Endogenous Ion Research Articles

Two factors facilitate the cost-effective and harmless cementation of rare earth slags through MICP technology: Carbonic anhydrase bacteria and endogenous calcium ions

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a solidification/stabilization technique that doesn't interfere with recycling and can reduce the migration of pollutants, has been employed to cement rare earth slags (RES). Currently, the MICP process of the urease/carbonic anhydrase pathway has attracted considerable attention. However, the MICP process of the urease pathway may produce high concentrations of ammonia, which can cause secondary contamination; the addition of a calcium source (calcium chloride) may increase the cost of the treatment process. In this study, two factors, carbonic anhydrase bacteria and endogenous calcium ions (Ca²⁺), facilitated the MICP technology to cost-effectively and harmlessly cement RES and stabilize contaminants. The findings indicated that strain Z1 could utilize endogenous Ca²⁺ to cement the RES, thereby enhancing its unconfined compressive strength, reducing the disintegration rate, radiation dose, and wind erosion intensity, and facilitating the stabilization of heavy metals and radionuclides. In comparison to the CK group, the leaching concentrations of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Th(Ⅳ), and U(Ⅵ) in the C1 group were reduced by 42.37 %, 20.20 %, 18.77 %, 22.53 %, 12.32 %, and 23.66 %, respectively. The treatment effect can be further enhanced by adding exogenous Ca2+. This study's findings can help reduce the potential environmental risks in the long-term sequestration of RES, while also providing technical support for the sustainable development of the rare earth industry.

P2X7R-primed keratinocytes are susceptible to apoptosis via GPCR-Gβγ-pERK signal pathways

BackgroundCell death constitutes a pivotal biological phenomenon essential for the preservation of homeostasis within living organisms. In the context of maintaining a functional skin barrier, keratinocytes exert positively and negatively control cell death signals. However, in patients with severe drug eruptions, anomalous overexpression of the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) in keratinocytes elicits a distinctive mode of cell death known as necroptosis, thereby suffering a loss of the skin barrier. The precise molecular mechanisms connecting FPR1 activation to this cell death remain unclear. ObjectiveWe have investigated the intracellular signal transduction cascade governing FPR1-mediated cell death in cultured keratinocytes. MethodsWe used HaCaT cells as a model keratinocyte. The expression of FPR1 was detected with qPCR. The presence of cell death events was monitored through live-cell fluorescent staining and LDH release assays. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK was assessed via Western blot analysis. Intracellular signal pathways were investigated using specific inhibitors. ResultsLigand stimulation of an endogenous ion channel, purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), increased the FPR1 expression level. This upregulated FPR1 demonstrated functional competence in the phosphorylation of downstream MAP kinase and the initiation of cell death. Notably, this cell death was ameliorated upon the administration of inhibitors targeting Gβγ, ERK, and caspases. ConclusionThe induction and stimulation of FPR1 initiated apoptosis in keratinocytes via the Gβγ-pERK signaling pathway. Our findings postulate that the downstream components of FPR1 represent an alternative therapeutic target for preventing unintended keratinocyte cell death.

From Transformation to Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar: A Case Study of Wheat Straw Biochar.

Biochar, as a carbon-rich material, exhibits significant potential for industrial applications. While numerous research endeavors have focused on its interactions within soil ecosystems, scant attention has been given to its behavior and potential impact on aquatic environments. In this study, we conducted an investigation to compare the environmental implications of pristine biochar with those of aged biochar. Initially, we assessed the interaction between biochar and key water quality indicators, revealing the release of endogenous ions (e.g., NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, Cu2+, and Cd2+) as well as organic substances (e.g., DOC) from both pristine and aged biochar samples. Aged biochar released higher amounts of ions and organic substances than pristine biochar due to the change in the structure and properties of aged biochar. Environmental risk and toxicity of pristine and aged biochar were subsequently evaluated using the potential ecological risk index (RI) and the impact on growth of Chlorella vulgaris, respectively. The values of RI for Cu indicated a very low degree of environmental risk, while those for Cd were dependent on water quality for surface water. Our study provided thorough analysis on the environmental assessment of biochar by combining experimental environmental transformation and life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis, suggesting biochar could have excellent environmental applications.

