ventilation (NIV) to high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) was associated with a reduced need for endotracheal intubation. This retrospective cohort study was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021 in two tertiary care intensive care units (ICUs) in Paris, France. Patients admitted for laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring HFNO with or without NIV were included. The primary outcome was the rate of endotracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes included day-28 mortality, day-28 respiratory support and IMV free days, ICU and hospital length-of-stay. Sensitivity analyses with both propensity score matching and overlap weighting were used. One hundred twenty-eight patients were included, 88 (69%) received HFNO alone and 40 (31%) received additional NIV. Additional NIV was associated with a reduced rate of endotracheal intubation in multivariate analysis (53 [60%] vs. 15 [38%], HR=0.46 [95% CI: 0.23-0.95], P=0.04). Sensitivity analyses by propensity score matching (HR=0.45 [95% CI: 0.24-0.84], P=0.01) and overlap weighting (HR=0.52 [95% CI: 0.28-0.94], P=0.03) were consistent. Day-28 mortality was 25 (28%) in the HFNO group and 8 (20%) in the NIV group (HR=0.75 [95% CI: 0.15-3.82], P=0.72). NIV was associated with higher IMV free days (20 [0-28] vs. 28 [14-28], P=0.015). All sensitivity analyses were consistent regarding secondary outcomes. Need for endotracheal intubation was lower in critically-ill SARS-CoV-2 patients receiving face-mask noninvasive mechanical ventilation in addition to high-flow oxygen therapy.

Noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure by covid-19: A retrospective study of the feasibility, safety and outcomes

BackgroundNoninvasive ventilation (NIV) and High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) are the main forms of treatment for acute respiratory failure. This study aimed to evaluate the effect, safety, and applicability of the NIV and HFNC in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) caused by COVID-19. MethodsIn this retrospective study, we monitored the effect of NIV and HFNC on the SpO2 and respiratory rate before, during, and after treatment, length of stay, rates of endotracheal intubation, and mortality in patients with AHRF caused by COVID-19. Additionally, data regarding RT-PCR from physiotherapists who were directly involved in assisting COVID-19 patients and non−COVID-19. Results62.2 % of patients were treated with HFNC. ROX index increased during and after NIV and HFNC treatment (P < 0.05). SpO2 increased during NIV treatment (P < 0.05), but was not maintained after treatment (P = 0.17). In addition, there was no difference in the respiratory rate during or after the NIV (P = 0.95) or HFNC (P = 0.60) treatment. The mortality rate was 35.7 % for NIV vs 21.4 % for HFNC (P = 0.45), while the total endotracheal intubation rate was 57.1 % for NIV vs 69.6 % for HFNC (P = 0.49). Two adverse events occurred during treatment with NIV and eight occurred during treatment with HFNC. There was no difference in the physiotherapists who tested positive for SARS−COV-2 directly involved in assisting COVID-19 patients and non−COVID-19 ones (P = 0.81). ConclusionThe application of NIV and HFNC in the critical care unit is feasible and associated with favorable outcomes. In addition, there was no increase in the infection of physiotherapists with SARS-CoV-2.

High-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive ventilation in the prevention of escalation to invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Background High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a device for conveying oxygen therapy. Emerging clinical evidence supports that it may be a compatible alternative for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF). Objective To compare the outcome of NIV versus HFNC oxygen therapy in preventing escalation to invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with ARF. Patients and methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted. One hundred consecutive patients who had ARF were allocated randomly to HFNC and NIV groups. The patients’ need for endotracheal intubation, dyspnea score, comfort scores, gasometric, in-hospital mortality, and vital sign parameters were the outcome measures. Patients’ baseline characteristics and the serial changes after HFNC or NIV therapy were measured. Results The HFNC group had 18% endotracheal intubation rate and 18% in-hospital mortality versus 50% and 48% for the NIV group (P=0.001). The median values of visual analog scale at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were lower in the NIV group (P=0.000 for all). The median modified Borg scale at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h was lower in the HFNC group (P=0.00, 0.024, 0.040, and 0.001, respectively). The HFNC group had a significantly lower respiratory rate. Significant differences in baseline vital sign parameters between the NIV and HFNC groups were noticed after 1, 6, 24, and 48 h follow-up. Conclusion Delivering oxygen by HFNC is a new and efficient option for treating adults with ARF. HFNC showed a reduced rate of escalation to invasive mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality in comparison to NIV.

