Endogenous Growth Research Articles

EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI ARASINDA LİNEER OLMAYAN PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

In the 1960s, endogenous growth theories revealed that human capital as much effect as physical capital in economic growth. Then, it was focused on how to increase human capital accumulation, and it was determined that first of all, education and then health were two main components. There are a lot of studies in the literature trying to assess the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. In the studies on the relationship between economic growth and health expenditures, which is the subject of this study, it has been observed that economic growth is increased by health expenditures generally, but there are some studies that show that it does not affect economic growth even decrease. In this study, the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth has been examined for OECD countries, including Turkey, with two different methods: dynamic panel data analysis and non-linear panel data analysis. In these methods, firstly, the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth is examined, then the other components of economic growth that are generally accepted in the literature, such as capital accumulation, total factor productivity and the democracy index, whose effects on economic growth are discussed, are included in the model to determine the effect of health expenditures on economic growth has been studied.

On the positive relation between the wage share and labor productivity growth with endogenous size and direction of technical change

This paper combines induced innovation and endogenous growth to investigate two issues: the relation between the wage share and labor productivity growth and the potential influence of the saving rate on the steady state wage share. We assume that myopic competitive firms choose the size and direction of technical change to maximize the growth rate of profits. First, we find technological conditions sufficient to ensure that labor productivity growth is a positive function of the wage share. Second, we show that the steady state wage share depends on the saving rate if, and only if, R&D investment affects the marginal rate of transformation between labor and capital productivity growth. Both results have important policy implications as they clarify under what conditions any factor affecting the wage share or the saving rate will have an impact on labor productivity growth or steady-state income distribution.

Role of efficiency and composition of public infrastructure: implications for growth and employment

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to theoretical endogenous growth literature, establishing the role of efficiency of public infrastructure use by private/public production sectors and composition of public infrastructure (i.e. proportion of public infrastructure directed towards productivity-enhancing purposes) in growth-process. For a small open economy with private/public production sectors, at free trade, increases in efficiency of public infrastructure use by private/public production-sector increase balanced growth rate, ratios of economy-wide aggregate-level of (i) private to public capital and (ii) employment to public – capital, under restrictions on efficiency – composition mix of public infrastructure and the free trade price, given other model-parameters; i.e. effect of efficiency-increase depends on public infrastructure composition. Thus, assessment of macroeconomic implications of employment should consider efficiency and composition of public infrastructure.

Is Oxytocin Administration During Childbirth Associated With Increased Risk for Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms?: A Preliminary Investigation.

Synthetic oxytocin is one of the most regularly administered medications to facilitate labor induction and augmentation. The present study examined the associations between oxytocin administration during childbirth and postpartum posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). In a multicenter longitudinal study, women completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 2 months postpartum ( N = 386). PTSS were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale. Logistic regression was used to examine the difference in PTSS at Time 2 between women who received oxytocin and women who did not. In comparison with women who did not receive oxytocin, women who received oxytocin induction were 3.20 times as likely to report substantial PTSS ( P = .036, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-9.52), and women who received oxytocin augmentation were 3.29 times as likely to report substantial PTSS ( P = .036, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-10.03), after controlling for being primiparous, preeclampsia, prior mental health diagnosis, mode of birth, postpartum hemorrhage, and satisfaction with staff. Oxytocin administration was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of PTSS. The findings may reflect biological and psychological mechanisms related to postpartum mental health and call for future research to establish the causation of this relationship.

Somapacitan (Sogroya)


 CADTH recommends that Sogroya should be reimbursed by public drug plans for the long-term treatment of pediatric patients who have growth failure due to an inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone (growth hormone deficiency [GHD]) if certain conditions are met.
 Sogroya should only be covered to treat children who are at least 2.5 years of age, have not reached puberty yet, and are diagnosed with GHD.
 Sogroya should only be reimbursed for a patient who is under the care of a pediatric endocrinologist and whose growth plates have not closed if Sogroya does not cost more than somatropin and somatrogon.