Targeted imaging of lysosomal zinc ions with a tetrahedral DNA framework fluorescent reporter.

Abnormal levels of zinc ions within endo-lysosomes have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the detection of low-concentration zinc ions at the organelle level remains challenging. Here we report the design of an endo-lysosome-targeted fluorescent reporter, Znluorly, for imaging endogenous zinc ions. Znluorly is constructed from an amphiphilic DNA framework (DNF) with programmable size and shape, which can encapsulate zinc-responsive fluorophores within its hydrophobic nanocavity. We find that the tetrahedral DNFs of 20 bp in the edge length are effectively located within endo-lysosomes, which can detect zinc ions with a detection limit of ∼31.9nM (a sensitivity that is ∼2.5 times that of the free fluorophore). Given the organelle-targeting ability and high zinc sensitivity of Znluorly, we employ it to detect endogenous endo-lysosomal zinc ions in neuron cells. We monitor the dynamics of zinc levels in AD model cells and zebrafish, corroborating the positive correlation between zinc levels and AD hallmarks including Aβ aggregates and learning/memory impairments. Our study provides a generalizable strategy for organelle-specific theranostic applications.

Study of endogenous chloride ion content on the behavior of steel bar depassivation in sea sand concrete

In this study, we investigated the chloride concentration in sea sand that induces corrosion in steel bars, as well as the corrosion mechanisms of steel bar within sea sand concrete. Different analytical techniques indicated that the chloride concentration for steel bar corrosion in sea sand concrete was 0.03 % (when the water-binder ratio was in the range of 0.4–0.6). First, the calcium silicate in sea sand concrete reacted with Fe3+ to reduce the compactness of the oxide layer and increase the corrosion risk of steel bars. Second, as the water-binder ratio and chloride concentration gradually increased, the loose structure of the passive film increased, and the relatively dense structure decreased, which made it easier for chloride ions to penetrate the outer layer of the passive film to erode the steel matrix. Besides, the reaction of chloride ions with C3A to form Friedel's salt optimized the pore structure and reduced the content of free chloride ions. However, the adverse effect of chloride ions on the passive film of steel bars exceeded the beneficial impact of porosity reduction. These findings allow us to better apply sea sand to improve the sustainable development of environment.

Long-term changes in transmembrane voltage after electroporation are governed by the interplay between nonselective leak current and ion channel activation

Electroporation causes a temporal increase in cell membrane permeability and leads to prolonged changes in transmembrane voltage (TMV) in both excitable and non-excitable cells. However, the mechanisms of these TMV changes remain to be fully elucidated. To this end, we monitored TMV over 30 min after exposing two different cell lines to a single 100 µs electroporation pulse using the FLIPR Membrane Potential dye. In CHO-K1 cells, which express very low levels of endogenous ion channels, membrane depolarization following pulse exposure could be explained by nonselective leak current, which persists until the membrane reseals, enabling the cells to recover their resting TMV. In U-87 MG cells, which express many different ion channels, we unexpectedly observed membrane hyperpolarization following the initial depolarization phase, but only at 33 °C and not at 25 °C. We developed a theoretical model, supported by experiments with ion channel inhibitors, which indicated that hyperpolarization could largely be attributed to the activation of calcium-activated potassium channels. Ion channel activation, coupled with changes in TMV and intracellular calcium, participates in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Therefore, our study suggests that ion channels could present a potential target for influencing the biological response after electroporation.

Remote neurostimulation through an endogenous ion channel using a near-infrared light-activatable nanoagonist.

