Corm Research Articles

Pre-conditioning of gingival epithelial cells with sub-apoptotic concentrations of curcumin prevents pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Plaque-induced gingival inflammation (gingivitis) is ubiquitous in humans. The epithelial barrier reacts to the presence of oral bacteria and induces inflammatory cascades. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which the small molecule micronutrient curcumin could decrease inflammatory response in vitro to oral bacterium heat-killed Fusobacterium nucleatum as curcumin could be a useful compound for combatting gingivitis already consumed by humans. H400 oral epithelial cell line was pre-conditioned with curcumin and the production of cytokines was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and translocation of transcription factors was used to monitor inflammatory responses. Haem oxygenase (HO-1) expression and molecules that HO-1 releases were evaluated for their potential to reduce the quantity of cytokine production. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting were used to evaluate changes in transcription factor and enzyme location. Pre-conditioning of H400 cells with a sub-apoptotic concentration of curcumin (20 μM) attenuated secretion of Granulocyte-Macrophage - Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and reduced NFkB nuclear translocation. This pre-conditioning caused an increase in nuclear Nrf2; an initial drop (at 8h) followed by an adaptive increase (at 24 h) in glutathione; and an increase in haem oxygenase (HO-1) expression. Inhibition of HO-1 by SnPPIX prevented the curcumin-induced attenuation of GM-CSF production. HO-1 catalyses the breakdown of haem to carbon monoxide, free iron and biliverdin: the HO-1/CO anti-inflammatory pathway. Elevations in carbon monoxide, achieved using carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM2) treatment alone abrogated F. nucleatum-induced cytokine production. Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase (BVR). This pleiotropic protein was found to increase in cell membrane expression upon curcumin treatment. Curcumin decreased inflammatory cytokine production induced by Fusobacterium nucleatum in H400 oral epithelial cells. The mechanism of action appears to be driven by the increase of haem oxygenase and the production of carbon monoxide.

H2O2 responsive CO gas release platform with CA IX-Targeting for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis

Carbon monoxide (CO) gas therapy has emerged as a highly promising anti-tumor strategy. However, targeting delivery and controlled intratumoral release of CO still have unsatisfactory outcomes. Herein, we constructed a novel CO therapeutic platform consisting of a carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) inhibitor (CAI) and intelligent responsive CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). The formed platform coupled with CAI can actively target CA IX overexpressed tumor cells to achieve targeted delivery of CORMs. After reaching the tumor site and being internalized by tumor cells, CORMs can be activated by the endogenous H2O2, realizing the light induced excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect and spatiotemporal controllable release of CO. Next, CAI can prevent tumor metastasis by inhibiting CA IX to alleviate the acidic tumor extracellular environment, while the generated CO can also achieve tumor metastasis inhibition by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the constructed CO gas therapeutic platform can significantly inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, which provides a new direction for tumor gas therapy.

Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) as a modulating factor of molecular biological clock in the hypothalamic structures involved in light transmission in pig and wild boar hybrid during long and short day season.

Mature males of a wild boar-pig crossbreed, during the long and short day season, were used for the study which demonstrates that the chemical light carrier CO regulates the expression of biological clock genes in the hypothalamus via humoral pathways. Autologous blood with experimentally elevated concentrations of endogenous CO (using lamps with white light-emitting diodes) was infused into the ophthalmic venous sinus via the right dorsal nasal vein. Molecular biology methods: qPCR and Western Blot were used to determine the expression of genes and biological clock proteins. The results showed that elevated endogenous CO levels, through blood irradiation, induces changes in genes expression involved in the functioning of the main biological clock located in suprachiasmatic nuclei. Changes in the expression of the transcription factors Bmal1, Clock and Npas2 have a similar pattern in both structures, where a very large decrease in gene expression was shown after exposure to elevated endogenous CO levels. The changes in the gene expression of PER 1-2, CRY 1-2, and REV-ERB α-β and ROR β are not the same for both POA and DH hypothalamic structures, indicating that both structures respond differently to the humoral signal received. The results indicate that CO is a chemical light molecule whose production in an organism depends on the amount of light. An adequate amount of light is an essential factor for the proper functioning of the main biological clock.