Association between the number of endotracheal intubation attempts and rates of adverse events in a paediatric emergency department

BackgroundChallenges in emergent airway management in children can affect intubation success. It is unknown if number of endotracheal intubation attempts is associated with rates of adverse events in the paediatric...

Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes of a Step Up Noninvasive Respiratory Support Strategy in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia.

The best noninvasive respiratory strategy in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is still discussed. We aimed at assessing the rate of endotracheal intubation (ETI) in patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) if CPAP failed. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and in-hospital length of stay (LOS). A retrospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted in intermediate-high dependency respiratory units of two Italian university hospitals. Consecutive patients with COVID-19 treated with CPAP were enrolled. Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony or hemodynamic instability led to ETI. Patients showing SpO2 ≤ 94%, respiratory rate ≥ 30 bpm or accessory muscle activation on CPAP received NIV. Respiratory distress and desaturation despite NIV eventually led to ETI. 156 patients were included. The overall rate of ETI was 30%, mortality 18% and median LOS 24 (17–32) days. Among patients that failed CPAP (n = 63), 28% were intubated, while the remaining 72% received NIV, of which 65% were intubated. Patients intubated after CPAP showed lower baseline PaO2/FiO2, lower lymphocyte counts and higher D-dimer values compared with patients intubated after CPAP + NIV. Mortality was 22% with CPAP + ETI, and 20% with CPAP + NIV + ETI. In the case of CPAP failure, a NIV trial appears feasible, does not deteriorate respiratory status and may reduce the need for ETI in COVID-19 patients.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of different mask ventilation schemes on management of general anesthesia in patients with respiratory failure.

Difficulty in mask ventilation is one of the more dangerous factors in general anesthesia. The traditional mask has some problems, such as air leakage and facial skin compression injury. The head cover is a new interactive non-invasive ventilation (NIV) model. NIV studies comparing hoods and masks have all been single-center and small-sample randomized trials, and extensive clinical studies are lacking. We conducted a computerized search in the databases of PubMed, Embase, Medline, Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM), and others for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of hoods and masks on patients with respiratory failure published since their establishment to March 2021. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the Cochrane Systematic Review Manual, and the data was analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 to assess the risk of bias. A total of 9 articles were included, involving 462 patients, with 233 patients in the hood group and 229 patients in the face mask group. The results of meta-analysis showed the comparative endotracheal intubation rate of the hood group and the mask group [odds ratio (OR) =0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14 to 0.47; Z=4.48; P<0.00001], the complications rate (OR =0.54; 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.97; Z=2.08; P=0.04) was statistically considerable, although there was no considerable difference in in-hospital mortality (OR =0.56; 95% CI: 0.28 to 1.14; Z=1.59; P=0.11). NIV with a hood can reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation and the incidence of related complications in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), which has considerable advantages in contrast to the traditional mask.

Association of Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation with Short-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

The real-world evidence has been sparse on the impact of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) on the outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients. We aim to explore this issue in the prospective multicenter WET-HF registry. Among 3927 patients (77 (67–84) years, male 60%), the NPPV was used in 775 patients (19.7%). The association of NPPV use with in-hospital outcome and length of hospital stay (LOS) was examined by two methods, propensity score (PS) matching and multivariable analysis with adjustment for PS. In these analyses the NPPV group exhibited a lower endotracheal intubation (ETI) rate and a comparable in-hospital mortality, but longer LOS compared to the non-NPPV group. In the stratified analysis, the NPPV group exhibited a significantly lower ETI rate in patients with ischemic etiology, systolic blood pressure (sBP) > 140 mmHg and the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score ≤ 3, indicating better nutritional status. On the contrary, NPPV use was associated with longer LOS in patients with non-ischemic etiology, sBP < 100 mmHg and CONUT score > 3. In conclusion, NPPV use was associated with a lower incidence of ETI. Particularly, patients with ischemic etiology, high sBP, and better nutritional status might benefit from NPPV use.