The development of noninvasive approaches to precisely control neural activity in mammals is highly desirable. Here, we used the ion channel transient receptor potential ankyrin-repeat 1 (TRPA1) as a proof of principle, demonstrating remote near-infrared (NIR) activation of endogenous neuronal channels in mice through an engineered nanoagonist. This achievement enables specific neurostimulation in nongenetically modified mice. Initially, target-based screening identified flavins as photopharmacological agonists, allowing for the photoactivation of TRPA1 in sensory neurons upon ultraviolet A/blue light illumination. Subsequently, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were customized with an emission spectrum aligned to flavin absorption and conjugated with flavin adenine dinucleotide, creating a nanoagonist capable of NIR activation of TRPA1. Following the intrathecal injection of the nanoagonist, noninvasive NIR stimulation allows precise bidirectional control of nociception in mice through remote activation of spinal TRPA1. This study demonstrates a noninvasive NIR neurostimulation method with the potential for adaptation to various endogenous ion channels and neural processes by combining photochemical toolboxes with customized UCNPs.

Nano-photosensitizers with gallic acid-involved Fe–O–Cu “electronic storage station” bridging ligand-to-metal charge transfer for efficient catalytic theranostics

NH2-MIL-88B (Fe) (MOF) is a promising photocatalytic material for antitumor therapy because of its distinctive electronic structure. However, inadequate separation of photo-generated electrons and slow reaction rate in low/high-valence iron (Fe) cycles limit their clinical application. In the present study, “electronic storage station” as a ligand-to-metal charge transfer bridge bond was constructed to inhibit recombination of electron/hole under 650 nm laser irradiation. Cupric (Cu) ions and gallic acid (GA) were self-assembled into a MOF (denoted as CGMOF) to create an FeO(GA)Cu bridge bond. GA, characterized by robust electron delocalization and abundant electron-donating groups, significantly enhances electron transfer efficiency for photodynamic therapy (PDT). CGMOF can respond to endogenous glutathione and release cuprous ions, accelerating the iron ion/ferrous ion cycles for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The released Fe species can serve as T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra confirmed the presence of GA-containing FeOCu bonds in CGMOF. Furthermore, a series of photo-electrochemical tests confirmed that the formation of FeO(GA)Cu bond prominently elevated the redox capacity and increased the carrier density of CGMOF by 2.74-fold compared to that of MOF. In addition, cinnamaldehyde was grafted onto CGMOF for tumor-responsive hydrogen peroxide self-supply. Concurrently, hyaluronic acid was surface-modified to achieve the targeted delivery of nano-photosensitizers. In summary, this study presents an innovative approach for engineering Fe-based metal–organic frameworks for synergetic PDT/CDT applications.

Effect of endogenous chloride ion on the corrosion behavior of reinforcement embedded in sea-sand UHPC matrix in different immersion environments

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an innovative cement-based composite material characterized by extremely high durability and mechanical properties, which provides a potential possibility of using non-desalted sea-sand as aggregate. However, the long-term steel corrosion behavior in UHPC prepared by simulated sea-sand under different immersion environments remains unclear, which is of great significance for the application of sea-sand UHPC in practical engineering. In this study, the pore structure of sea-sand UHPC matrix was measured using nitrogen adsorption/desorption method. The corrosion behavior of rebar in sea-sand UHPC with different endogenous chloride ion contents soaking in pure water and NaCl solution was characterized by linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP). The experimental results show that the initial UHPC pore structure is refined by incorporation of sea-sand, and is similar to that of ordinary UHPC at the later hydration. Regardless of the endogenous chloride ion content and immersion environment, the corrosion rate evaluated by corrosion current density (icorr) and polarization resistance (Rp) of reinforcement in UHPC is extremely low. The measurement of EIS shows that UHPC group has higher matrix resistance (Rc) and charge transfer resistance (Rct), while lower electric double layer capacitance (CPEdl) of reinforcement, which indicates that the steel in UHPC made of sea-sand is still in a state of passivation. However, the steel bar in comparison specimen OPC soaking in NaCl solution is in the corrosion stage. Furthermore, sea-sand UHPC possesses of excellent ability of anti-pitting corrosion of reinforcement after 180 days of immersion in NaCl solution.

Optogenetic Determination of Dynamic and Cell-Type-Specific Inhibitory Reversal Potentials.