Carbon monoxide preconditioning is mediated via activation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles

Preconditioning with inhalative carbon monoxide (CO) at low concentrations provides protection against hypoxic and ischemic insults in the brain and heart. The present study aims to test a hypothesis that activation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) is a mechanism underlying the protective effect of CO preconditioning. Here we show that CO preconditioning induced mild oxidative stress and activated massive production of MDVs. Short exposure to a low concentration of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule 2 (CORM-2), a donor of carbon monoxide, prevented oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from subsequent death induced by high doses of CO, and protected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosomal activity prevented degradation of MDVs, abolished MDV-mediated mitochondrial quality control, and diminished the protective effect of CO preconditioning. Altogether, our data provide direct evidence suggesting that MDV-mediated mitochondrial quality control may have a novel role in CO preconditioning.

A near-infrared HBT-based fluorescent probe for tracking carbon monoxide-releasing CORM-3

Tricarbonylchloro(glycinato)ruthenium (CORM-3) has important application in the treatment of clinical diseases because of anti-inflammatory and heart-protecting properties, and is also used to study the metabolic mechanism of endogenous carbon monoxide as a safe and convenient carbon monoxide-releasing agent in vivo due to good water solubility and releasing controlled amounts of CO. Thus the development of effective detection methods to achieve the analysis of CORM-3 is of great significance in monitoring CORM-3 and studying the specific mechanism of endogenous CO in biological samples. Herein a small molecule fluorescent probe was developed by selecting 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) derivative as the optical signal unit and 4-nitrobenzyl moiety as the reactive unit. It could quickly detect CORM-3 within 15 min by the enhanced near-infrared fluorescence at 720 nm without the participation of heavy metal ions, accompanied by the large Stokes movement of 195 nm. The detection limit and linear range of the probe toward CORM-3 were achieved 0.11 µM and 0 – 175 µM, respectively. Besides, this probe displayed a red-edge effect, and the excitation wavelength and emission wavelength may be adjusted reasonably according to the test requirement to avoid interference signal. More importantly, it has been successfully used for the detection of CORM-3 with high resolution of fluorescence imaging in living cells and Zebrafish.

Light activated simultaneous release and recognition of biological signaling molecule carbon monoxide (CO).

The therapeutic action of carbon monoxide (CO) is very well known and has been studied on various types of tissues and animals. However, real-time spatial and temporal tracking and release of CO is still a challenging task. This paper reported an amphiphilic CO sensing probe NP and phospholipid 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) based nanoscale vesicular sensing system Ves-NP consisting of NP. The liposomal sensing system (Ves-NP) showed good selectivity and sensitivity for CO without any interference from other relevant biological analytes. Detection of CO is monitored by fluorescence OFF-ON signal. Ves-NP displayed LOD of 5.94µM for CO detection with a response time of 5min. Further, in a novel attempt, Ves-NP is co-embedded with the amphiphilic CO-releasing molecule 1-Mn(CO)3 to make an analyte replacement probe Ves-NP-CO. Having a both CO releasing and sensing moiety at the surface of the same liposomal system Ves-NP-CO play a dual role. Ves-NP-CO is used for the simultaneous release and recognition of CO that can be controlled by light. Thus, in this novel approach, for the first time we have attached both the release and recognition units of CO in the vesicular surface, both release and recognition simultaneously monitored by the change in fluorescent OFF-ON signal.

Novel Insights on CAI-CORM Hybrids: Evaluation of the CO Releasing Properties and Pain-Relieving Activity of Differently Substituted Coumarins for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Pain control is among the most important healthcare services in patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the current therapeutic options (i.e., disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) are limited by the risk of the side effects. In this context, we proposed an innovative approach based on the hybridization between carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) and CO releasing molecules (CORMs). The resulting CAI-CORM hybrids were revealed to possess strong anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro models of diseases and to relieve ache symptoms in an in vivo RA rat model. In this work, we have deepened the study of these promising hybrids, designing a library of coumarin-based compounds, also including internal dicobalt hexacarbonyl systems. The results obtained from the CO releasing study, the CA inhibitory activity, and the in vivo pain-relief efficacy evaluation in the RA rat model confirmed the success of this strategy, allowing us to consider CAI-CORM hybrids promising anti-nociceptive agents against arthritis.

A mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for imaging of endogenous carbon monoxide in living cells

Carbon monoxide (CO), a vital gasotransmitter, plays critical functions in many physiological processes. Mitochondrial CO is closely related to mitochondrial respiration, thus the detection and imaging of mitochondrial CO in living cells is very important and has attracted much attention recently. In this paper, we developed a hemicyanine-based off–on fluorescent probe, CO-H1, which was used for monitoring endogenous mitochondrial CO levels in living cells. After reacted with CO in the presence of PdCl2, the fluorescence of CO-H1 was enhanced notably, accompanied by a significant red shift of absorption. CO-H1 exhibits low cytotoxicity, high sensitivity (detection limit of 0.048 μM), and good selectivity for CO. When incubated with living cells, probe CO-H1 mainly entered the mitochondria. CO-H1 was successfully applied to imaging the exogenous/endogenous mitochondrial CO in living cells, suggesting its potential application for further studying the biological functions of mitochondrial CO in living cells.