Гостра серцева недостатність і кардіогенний шок: сучасні принципи діагностики та лікування

У статті висвітлено сучасні погляди на гостру серцеву недостатність і кардіогенний шок згідно з рекомендаціями Європейського товариства кардіологів щодо діагностики й лікування хронічної та гострої серцевої недостатності (2016), гострого інфаркту міокарда з елевацією сегмента ST (2017) та без елевації сегмента ST (2015). Описано фактори, що сприяють розвитку патології, та причини виникнення (як зі сторони серцево-судинної системи, так і несерцеві). Висвітлено різноманітні спроби класифікації, зокрема, детально описано клінічну класифікацію, яка базується на фізикальному приліжковому огляді та поділі пацієнтів на чотири категорії залежно від наявності ознак застою та гіпоперфузії: «теплий» і «мокрий» (добра перфузія, застій), «холодний» і «мокрий» (гіпоперфузія та застій), «холодний» і «сухий» (гіпоперфузія без застою), «теплий» і «сухий» (компенсований пацієнт з доброю перфузією та без застою). Наведена методика дозволяє обрати коректну лікувальну стратегію вже на початкових етапах лікування. Також увага приділена класифікації згідно з Т. Killip та J. Kimball осіб із гострою серцевою недостатністю, яка виникла на ґрунті гострого коронарного синдрому, що дає змогу оцінити ризик пацієнта та передбачити прогноз захворювання. Наведено перелік додаткових інструментальних і лабораторних методів обстеження: проведення рутинної елекрокардіографії, ультразвукового обстеження серця, рентгенографії органів грудної клітки; визначення натрійуретичного пептиду, тропонінів, газометрії крові, загальноклінічних показників. Описано їх діагностичну роль, доцільність та терміни проведення. Наведено критерії госпіталізації пацієнта у відділення інтенсивної терапії, показання до інтубації трахеї. Подано вказівки щодо клінічного ведення особи з гострою серцевою недостатністю починаючи з догоспітального етапу, включаючи використання неінвазивної вентиляції легень з позитивним тиском, медикаментозну стратегію з рекомендаціями щодо особливостей застосування інотропів, вазопресорів і вазодилататорів, а також використання сучасних методик — ранньої реваскуляризації коронарних судин, ультрафільтрації плазми, інтрааортальної балонної контрпульсації та засобів механічної підтримки кровообігу.

PRONE POSITIONING IN NONINTUBATED PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