The reversal potential refers to the membrane potential at which the net current flow through a channel reverses direction. The reversal potential is determined by transmembrane ion gradients and, in turn, determines how the channel's activity will affect the membrane potential. Traditional investigation into the reversal potential of inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels (EInh) has relied upon the activation of endogenous receptors, such as the GABA-A receptor (GABAAR). There are, however, challenges associated with activating endogenous receptors, including agonist delivery, isolating channel responses, and the effects of receptor saturation and desensitization. Here, we demonstrate the utility of using a light-gated anion channel, stGtACR2, to probe EInh in the rodent brain. Using mice of both sexes, we demonstrate that the properties of this optically activated channel make it a suitable proxy for studying GABAAR receptor-mediated inhibition. We validate this agonist-independent optogenetic strategy in vitro and in vivo and further show how it can accurately capture differences in EInh dynamics following manipulations of endogenous ion fluxes. This allows us to explore distinct resting EInh differences across genetically defined neuronal subpopulations. Using this approach to challenge ion homeostasis mechanisms in neurons, we uncover cell-specific EInh dynamics that are supported by the differential expression of endogenous ion handling mechanisms. Our findings therefore establish an effective optical strategy for revealing novel aspects of inhibitory reversal potentials and thereby expand the repertoire of optogenetics.

Mapping the Metabolic Characteristics and Perturbation of Adult Casper Zebrafish by Ambient Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Casper, a type of transparent mutant-line zebrafish, was generated to overcome the opaque trunk of an adult zebrafish for tumor modeling to realize real-time visualization of transplanted cells in vivo. However, the molecular information at the metabolic level has not received much attention. Herein, a spatially resolved metabolomics method based on an airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) system for whole-body zebrafish was used to investigate small molecules and the distribution of adult casper (Mitfaw2/w2, roya9/a9) and the differences from wild-type zebrafish. Finally, the spatial distribution information of more than 1500 endogenous ions was obtained in positive and negative detection modes, and 186 metabolites belonging to a variety of structural categories were identified or annotated. Compared with wild-type samples, 85 variables, including 37 known metabolites, were screened out. In addition, the disordered metabolic pathways caused by the genetic mutation were excavated, involving downregulation of purine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, upregulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. All these results were observed in the most intuitive way through MSI. This study revealed important metabolic characteristics of and perturbation in adult casper zebrafish, and provides indispensable fundamental knowledge for tumor research based on it.

Native Mass Spectrometry Dissects the Structural Dynamics of an Allosteric Heterodimer of SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Proteins.

Structure-based drug design, which relies on precise understanding of the target protein and its interaction with the drug candidate, is dramatically expedited by advances in computational methods for candidate prediction. Yet, the accuracy needs to be improved with more structural data from high throughput experiments, which are challenging to generate, especially for dynamic and weak associations. Herein, we applied native mass spectrometry (native MS) to rapidly characterize ligand binding of an allosteric heterodimeric complex of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (nsp) nsp10 and nsp16 (nsp10/16), a complex essential for virus survival in the host and thus a desirable drug target. Native MS showed that the dimer is in equilibrium with monomeric states in solution. Consistent with the literature, well characterized small cosubstrate, RNA substrate, and product bind with high specificity and affinity to the dimer but not the free monomers. Unsuccessfully designed ligands bind indiscriminately to all forms. Using neutral gas collision, the nsp16 monomer with bound cosubstrate can be released from the holo dimer complex, confirming the binding to nsp16 as revealed by the crystal structure. However, we observed an unusual migration of the endogenous zinc ions bound to nsp10 to nsp16 after collisional dissociation. The metal migration can be suppressed by using surface collision with reduced precursor charge states, which presumably resulted in minimal gas-phase structural rearrangement and highlighted the importance of complementary techniques. With minimal sample input (∼μg), native MS can rapidly detect ligand binding affinities and locations in dynamic multisubunit protein complexes, demonstrating the potential of an "all-in-one" native MS assay for rapid structural profiling of protein-to-AI-based compound systems to expedite drug discovery.

Tracking endogenous proteins based on RNA editing-mediated genetic code expansion.