Fear of childbirth in nulliparous and multiparous women in Australia

Background/Aims Although maternity care in developed countries is safe, fear of childbirth is a common problem. There is limited research in this area on nulliparous and multiparous women. The aim of this study was to compare fear of childbirth, its risk factors and birth outcomes between Australian nulliparous and multiparous women. Methods In this prospective cohort study, 141 nulliparous women and 212 multiparous women were recruited from antenatal clinics. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires and analysed. Results A third of nulliparous (33%) and multiparous women (31%) feared childbirth. Nulliparous women with high–severe fear were more likely to have a lower family income, attend antenatal education classes, undergo assisted conception and report higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. They also had greater odds of prelabour cervical ripening, oxytocin for induction or augmentation of labour, instrumental birth, episiotomy and greater volume of blood loss during birth than multiparous women. Conclusions To empower and support women with fear of childbirth, their unique needs must be recognised. A assistance in coping with fear and anxiety must be made available to contribute to a positive pregnancy experience and birth outcome.

Budget deficit and money holding when consumers live forever in an endogenous growth model

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">In this paper I will show that budget deficit (or fiscal deficit) is necessary to achieve full employment under constant prices or inflation, using a model of endogenous growth in which consumers hold money for the reason of liquidity and live forever. Budget deficit need not be offset by future budget surpluses. I consider the continuous time case by taking the limit of the discrete time case when the time interval approaches zero. A continuous time dynamic model seems to be more general than a discrete time model. When the actual budget deficit is greater (smaller) than the value which is necessary and sufficient for full employment under constant prices, an inflation (a recession) occurs. The main argument of this paper is that a growing economy requires the continuation of budget deficit, and that we should not think of paying off the resulting government debt with taxes.</span></p>

America, Jump-Started: World War II R&D and the Takeoff of the US Innovation System

During World War II, the US government’s Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) supported one of the largest public investments in applied R&D in US history. Using data on all OSRD-funded invention, we show this shock had a formative impact on the US innovation system, catalyzing technology clusters across the country, with accompanying increases in high-tech entrepreneur-ship and employment. These effects persist until at least the 1970s and appear to be driven by agglomerative forces and endogenous growth. In addition to creating technology clusters, wartime R&D permanently changed the trajectory of overall US innovation in the direction of OSRD-funded technologies. (JEL H56, N42, N72, O31, O33, O38, R11)

The minimum effective dose (ED90) of prophylactic oxytocin infusion during cesarean delivery in patients with and without obesity: an up-down sequential allocation dose-response study

BackgroundObesity is associated with greater oxytocin requirement during labor induction or augmentation. There are scant data exploring the intra-operative requirement during cesarean delivery in patients with obesity, and none comparing it with those without obesity. We evaluated the minimum effective dose (ED90) of an oxytocin infusion to achieve adequate uterine tone during cesarean delivery in patients with and without obesity. MethodsPatients (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 represented patients with obesity) undergoing cesarean delivery using subarachnoid block were included. This prospective dual-arm dose-finding study used a 9:1 biased sequential allocation design. Oxytocin infusion was initiated at 13 IU/h at cord clamping in the first patient of each group. Uterine tone was graded as satisfactory or unsatisfactory by the obstetrician four minutes after initiation of the infusion. The dose of oxytocin infusion for subsequent patients was determined according to the response of the previous patient in the group. Oxytocin-associated side effects were evaluated. Dose-response data for the groups was evaluated using log-logistic function and ED90 estimates derived from fitted equations using the delta method. ResultsThe ED90 of oxytocin was significantly higher for patients with obesity (n = 40) compared with those without obesity (n = 40) [25.7 IU/h, 95% CI 18.6 to 32.9) vs. 16.6 IU/h, 95% CI 14.9 to 18.3)]; relative ratio 1.55 [95% CI 1.09 to 2.01] (P = 0.019). ConclusionsPatients with obesity require a higher intra-operative oxytocin infusion dose rate to achieve a satisfactorily contracted uterus after fetal delivery when compared with patients without obesity.

Root coverage achieved with a connective tissue graft overlaid onto allogeneic demineralized dentin matrix incorporated with rhBMP-2

Autogenous demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) has been widely used in implant dentistry and highlighted as a potential carrier of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Allogeneic DDM (Allo-DDM) is comparable to autogenous DDM in safety and effectiveness. The various endogenous growth factors in dentin, including BMP, transform-ing growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and insulin growth factor suggest that DDM incorporated with rhBMP-2 (DDM/ rhBMP-2) may exert a synergistic effect that promotes soft tissue healing through angiogenic activity, in addition to its osteoinductivity. This case report describes a successful outcome of root coverage where connective tissue graft (CTG) was overlaid onto Allo-DDM incorporated with rhBMP-2 (Allo-DDM/rhBMP-2).