TOPIC: Chest Infections TYPE: Original Investigations PURPOSE: Prone positioning (PP) in awake patients has been recently proposed as an adjunctive treatment for spontaneously breathing non-intubated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients requiring oxygen therapy to reduce the risk of intubation. However, the magnitude of the effect of PP on clinical outcomes (e.g., the risk of endotracheal intubation, intensive care unit [ICU] admission, or mortality) in these patients remains uncertain. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of PP to improve the clinical outcomes in non-intubated patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception through February 24, 2020 for all the studies all studies that all compared PP versus no PP in non-intubated patients with COVID-19. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of endotracheal intubation. The secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) rates. Pooled odds risk (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by the Mantel-Haenszel method within a random-effect model. RESULTS: A total of five studies (two randomized controlled trials and three observational studies), involving 470 non-intubated patients with COVID-19 (185 patients received PP and 285 did not) were included. The mean age was 59.82 years, and males represented 67% of total patients. The follow-up period ranged from 14 to 30 days. The endotracheal intubation rate was similar between PP and control groups (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.41-1.35, P = 0.33, I2 = 20%). There was no difference in the in-hospital mortality rate between the two groups (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.16-2.85, P = 0.60, I2 = 60%). Four studies reported the risk of ICU admission and demonstrated no difference between the two groups (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.30-1.95, P = 0.58, I2 = 37%). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that prone positioning in non-intubated COVID-19 patients did not reduce the risk of endotracheal intubation. Furthermore, PP failed to reduce in-hospital mortality and ICU admission rates. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although our meta-analysis showed that prone positioning might not reduce the risks of intubation, in-hospital mortality, or ICU admission rate in spontaneously breathing non-intubated COVID-19 patients, more large-scale trials with a standardized protocol for prone positioning are needed to better evaluate the effectiveness of prone positioning in this select population. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ragheb Assaly, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Hazem Ayesh, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Azizullah Beran Beran, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Sami Ghazaleh, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Waleed Khokher, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Saif-Eddin Malhas, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Aadil Maqsood, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Reem Matar, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Mohammed Mhanna, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Omar Sajdeya, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Omar Srour, source=Web Response

S794 In-Hospital Outcomes and Healthcare Burden of Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

Introduction: The transmural inflammation characteristic of Crohn’s disease (CD) predisposes patients to the formation of enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF), which is a major cause of morbidity and worse outcomes. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is frequently prescribed to provide bowel rest in efforts for closure, however PN might be associated with an increased risk of adverse events. We sought to analyze the burden and outcomes related to ECF and CD with PN and without PN use. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of the 2016-2017 National Inpatient Sample database was performed, using ICD10-CM/PCS codes to identify patients discharged with a primary diagnosis ECF with CD and those receiving PN. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were length of stay (LOS), in-hospital complications and advanced therapy, hospital related charges. Multivariate regression analysis model to adjust for patient and hospital characteristics, was performed for both primary and secondary outcomes. Results: Of 10,230 admitted with ECF and CD, 10.4% (1,065) received supplemental PN. These patients were more likely to belong to a higher income bracket (21.3% vs 28.2%; P = 0.02), and less likely to be self-pay (4.3% vs 0.1%; P < 0.01). They were more likely to abuse opiates (2.2% vs 6.1%; P < 0.01), have moderate or severe protein-caloric malnutrition (17.5% vs 68.5%; P < 0.01), vitamin D deficiency ( 4.2% vs 7.0%; P = 0.05), hypovolemic hyponatremia ( 4.9% vs 13.2; P < 0.01), hypokalemia (12.7% vs 22.5%; P < 0.01), hypophosphatemia (2.2% vs 11.3%; P < 0.01), upper GI bleeding (0.1% vs 0.5%; P < 0.01) and required transfusion of blood products ( 4.6% vs 13.6%; P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis LOS was longer [6.87 Days; (P < 0.01)] in patients receiving PN, they also had higher healthcare burden including charges [50,732 US$; (P < 0.01) and costs [14,022 US$; (P < 0.01)]. We found higher rates of endotracheal intubation [OR 10.25; (P < 0.01)], prolonged mechanical ventilation (>96 hours) [OR 7.90; (P = 0.02)] and tracheostomy requirement [OR 4.17; (P < 0.01)], however no difference in in-hospital mortality was found [OR 1.25; (P = 0.82)]. Conclusion: PN use in CD with ECF, is not associated with higher in-hospital mortality. However, we found an increased overall in hospital burden, including LOS, healthcare utilization, and prolonged intensive care resource utilization. Further studies are needed to assess why those differences occur between the two groups.Table 1.: Availability of Six FDA-Approved Agents in Commercial vs Governmental Formularies

Procedural Sedation Intubation in a Paramedic-Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical System in Northern Finland