Protein labeling approaches are important to study proteins in living cells, and genome editing tools make it possible to tag endogenous proteins to address the concerns associated with overexpression. Here we established RNA editing-mediated noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) protein tagging (RENAPT) to site-specifically label endogenous proteins with ncAAs in living cells. RENAPT labels protein in a temporary and nonheritable manner and is not restricted by protospacer adjacent motif sequence. Using a fluorescent ncAA or ncAA with a bio-orthogonal reaction handle for subsequent dye labeling, we demonstrated that a variety of endogenous proteins can be imaged at their specific subcellular locations. In addition, two proteins can be tagged individually and simultaneously using two different ncAAs. Furthermore, endogenous ion channels and neuron-specific proteins can be real-time labeled in primary neurons. Thus, RENAPT presents a promising platform with broad applicability for tagging endogenous proteins in living cells to study their localization and functions.

Accelerated cascade melanoma therapy using enzyme-nanozyme-integrated dissolvable polymeric microneedles

Dissolvable polymeric microneedles (DPMNs) have emerged as a powerful technology for the localized treatment of diseases, such as melanoma. Herein, we fabricated a DPMN patch containing a potent enzyme-nanozyme composite that transforms the upregulated glucose consumption of cancerous cells into lethal reactive oxygen species via a cascade reaction accelerated by endogenous chloride ions and external near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. This was accomplished by combining glucose oxidase (Gox) with a NIR-responsive chloroperoxidase-like copper sulfide (CuS) nanozyme. In contrast with subcutaneous injection, the microneedle system highly localizes the treatment, enhancing nanomedicine uptake by the tumor and reducing its systemic exposure to the kidneys and spleen. NIR irradiation further controls the potency and toxicity of the formulation by thermally disabling Gox. In a mouse melanoma model, this unique combination of photothermal, starvation, and chemodynamic therapies resulted in complete tumor eradication (99.2 ± 0.8 % reduction in tumor volume within 10 d) without producing signs of systemic toxicity. By comparison, other treatment combinations only resulted in a 42–76.5 % reduction in tumor growth. The microneedle patch design is therefore not only highly potent but also with regulated toxicity and improved safety.

EPR spectroscopic characterisation of native CuII-binding sites in human serum albumin.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant plasma protein, which functions to transport a large range of ligands within the circulation. These interactions have important implications for human health and disease. The primary binding site for CuII ions on HSA is known to be the so-called amino-terminal CuII and NiII binding (ATCUN) motif. However, the number and identity of secondary binding sites is currently not understood. In this study, we harnessed a suite of contemporary electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy methods to investigate recombinantly produced constructs of HSA bearing single-histidine knockouts, with the aim to characterise its endogenous CuII ion binding sites.

Expression and Functional Analysis of Ctenophore Glutamate Receptor Genes.

The functional analysis of ctenophore neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, and ion channels can be greatly simplified by use of heterologous expression systems. Heterologous expression allows the characterization of individual membrane proteins, expressed at high levels in cells, where background activity by endogenous ion channels and transporters is with few exceptions minimal. The goal of such experiments is to gain an in-depth understanding of the behavior and regulation of individual molecular species, which is challenging in native tissue, but especially so in the case of ctenophores and other marine organisms. Coupled with transcriptome analysis, and immunohistochemical studies of receptor expression in vivo, experiments with heterologous expression systems can provide valuable insight into cellular activity, prior to more challenging functional studies on native tissues.

Recent progress in the role of endogenous metal ions in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Doxorubicin is a widely used anticancer drug in clinical practice for the treatment of various human tumors. However, its administration is associated with cardiotoxicity. Administration of doxorubicin with low side effects for cancer treatment and prevention are, accordingly, urgently required. The human body harbors various endogenous metal ions that exert substantial influences. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted over several decades to investigate the potential of targeting endogenous metal ions to mitigate doxorubicin's side effects and impede tumor progression. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research indicating the potential efficacy of metal ion-associated therapeutic strategies in inhibiting doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). These strategies offer a combination of favorable safety profiles and potential clinical utility. Alterations in intracellular levels of metal ions have been found to either facilitate or mitigate the development of DIC. For instance, ferroptosis, a cellular death mechanism, and metal ions such as copper, zinc, and calcium have been identified as significant contributors to DIC. This understanding can contribute to advancements in cancer treatment and provide valuable insights for mitigating the cardiotoxic effects of other therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies have been investigated to alleviate DIC in clinical settings. The ultimate goal is to improve the efficacy and safety of Dox and offer valuable insights for future research in this field.