Renal Clearable Catalytic 2D Au-Porphyrin Coordination Polymer Augmented Photothermal-Gas Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

As a gasotransmitter, carbon monoxide (CO) possesses antitumor activity by reversing the Warburg effect at higher concentrations. The targeted delivery of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) using nanomaterials is an appealing option for CO administration, but how to maintain CO above the threshold concentration in tumor tissue remains a challenge. Herein, a nanozyme-catalyzed cascade reaction is proposed to promote CO release for high-efficacy photothermal therapy (PTT)-combined CO therapy of cancer. A gold-based porphyrinic coordination polymer nanosheet (Au0 -Por) is synthesized to serve as a carrier for CORM. It also possesses excellent glucose oxygenase-like activity owing to ultrasmall zero-valent gold atoms on the nanosheet. The catalytically generated H2 O2 can efficiently catalyze CORM decomposition, which enables in situ generation of sufficient CO for gas therapy. In vivo, the Au0 -Por nanosheets-enhanced photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and fluorescence imaging collectively demonstrate high tumor-targeting efficiency and nanomaterial retention. Proven to have augmented therapeutic efficacy, the nanoplatform can also be easily degraded and excreted through the kidney, indicating good biocompatibility. Thus, the application of rational designed Au0 -Por nanosheet with facile approach and biodegradable property to PAI-guided synergistic gas therapy can provide a strategy for the development of biocompatible and highly effective gaseous nanomedicine.

Synthesis, structure, CO releasing, and biological activities of new 1-D chain Mn(I)/Mn(II) visible light activated CO-releasing molecules (CORMs)

The manganese tricarbonyl complex {[Mn2(CO)6Mn(H2O)4(BPDC)2]·2H2O}n (1) (BPDC = 2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) was synthesized from the reaction of MnBr(CO)5 with 2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid. Various fac-Mn(CO)3 cores based on mononuclear complexes were achieved and only a handful of the Mn(I)-based dinuclear metallastirrups or supramolecular rectangles were reported. Interestingly, our compound is the first example of a CORM with 1-D ladder-like chain and Mn(I)/Mn(II) mixed valence state. Studies show that 1 can release CO under three different wavelengths of light (Green: λ = 520–530 nm; Blue: λ = 465–470 nm; UV: λ = 365–370 nm) and CO releasing rate can be adjusted by changing the wavelength of the irradiation light. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to analyze the effect of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) on CO releasing behaviors. Furthermore, cellular viability assay and anti-inflammatory activities showed that 1 possessed biological compatibility but no systemic cytotoxicity, and could prevent LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α and NO in RAW264.7 cells. The results suggest that 1 may provide a therapeutic approach for inflammation.

A novel red AIE fluorescent probe for ratiometric detection of carbon monoxide in vitro and in vivo.

As a significant signaling gas molecule, carbon monoxide (CO) has a crucial impact on various physiological and pathological processes in organisms, particularly in oxidative stress processes. Hence, designing and synthesizing a fluorescent probe that can effectively image CO in vivo holds immense significance. In this work, under the guidance of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we designed and synthesized a red aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe THBTA-CO for CO detection and imaging. The fluorescent probe displayed green fluorescence emission at 535 nm before the CO response. However, upon CO response, with the involvement of Pd2+, the probe emitted red fluorescence at 630 nm. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the potential of THBTA-CO in visualizing both exogenous and endogenous CO in living cells. Significantly, THBTA-CO was effectively employed to image CO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in mice. These findings convincingly establish THBTA-CO as a promising fluorescent probe for CO sensing and imaging, thereby facilitating a better understanding of CO's role in biomedical research.

Common xanthene fluorescent dyes are visible-light activatable CO-releasing molecules.

Fluorescein, eosin Y, and rose bengal are dyes used in clinical medicine and considered (photo-)chemically stable. Upon extensive irradiation with visible light in aqueous solutions, we found that these compounds release carbon monoxide (CO) - a bioactive gasotransmitter - in 40-100% yields along with the production of low-mass secondary photoproducts, such as phthalic and formic acids, in a multistep degradation process. Such photochemistry should be considered in applications of these dyes, and they could also be utilized as visible-light activatable CO-releasing molecules (photoCORMs) with biological implications.

Studying manganese carbonyl photochemistry in a permanently porous metal-organic framework.