Do parties matter for policy accumulation? An analysis of social policy portfolios in 22 countries

AbstractThis article analyses the role of political parties in policy accumulation. We study this relationship in the area of social policy. Our analysis builds on a large data set covering the size of policy portfolios (policy targets and instruments) in three subfields of social policy for 22 OECD countries over 30 years. We find that the probability of social policy accumulation is not affected by the government's ideological position. Left governments do not produce more extensive social policy portfolios than right ones. Yet, this striking result does not contradict governments’ political ideologies, as left and right parties accumulate for different reasons. While left parties address new social policy targets to broaden the scope of the welfare state, right parties adopt new policy instruments to condition social benefits. These findings hold regardless of how we measure governments’ ideological position and despite strong endogenous policy growth dynamics, that is, countries with greater policy portfolios also display higher levels of policy accumulation. Our findings indicate that party political considerations can explain the reasons for but not the level of policy accumulation. Changes in government are thus unlikely to stall or slow down the constant accumulation of public policies.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Versus Oral Misoprostol for the Induction of Labor: A Randomized Open-Label Study.

Introduction Misoprostol (prostaglandin E1 analog) is being used for the induction of labor by vaginal, oral, and sublingual routes. Oral misoprostol is the preferred route for induction of labor, but the use of sublingual misoprostol appears promising due to a faster onset of action. This study was done to compare the efficacy and safety of oral and sublingual misoprostol for induction of labor in term pregnancy. Materials and methods One hundred and sixty patients were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive 50 micrograms oforal and sublingual misoprostol four hourly for a maximum of six doses. Primigravida at 37-42 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation, Bishop score (<5), and reassuring fetal heart rate were included in the study. Misoprostol dose was withheldif the active phase of labor was reached or if the cervixwas favorable for amniotomy (Bishop score greater than or equal to eight). The change in the Bishop score with misoprostol was studied along with adverse effects and neonatal outcomes. Results The mean number of 50 mcg misoprostol doses required was significantly less in the sublingual group (2.94±0.97 versus 2.13±0.92; p<0.0001). The rate of change of the mean Bishop score was faster in the sublingual group. After four hours of the first dose, the mean Bishop score changed to 3.52±2.14 versus 4.68±2.34 (p=0.001), and, similarly, after eight hours, it was 10.48±2.59 versus 11.39±2.06, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.015). The mean induction delivery interval was significantly lower in the sublingual group. The need for labor augmentation, mode of delivery, andadverse effects were similar in both groups. The incidence of meconium-stained liquor and NICU admission was also similar in both groups. Conclusion Sublingmisoprostolstol has a short induction delivery interval and comparable side effects when compared to omisoprostolstol. Sublingmisoprostolstol is recommended for induction of labor at term.

Asset bubble and growth: Elastic labor supply with fiscal policy

This paper examines the interaction between asset bubbles and endogenous growth. Using an overlapping generations model with elastic labor supply and fiscal policy, we demonstrate that the inefficiency of the equilibrium without bubble, in conjunction with specific fiscal policy criteria, guarantees the existence of a bubble. This inefficiency is due to the sub-optimality of labor supply. Furthermore, we establish a positive impact of asset bubbles on economic growth. These bubbles prompt an increase in the interest rate, encouraging households to increase their labor supply. This surge in labor supply, in turn, heightens the marginal productivity of capital stock, culminating in an increase in the growth rate. Additionally, we find that, provided certain fiscal parameters are met, asset bubbles are welfare-enhancing.

Caesarean section rate reduced by a redesigned birthing room. Results of a quality improvement intervention at a hospital in Democratic Republic of Congo