ObjectiveAirway management to ensure sufficient gas exchange is of major importance in emergency care. Prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) by paramedics is a widely debated method to ensure a patent airway. ETI is performed with procedural sedation in comatose patients because of the regulation. The use of medications increases the rate of successful airway management compared with nonmedication ETI and may also improve outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury. In the absence of an operative emergency physician and with long distances, paramedic-induced airway management may increase the survival of patients in selected scenarios. A paramedic-staffed helicopter emergency medical system in Northern Finland operates in a rural area without an emergency physician and paralytic medications and treats critically ill patients using basic or advanced life support ground units. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rates of ETI performed by a small, appropriately trained, and experienced group of 8 nurse paramedics in an out-of-hospital setting. MethodsThe inclusion criterion for the study was an attempted intubation in patients with medical or traumatic indication for airway management by nurse paramedic. ResultsFifty-one patients were treated with ETI. The first-pass success rate was 72.5%, the second-pass success rate was 94.1%, and the overall success rate was 100% within 4 attempts. The median on-scene time was 54 minutes, and there were no signs of aspiration during laryngoscopy or after successful ETI. The primary mortality rate was 11.7%. ConclusionThe use of a rigid standard operating procedure for paramedic rapid sequence induction, paralytics, a video laryngoscope, and a gum elastic bougie might positively affect the ETI first-pass success rate. A follow-up study after these future modifications is needed. This small study suggests that intubation might be 1 option for airway management by an experienced nonanesthesiologist in Lapland.

Intraoperative and postoperative complications during microlaryngeal surgery

Theoretical basis: Patients presenting for microlaryngeal surgery may have a variety of comorbidities contributing to their voice symptoms and affecting anesthetic management. Results: Many patients presenting for laryngeal surgery have a long history of heavy smoking and drinking. Many patients who present for laryngeal surgery are elderly and have cardiovascular disease. The rate of difficult endotracheal intubation may reach almost 16% among patients presenting for ear, nose, or throat cancer surgery, which is on average six times higher than among the general surgical patient population. Loss of the airway on induction, requiring emergent cricothyrotomy or tracheostomy, can be sudden, especially in patients with critical airway obstruction. Prospective trials identify the incidence of dental trauma after suspension laryngoscopy at 0% to 6.5%, depending on the operator’s experience, methodology of the study, dental injury criteria, preexisting dentition status of the patient, and suspension technique used. Minor surgical complications, such as sore throat, mucosal injury (e.g., cuts, edema, hematoma), and cranial nerve dysfunction (e.g., lingual, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal), are most commonly observed. The risk of postoperative airway compromise is significantly greater among the patients who underwent diagnostic laryngoscopy than those in the general surgical population. Conclusion: Patients presenting for microlaryngeal surgery may have a variety of intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Prospective observational study of the endotracheal intubation complications in Emergency Department

Endotracheal intubation is the gold standard intervention for emergency airway management. Complications related to endotracheal intubation are numerous and frequent. Complications were identified as being related to endotracheal intubation in our study: hypoxia, hypotension, dysrhythmia, cardiac arrest, hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia, regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents, endobronchial intubation, and incorrect positioning of the endotracheal tube in either the esophagus or hypopharynx. The study included 186 patients that were over 18 and intubated. The complication rate associated with endotracheal intubation was found to be over 50%. Patients included in our prospective, observational study were all initially evaluated in our ED. A survey was filled out at a time as soon as possible after intubation to record the personnel in charge of intubation, details of the procedure, and hemodynamic changes and complications. Our study found that the following factors were associated with increased rates of complication in intubated patients: history of acute renal failure, history of cancer, GCS &lt; 8, midazolam use during intubation, history of trauma, crash intubation, history of shock, history of cardiac arrest, resident with &lt;1 year of experience carrying out the intubation, residents with 2+ years of experience and specialists carrying out the intubation, history of respiratory failure, and patient age &lt;65. To better understand which patients were likely to be affected by complications associated with intubation, as well as to understand which precautions to take, this study aims to investigate the aggravating factors and complication rates of endotracheal intubation.