Mn(diimine)(CO)3X (X = halide) complexes are critical components of chromophores, photo- and electrocatalysts, and photoactive CO-releasing molecules (photoCORMs). While these entities have been incorporated into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a detailed understanding of the photochemical and chemical processes that occur in a permanently porous support is lacking. Here we site-isolate and study the photochemistry of a Mn(diimine)(CO)3Br moiety anchored within a permanently porous MOF support, allowing for not only the photo-liberation of CO from the metal but also its escape from the MOF crystals. In addition, the high crystallinity and structural flexibility of the MOF allows crystallographic snapshots of the photolysis products to be obtained. We report these photo-crystallographic studies in the presence of coordinating solvents, THF and acetonitrile, showing the changing coordination environment of the Mn species as CO loss proceeds. Using time resolved experiments, we report complementary spectroscopic studies of the photolysis chemistry and characterize the final photolysis product as a possible Mn(ii) entity. These studies inform the chemistry that occurs in MOF-based photoCORMs and where these moieties are employed as catalysts.

Water-Soluble Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules (CORMs)

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are promising candidates for producing carbon monoxide in the mammalian body for therapeutic purposes. At higher concentrations, CO has a harmful effect on the mammalian organism. However, lower doses at a controlled rate can provide cellular signaling for mandatory pharmacokinetic and pathological activities. To date, exploring the therapeutic implications of CO dose as a prodrug has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic significance. There are two different methods of CO insertion, i.e., indirect and direct exogenous insertion. Indirect exogenous insertion of CO suggests an advantage of reduced toxicity over direct exogenous insertion. For indirect exogenous insertion, researchers are facing the issue of tissue selectivity. To solve this issue, developers have considered the newly produced CORMs. Herein, metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) are covalently linked with CO molecules to produce different CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, and CORM-3, etc. All these CORMs required exogenous CO insertion to achieve the therapeutic targets at the optimized rate under peculiar conditions or/and triggering. Meanwhile, the metal residue was generated from i-CORMs, which can propagate toxicity. Herein, we explain CO administration, water-soluble CORMs, tissue accumulation, and cytotoxicity of depleted CORMs and the kinetic profile of CO release.

A Review for In Vitro and In Vivo Detection and Imaging of Gaseous Signal Molecule Carbon Monoxide by Fluorescent Probes.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a vital endogenous gaseous transmitter molecule involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes in living biosystems. In order to investigate the biological function of CO, many technologies have been developed to monitor the level of endogenous CO in biosystems. Among them, the fluorescence detection technology based on the fluorescent probe has the advantages of high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, simple operation, especially non-invasive damage to biological samples, and the possibility of real-time in situ detection, etc., which is considered to be one of the most effective and applicable detection techniques. Therefore, in the last few years, a lot of work has been carried out on the design, synthesis and in vivo fluorescence imaging studies of CO fluorescent probes. Furthermore, using fluorescent probes to detect the changes in CO concentrations in living cells and tissues as well as in organisms has been one of the hot research topics in recent years. However, it is still a challenge to rationally design CO fluorescent probe with excellent optical performance, structural stability, low background interference, good biocompatibility, and excellent water solubility. Therefore, this review focuses on the research progress of CO fluorescent probes in the detection mechanism and biological applications in recent years. However, this popular and leading topic has rarely been summarized comprehensively to date. Thus, the research progress of CO fluorescent probes in recent years is reviewed in terms of their design concept, detection mechanism, and their biological applications. In addition, the relationship between the structure and performance of the probes was also discussed. More significantly, we hope that more excellent optical properties fluorescent probes for gaseous transmitter molecule CO detection and imaging will overcome the current problems of high biotoxicity and limited water solubility in future.

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule 2 inhibits inflammation associated with intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs in multiple clinical settings and contributes to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Due to the innate inflammatory immune nature, T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IRI, which includes not only CD4+T cells, but also CD8+and γδ T cells. Carbon monoxide (CO) plays an important role in regulating CD4+T cell responses and has been proven to be a novel therapeutic target in a variety of inflammatory disease models. This study aimed to assess whether pretreatment with carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) could ameliorate inflammation by regulating differentiation of CD4+T cells in intestinal mucosa of rats undergoing hemorrhagic shock. A hemorrhagic shock model was established to study intestinal IRI. Morphological changes were investigated using light microscopes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) was used as an indicator of intestinal paracellular permeability. Transcription factors involved in differentiation of CD4+T cells in intestinal mucosa were detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression levels of related cytokines were determined by Western blotting. The results of hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining and FITC-dextran intestinal paracellular permeability assay revealed that CORM-2 maintained the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier and inhibited the changes of intestinal mucosal permeability. In addition, activation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, and the increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), were observed in intestinal IRI process. In contrast, pretreatment with CORM-2 weakened changes of the abovementioned observations, in which inhibited activation of Th1 and Th17 cells. However, CORM-2 did not influence differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells in intestinal IRI progress. Notably, CORM-2 significantly upregulated the expression level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) protein and downregulated the expression levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ proteins in ileal tissues of rats. CORM-2 possessed anti-inflammatory effects in the progress of intestinal IRI by inhibiting activation of Th1 and Th17 cells in rats undergoing hemorrhagic shock.