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of a new birthing room at a tertiary hospital in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), on the caesarean section (CS) rate in women classified as Robson group 1, i.e., nulliparous women at term with spontaneous onset of labour of one foetus in cephalic presentation. MethodAs part of quality improvement interventions, a new birthing room designed to promote person-centredness was constructed at the labour ward at Panzi General Referral Hospital in DRC. In a quasi-experimental study on women classified as Robson 1, a comparison was performed between the group being cared for in the new birthing room and the group being cared for in the general birthing room. The main outcome measure was CS rate. ResultsIn the new person-centred birthing room, the CS rate was 17.1 % versus 28.4 % in women cared for in the general birthing room (p-value 0.001). There was also a higher presence of accompanying persons (p-value < 0.0001) and less use of synthetic oxytocin for the augmentation of labour (p-value 0.024). No difference in fear and childbirth experience was identified between women in the two rooms. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that it is possible, in a low-income country as the Democratic Republic of Congo, to reduce the CS rate in women classified as Robson 1 by adapting the birthing environment to be more person-centred, without compromising other obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Governance and the Manufacturing Sector Growth among the BRICS Nations

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between selected governance factors and growth rates in the manufacturing sector's output among the member states of BRICS. This study examined the institutionalized growth theory and explored four governance factors: government effectiveness, regulatory quality, control of corruption, and voice and accountability. The study also considered factors associated with both exogenous and endogenous growth theories. The estimation process involves applying the first difference generalized method of moments (D-GMM) on a linear dynamic panel model. The data spans from 2010 to 2021. The findings of this study suggest that among the BRICS nations, government effectiveness is the most significant predictor of growth in the manufacturing sector, out of the four governance factors that were examined. The factors of voice and accountability, control of corruption, and regulatory quality did not demonstrate the capacity to exert influence on variations in the growth of the manufacturing sector within the BRICS countries. Unlike prior studies, our research incorporates a range of established growth theories in constructing the empirical model. Additionally, we employ an instrumental variable approach for dynamic panel data analysis. We utilize robust standard errors to address potential issues of endogeneity and model misspecification. Therefore, BRICS countries should devote a sizeable portion of their resources to building solid mechanisms that make it easier for the implementation, oversight, and thorough reporting of government activities inside their manufacturing sector. This strategy could increase governmental effectiveness, which would encourage overall manufacturing sector growth.

Normal value and changes in CRP values on maternal and fetal umbilical cord blood with the labor and intrapartum interventions

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is widely used as an inflammatory marker. Since labour is an inflammatory process, CRP values vary during the intrapartum and postpartum period due to multiple factors.Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was carried out at Castle Street Hospital for Women. Mothers who have term singleton pregnancies with uneventful antenatal periods and have undergone vaginal delivery were recruited for the study. Samples were obtained just after admission to the labour ward (S1), 24 hours after the delivery (S2), and the fetal umbilical cord blood (S3). Reference ranges for S2 and S3 were determined using the interquartile range (IQR).Results: Out of 300 mothers recruited for the study, the mean age was 26.73 years (95% Confidence interval 19.5-36.9). There were 266 samples of S1,177 samples of S2, and 173 samples of S3 were collected. The reference range for S2 is 12.70-150.83 mg/dl, and for S3 is 0.1-8.1 mg/dL. The S2 value is significantly associated with duration of labor (r=0.47, p=0.046), number of vaginal examinations (VEs) (p &lt; 0.001), augmentation of labor (AOL) (p=0.001), method of cervical ripening (p=0.014) and intrapartum intervention (p &lt; 0.001). The number of vaginal examinations (p=0.02) and augmentation of labor (p=0.025) are significantly associated with fetal umbilical cord blood (S3).Conclusion: Early postpartum CRP can be risen up to 151 mg/dL after 24 hours of vaginal delivery. It may be associated with prolonged labor, number of VEs performed, AOL, method of cervical ripening, and episiotomy. Fluctuation of normal CRP values during the periods of antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum needs to be assessed in the Sri Lankan community.

The energy intensity reduction effect of developing digital economy: Theory and empirical evidence from China

This study develops an endogenous growth model to examine the energy intensity reduction effect of digital economy development, and its influencing mechanisms. The study also conducts empirical analysis using pooled ordinary least squares, two-stage least squares and two-step methods to investigate a provincial dataset from 2011 to 2020 in mainland China. The results indicate that digitalisation reduces energy intensity. We examine endogeneity using historical data related to postal operations in the 1980s, the economic and geographical distance from capital cities to Hangzhou and geographical altitude data as instrumental variables for digital economy development. Further analysis demonstrates that technical, efficiency and structural effects are the primary mediators of energy intensity reduction in the digital economy, which is consistent with the theoretical implications. The results remain robust to a series of tests such as replacing estimators and dependent variables, a California effect test, an environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis test, regional heterogeneity tests and a policy disturbance test. The findings ultimately provide evidence that the digital economy presents a viable new solution to reconcile energy and economic management in the context of China's carbon peak and neutrality objectives.