3D Printed Photothermal Scaffold Sandwiching Bacteria Inside and Outside Improves The Infected Microenvironment and Repairs Bone Defects.

Bone infection is one of the most devastating orthopedic outcomes, and overuse of antibiotics may cause drug-resistance problems. Photothermal therapy(PTT) is a promising antibiotic-free strategy for treating infected bone defects. Considering the damage to normal tissues and cells caused by high-temperature conditions in PTT, this study combines the antibacterial property of Cu to construct a multi-functional Cu2 O@MXene/alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP)scaffold support with internal and external sandwiching through 3D printing technology. On the "outside", the excellent photothermal property of Ti3 C2 MXene is used to carry out the programmed temperature control by the active regulation of 808nm near-infrared (NIR) light. On the "inside", endogenous Cu ions gradually release and the release accumulates within the safe dose range. Specifically, programmed temperature control includes brief PTT to rapidly kill early bacteria and periodic low photothermal stimulation to promote bone tissue growth, which reduces damage to healthy cells and tissues. Meanwhile, Cu ions are gradually released from the scaffold over a long period of time, strengthening the antibacterial effect of early PTT, and promoting angiogenesis to improve the repair effect. PTT combined with Cu can deliver a new idea forinfected bone defects through in vitro and vivo application.

Internal corrosion characteristics of endogenous sulfate introduced by recycled aggregates in recycled aggregates concrete: Insights into the macro-mechanical and meso-mechanical properties

The old cement paste adhering to recycled aggregates (RA) carries some sulfate corrosion media because of the external sulfate attack occurred in parent concrete. These sulfate corrosion media would be introduced into recycled aggregates concrete (RAC) that is prepared using RA. For studying the effects of the internal sulfate corrosion media on RAC, different Na2SO4 solutions (0%, 1%, 5% and 8%) were used to soak RA for 120 days. The effects of the soaked RA on macro-mechanical properties and meso-mechanical properties of RAC were explored. It was found that the endogenous sulfate ions diffused from RA into the new cement paste to react with cement hydration products (such as Ca(OH)2) to generate corrosion products, ettringite and gypsum. The moderate corrosion products could fill pores and cracks at interfacial transition zone (ITZ) to enhance the early compressive strength and flexural strength of RAC. However, as the erosion level of RA and curing time of concrete increased, much corrosion products caused the obvious deterioration in strength of RAC and microhardness of ITZ, as well as the increase of thickness of ITZ. For easing the comprehensive evaluation of microhardness and thickness of ITZ, a new parameter (Δζ) was proposed. The smaller the Δζ, the higher the quality of ITZ.

Sugarcane molasses-induced gelation of low-methoxy pectin

Sugarcane molasses (SCM), a byproduct generated from sucrose manufacturing, has attracted considerable interest due to its high sugar content, polyphenolic compounds, and calcium ions. The objective of this study was to fabricate a type of low methoxy pectin (LMP)-based gel crosslinked by endogenous calcium ions found in SCM. Gel was formed by adding SCM into a 1 wt% LMP solution, which resulted in a Ca2+ concentration of 2–6 mmol/L. Rheological and textural measurements confirmed the formation of SCM-LMP gels. Compared to LMP gels induced by CaCl2, SCM-LMP gels exhibited weak storage modulus and gel strength, probably due to the presence of metal ions and small molecular sugars from SCM, which impede the formation of effective junction zones required for building a calcium-pectin network. The polyphenolic compounds from SCM were encapsulated within the SCM-LMP gel, enhancing its antioxidant capacity. Overall, this research explores the effectiveness of SCM in inducing LMP gelation for the first time. The findings of this study demonstrate a strategy for preparing LMP gels with antioxidant properties.