Oral Use of Therapeutic Carbon Monoxide for Anyone, Anywhere, and Anytime.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a therapeutic gas with therapeutic potential in intestinal bowel disease. Therapeutic efficacy in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) must be paired with safe and convenient use. Therefore, we designed an oral CO releasing system (OCORS) pairing tunable CO release into the GIT while preventing the release of any other molecule from within the device, causing safety concerns. The dimensions of the device, which is manufactured from 3D printed components, are within compendial limits. This is achieved by controlling CO decarbonylation from a molybdenum complex with a FeCl3 solution. OCORS' surrounding silicon membranes control release rates, as does the loading with carbonylated molybdenum complex and FeCl3 solution. Herein we describe the development of the system, the characterization of the CO releasing molecule (CORM), and the CO release kinetics of the overall system. Neither the CORM nor isocyanoacetate as a potential reaction byproduct were cytotoxic. Finally, we demonstrated by design validation in an in vivo porcine model that, except for the release of the therapeutic CO, OCORS isolates all components during transit through the stomach. We could show that OCORS generated and released CO locally into the stomach of the animals without systemic exposure, measured as the carboxyhemoglobin content in the blood of the pigs. In conclusion, OCORS derisks oral development by limiting patient exposure to (desirable) CO while preventing contact with any further (undesirable) chemical, by-, or degradation products. CO generating devices come in reach, which now can be used by anyone, anywhere, and anytime.

Rational design of metal-free fluorescent probe for tracking CO-releasing molecule-3 in vitro and in vivo

Carbon monoxide (CO), a potential therapeutic gaseous molecule for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, is difficult to deliver directly into the body. CO-releasing molecule (CORM)− 3 is an alternative molecule for in vivo delivery of CO. To track the distribution of CORM-3 in vitro and in vivo, we reasonably designed and synthesized a series of coumarin-pyridine dyads (1−3) by DFT calculation. Applying the 4-nitrobenzyl group as the recognition site, two new metal-free fluorescent probes (MFP-1/2) were used for CORM-3 detection. As expected, probe MFP-1/2 showed an obvious off-on fluorescent response after the reaction with CORM-3. Meanwhile, probe MFP-2 exhibited good selectivity and sensitivity to CORM-3 in PBS. With the aid of its large stock shift and red emitting wavelength, MFP-2 was successfully applied to track the distribution of CORM-3 in living cells and in mice.

Cell viability and collagen metabolism of MCF-7 breast cancer cells are affected by carbon monoxide released from CORM-2.

Carbon monoxide (CO), despite its reputation as a deadly poison, is being recognized as a powerful physiological regulatory agent with potential anti-cancer properties. To harness the potential of CO towards a safe therapy, CO-Releasing Molecules (CO-RMs) have been developed. In the present study, the effects of tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM-2) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell cultures were evaluated, with particular regard to mechanisms affecting collagen biosynthesis. In our model, CORM-2 exerted dose-dependent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, i.e., attenuated cell viability, induced apoptosis and reduced autophagy. Collagen biosynthesis was significantly reduced, with signs of the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B, integrin β1, insulin-like growth factor 1 and proline metabolism as the probable underlying mechanism. No effects of CO-depleted CORM-2 were found, thereby demonstrating that CORM-2 activity is associated with carbon monoxide. Additionally, it was found that CORM-2 had no influence on control fibroblasts cultures. Our results confirm both the cytotoxic and collagen-related properties of CO-releasing molecule in a breast cancer cell culture, and therefore serve to encourage further research in a pre-clinical setting. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to attempt to relate the effects of CORM-2 on cell viability and collagen metabolism in a cancer cell culture.

Quest of new molecular frameworks for photoinduced carbon monoxide-releasing molecules: a computational prospective

Quest of new molecular frameworks for photoinduced carbon monoxide-releasing molecules: a computational prospective