The energy-growth nexus in Canada: new empirical insights.

Over the past two decades, numerous developed and developing nations have witnessed a remarkable shift from manufacturing-based economies to those that center around the service sector. This development has led to a staggering growth in the consumption of energy-intensive goods, and Canada has not been immune to this trend. Despite being home to abundant energy reserves, the country's economic expansion has manifestly relied on prodigious energy consumption. Within this context of symbiotic energy-economic growth, this study investigates the empirical relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using Canadian time-series data from 1980 to 2020. In doing so, this paper offers a vital contribution to the development of theoretical frameworks within the sphere of endogenous growth. Besides, to arrive at empirical findings, a model known as the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, renowned for its ability to discern both short- and long-term coefficients, is employed. The results reveal that economic growth has a significant positive long-run effect on energy consumption and other explanatory variables. All variables other than trade openness demonstrate a positive relationship with economic growth in the short run. From Toda-Yamamoto causality test, it is evident that there exist bidirectional causal links between economic growth and energy consumption and between economic growth and financial development. Several unidirectional causalities were also observed for other variables. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Canada boosts its investment in energy infrastructure, especially in rural and backward regions, to deliver necessary energy services. An optimal trade-off between Canada's vast energy resources and economic growth can perhaps be achieved by minimizing the disparity in access to energy services across all parts of the country. Other policy implications are discussed.

Financing constraints, intellectual property rights protection and incremental innovation: Evidence from transition economy firms

Despite a growing literature, the relationship between financing constraints (FC), intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and firm innovation remains unclear within the transitional country context. Drawing on endogenous growth theory and extending the Gorodnichenko and Schnitzer (2013) framework, we hypothesize that in addition to firm-specific factors, country-level variables manifested within FC hamper incremental innovation, albeit in varying degrees due to industry heterogeneity. Secondly, as opposed to previous studies that solely focus on FC affecting firm innovation, we propose that due to resource constraints, firms in transition economies tend to follow an imitational innovation strategy, and therefore, from this perspective, IPR protection can be crucial for firm-level innovation within those economies. Using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) consisting of information for about 21,960 firms from 27 Eastern European and Central Asian transition countries and employing a two-step probit model with endogenous regressors, we find that adverse effects of FC and IPR on firms' innovation activities are driven from within as well as between industries. Focusing on the differential impacts of FC and IPR protection across industries, we direct potential causal pathways from easing FC and optimal IPR protection to encourage firms' innovation. Based on the findings, while very strict IPR protection is detrimental to firms' product and process innovation in industries with limited resource and skill capabilities, it is nevertheless helpful for research and development (R&D) activities in industries characterised by strong R&D and IP capacities. Our results offer useful insights for policymakers to support incremental innovation as well as boost invention. IPR protection policies require to be customised to the industries and firms, since invariably tight or lax IPR enforcement can be discouraging to both incremental and radical innovation, causing all industries suffering from the same treatment.

Frequency of digital vaginal examination and associated factors among mothers admitted to labor and delivery wards in public health facilities of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia.

To assess the frequency of digital examination and its associated factors among laboring mothers in public health facilities in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. Digital vaginal examination (DVE) is the commonly applied clinical assessment method used to discover the progress of labor and delivery. However, frequent DVE may not be free of risk for maternal and neonatal health, and pain during intrapartum care. An institution-based descriptive cross-sectional study was employed from May 3 to July 6, 2022. Study participants were selected by a serial sampling method. Data were entered into epi data version 7.2 and exported to SPSS v.25 for data analysis. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to assess associations between study variables. Statistical significance was declared at a P value less than 0.05. A total of 374 women responded to the interview, making a response rate of 98.4%. In all, 230 (61.5%) of the laboring mothers underwent five or more DVE. Being a primipara, being in latent phase at admission, having augmentation of labor, prolonged labor, being admitted with intact membranes, and vacuum delivery showed significant associations with frequent DVE. Frequency of DVE among laboring mothers is relatively high in the study area. The frequent DVE were mainly caused by healthcare provider's interventions to shorten the time of labor. Emphasis on training and monitoring the practice of healthcare givers would be helpful to mitigate this problem.