SP-0141 Low-dose radiotherapy for treatment of Covid

Postmortem analysis in COVID-19 infected patients has shown diffuse alveolar damage with inflammatory infiltrate present. It has been suggested that COVID-19 can induce a cytokine release syndrome caused by a systemic inflammatory response. This pulmonary hyperinflammation would be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has been described as the main cause of COVID-19 mortality. Radiation therapy administered at low doses (LD-RT) has antiinflammatory properties such as lowering levels of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting endothelial-leukocyte interaction, and changing the polarization of macrophages. In addition, LD-RT was used for pneumonia in the first half of the 20th century with evidence suggesting potential efficacy. In this context, several institutions proposed trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy LDRT to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. We conducted a prospective phase I-II trial enrolling COVID-19 patients ≥ 50 years-old, with bilateral lung involvement at imaging study and oxygen requirement. Patients received 1 Gy to total lungs in a single fraction. Forty-one patients were included. Three patients died <72h after LD-RT and were excluded from the analysis. Primary outcome was radiological response assessed by severity and extension scores at days 0, +3 and +7. Lung extension score on CT improved significantly (p=0.02) on day +7, however severity score was stable or slightly decreased (p=0.1). Clinically, patients improved SatO2/ FiO2 index significantly on day +3 and +7 (p<0.01). Our results are in agreement with previous data published by Ameri et al. They analyzed 9 patients treated with 0.5 or 1 Gy and found a SatO2 improvement in 63.6% of the patients 24 hours after RT, no significant differences were found between both fractionations. Hess et al compared 10 patients treated with 1.5 Gy whole-lung LD-RT with 10 control patients blindly matched by age and comorbidity, and they concluded that patients treated with LD-RT showed a significant faster recovery to room air than controls (3 days vs 12 days respectively, p=0.05). Also, LD-RT cohort trended toward superior rates of improved radiographs (P=0.12), delirium (P <.01), rate of intubation (10% vs 40%) and median time to hospital discharge (12 days vs 20 days). At our cohort with a median follow up of 95 days, 25 (66%) patients were discharged with a similar time to that reported by Hess et al, and 13 (34%) died. Less promising results were found when LD-RT was explored in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Papachristofilou et al, randomized 22 patients to either 1 Gy whole-lung RT or sham-RT. They hypothesized that LD-RT would increase ventilator-free days (VFDs) to 10 days. The study failed to improve VFDs compared to sham-RT. LD-RT neither improved PaO2/FiO2 or overall survival at 28 days at this severe ill cohort. Moreover, although the baseline characteristics were overall similar in both groups, there was a higher proportion of patients managed with endotracheal intubation and higher rate of comorbidities in the LD-RT group. At our cohort only 5 patients (13%) were at ICU, 3 died and 2 were discharged. Regarding toxicity, no grade 3 was found in the reported studies. However, in our cohort 9 patients (23.7%) experimented grade 3-4 lymphopenia, although 8 of them had lymphopenia before treatment. Preliminary results show that LD-RT is feasible and well-tolerated treatment, with potential clinical improvement. Prospective randomized trials are needed to define the real efficacy of LD-RT.

Emergency Department-initiated High-flow Nasal Cannula for COVID-19 Respiratory Distress.

IntroductionPatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can develop rapidly progressive respiratory failure. Ventilation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic seek to minimize patient mortality. In this study we examine associations between the availability of emergency department (ED)-initiated high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for patients presenting with COVID-19 respiratory distress and outcomes, including rates of endotracheal intubation (ETT), mortality, and hospital length of stay.MethodsWe performed a retrospective, non-concurrent cohort study of patients with COVID-19 respiratory distress presenting to the ED who required HFNC or ETT in the ED or within 24 hours following ED departure. Comparisons were made between patients presenting before and after the introduction of an ED-HFNC protocol.ResultsUse of HFNC was associated with a reduced rate of ETT in the ED (46.4% vs 26.3%, P <0.001) and decreased the cumulative proportion of patients who required ETT within 24 hours of ED departure (85.7% vs 32.6%, P <0.001) or during their entire hospitalization (89.3% vs 48.4%, P <0.001). Using HFNC was also associated with a trend toward increased survival to hospital discharge; however, this was not statistically significant (50.0% vs 68.4%, P = 0.115). There was no impact on intensive care unit or hospital length of stay. Demographics, comorbidities, and illness severity were similar in both cohorts.ConclusionsThe institution of an ED-HFNC protocol for patients with COVID-19 respiratory distress was associated with reductions in the rate of ETT. Early initiation of HFNC is a promising strategy for avoiding ETT and improving outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Awake prone positioning in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19: the PROFLO multicenter randomized clinical trial

BackgroundThe effect of awake prone positioning on intubation rates is not established. The aim of this trial was to investigate if a protocol for awake prone positioning reduces the rate of endotracheal intubation compared with standard care among patients with moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Adult patients with confirmed COVID-19, high-flow nasal oxygen or noninvasive ventilation for respiratory support and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 20 kPa were randomly assigned to a protocol targeting 16 h prone positioning per day or standard care. The primary endpoint was intubation within 30 days. Secondary endpoints included duration of awake prone positioning, 30-day mortality, ventilator-free days, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, use of noninvasive ventilation, organ support and adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to futility.ResultsOf 141 patients assessed for eligibility, 75 were randomized of whom 39 were allocated to the control group and 36 to the prone group. Within 30 days after enrollment, 13 patients (33%) were intubated in the control group versus 12 patients (33%) in the prone group (HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.46–2.21), P = 0.99). Median prone duration was 3.4 h [IQR 1.8–8.4] in the control group compared with 9.0 h per day [IQR 4.4–10.6] in the prone group (P = 0.014). Nine patients (23%) in the control group had pressure sores compared with two patients (6%) in the prone group (difference − 18% (95% CI − 2 to − 33%); P = 0.032). There were no other differences in secondary outcomes between groups.ConclusionsThe implemented protocol for awake prone positioning increased duration of prone positioning, but did not reduce the rate of intubation in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 compared to standard care.Trial registrationISRCTN54917435. Registered 15 June 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN54917435).

Trends in Endotracheal Intubation During In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: 2001-2018.

Airway management during in-hospital cardiac arrest represents a fundamental component of resuscitative efforts, yet little is known about temporal trends in intubation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Our objective was to investigate changes in in-hospital cardiac arrest airway management over time and in response to national guideline updates. Observational cohort study of a prospectively collected database. Multicenter study of hospitals participating in the "Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation" registry from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2018. Adult patients who experienced an in-hospital cardiac arrest and did not have an invasive airway in place prior to the arrest. The primary outcome was the rate of intra-arrest intubation from 2001 to 2018. We constructed multivariable regression models with generalized estimating equations to determine the annual adjusted odds of intubation. We also assessed the timing of intubation relative to the onset of pulselessness and other arrest measures. We used an interrupted time-series analysis to assess the association between the 2010 Advanced Cardiac Life Support guideline update and intubation rates. One thousand sixty-six eight hundred patients from 797 hospitals were included. From 2001 to 2018, the percentage of patients intubated during an arrest decreased from 69% to 55% for all rhythms, 73% to 60% for nonshockable rhythms, and 58% to 36% for shockable rhythms (p < 0.001 for trend for all 3 groups). The median time from onset of pulselessness to intubation increased from 5 minutes in 2001 (interquartile range, 2-8 min) to 6 minutes in 2018 (interquartile range, 4-10 min) (p < 0.001 for trend). Following the 2010 guideline update, there was a downward step change and a steeper decrease over time in the rate of intubation as compared to the preintervention period (p < 0.001). Endotracheal intubation rates during in-hospital cardiac arrest have decreased significantly over time, with a more substantial decline following the updated 2010 guideline that prioritized chest compressions over airway management.