Endodontic Sealers Research Articles

Characterization, Physical Properties, and Biocompatibility of Novel Tricalcium Silicate-Chitosan Endodontic Sealer.

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics, physical properties, and biocompatibility of the novel tricalcium silicate-chitosan (TCS-C) sealer with AH Plus and Sure-Seal Root. The TCS-C powder was prepared by mixing tricalcium silicate with 2% water-soluble chitosan at a 5:1 ratio, followed by sufficient addition of 10 g/mL ratio of double-distilled water to form a homogeneous cement. Material characterizations (the Fourier Transform InfraRed [FTIR] and X-ray diffraction [XRD]), physical property investigations (flow and film thickness), and cytotoxicity tests in 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell (MTT assay method) were performed on sealers, and the results were compared with those of the commercial products. Statistical analysis was performed on flow and film thickness. The normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The TCS-C showed a mean flow of 31.98 ± 0.68 mm, compared with Sure Seal Root at 26.38 ± 0.69 mm and AH Plus at 26.50 ± 0.12 mm. The TCS-C showed a mean film thickness of 60 ± 10.0 mm compared with Sure-Seal Root at 50 ± 10.0 mm and AH Plus at 40 ± 15.8 mm. The TCS-C exhibited low to no cytotoxicity in fibroblast cell at all concentrations and exposure times. Adding water-soluble chitosan may improve the physical and biologic properties of tricalcium silicate cement. The novel TCS-C sealer did not fully meet the physical properties of an endodontic sealer, but it was not cytotoxic to fibroblast cells.

Evaluation of the effect of three different base endodontic sealers on the periapical region's discomfort and healing after root canal therapy

Seventy-five single-rooted teeth diagnosed with asymptomatic necrosis and apical periodontitis were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups (n=25), according to the root canal sealer: MTA Fillapex, CPM Sealer, and AH Plus. Calcium hydroxide was employed as intracanal dressing throughout used during endodontic procedure. Classify each patient's discomfort as none, slight, moderate, or severe. Pain was rated between 1 and 4 after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. Also, analgesic use was monitored. The chi-square test contrasted postoperative pain and painkiller use. The ordinal (linear) chi-square test measured pain following therapy. There were no differences between groups in postoperative pain frequency, severity, or analgesic intake (p&gt;0.05). After 7 days, no pain. Postoperative discomfort and the requirement for analgesics were the same for AH Plus, CPM Sealer, and MTA Fillapex. Aim of study: This clinical study was created to evaluate the frequency and intensity of pain with analgesic intake following root canal therapy utilizing various root canal sealers (MTA Fillapex, CPM Sealer, AH Plus).

Does ultrasonic activation improve the bond strength and root canal filling quality of endodontic sealers?

This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic activation (UA) of three endodontic sealers on the bond strength to root dentin and root canal filling quality. Ninety six bovine incisors were instrumented and root canal filling was carried out using AH Plus (AP), Sealer Plus (SP), or Sealer Plus BC (BC), with or without UA (n=16/group). Two 1.5-mm slices were obtained from each root third. The first slice was subjected to push-out testing and failure mode analysis, while the second was observed under a stereomicroscope for filling quality assessment. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (α=0.05). SP showed higher bond strength and fewer voids than BC in the apical third and when root thirds data were pooled. SP also had higher bond strength compared with AH Plus in the apical third. UA improved the bond strength when BC was used but did not affect the filling quality of any sealer. There were no significant differences between the ultrasonically activated sealers regarding bond strength and filling quality. When root thirds were compared, the bond strength was similar along the root, but there was a tendency to worsen filling quality, with more voids, in the apical segment. In conclusion, UA was effective in increasing the bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealer but did not improve its filling quality. For the epoxy resin-based sealers, these properties were not affected by UA.

In vitro antibacterial activity of three root canal sealers against Enterococcus Faecalis

The antibacterial activity of root canal sealers may contribute to the eradication of remaining bacteria in root canals following canal shaping and debridement. The aim of the study is to assess the antimicrobial effect of 3 endodontic sealers: Sealapex™, EndoREZ™ and Guttaflow bioseal™ against Enterococcus faecalis. This was a laboratory-based comparative study testing the antimicrobial activity of three endodontic sealers against Enterococcus faecalis. The endodontic sealers were tested unset 20 minutes after mixing and after setting. Testing after setting enabled the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of aged sealers after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. A total of 150 samples were used for the study. The tested sealers were divided into 3 groups: • Group 1 (EndoREZ™) n = 45 plates, n = 5 control plates. • Group 2 (Guttaflow bioseal™) n = 45, n = 5 control plates. • Group 3 (Sealapex™) n = 45, n = 5 control plates. All the materials exhibited some activity against the bacteria. The overall greatest antibacterial activity can be seen by Guttaflow bioseal™ (4.46, 0.01) on day 21, followed by Sealapex™ (5.12, 0.05) on day 7 and EndoREZ™ (6.37,0.08) on day 14. Under the conditions of this study all the endodontic sealers exhibited some antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis with different behaviour patterns at different times.

Adhesive Strength of Endodontic Sealer Epoxy Resin with Addition of Nano Chitosan High Molecular in Root Canals

Adhesive Strength of Endodontic Sealer Epoxy Resin with Addition of Nano Chitosan High Molecular in Root Canals

Influence of root canal moisture conditions on the bond strength of endodontic sealers to dentin

Objective: To investigate the influence of intraradicular moisture conditions on the bond strength of 3 different endodontic cements in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root canal. Materials and Methods: 90 single-rooted teeth were instrumented with a reciprocal R#50 file and randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: Dry group: dry canals with absorbent paper tips; Moist group: suction syringe and capillary tip coupled to a vacuum pump; Wet group: aspiration with endodontic suction. The groups were divided according to the endodontic sealer used: AH plus (Denstply), Hiflow (Brasseler) and Bio-c Sealer (Angelus). Obturation was performed using Tagger's hybrid technique with a single cone. The teeth were subjected to the "push-out" test to evaluate the bond strength of the cements. Results: Data were analyzed using the Kolgomorov-Smirnoff normal distribution test and the Mann Whitney U test to compare means within and between groups. The standard error established was 5% at a significance level of 95%. AH plus showed better results regardless of canal moisture conditions. Hiflow showed better bond strength in the dry group compared to the moist group (p=0.023) in the cervical area. Bio-C Sealer showed no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Moisture conditions affected the bond strength values of endodontic cements. The prevalence of failure moduli was mixed in all root thirds, regardless of the cement used.

Effect of obturation technique on penetration of calcium silicate-based sealer into dentinal tubules after endodontic retreatment of mandibular premolars.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to investigate the penetration of endodontic sealers into the dentinal tubules after retreatment using two different obturation techniques. Thirty mandibular premolars were prepared up to instrument F3 (ProTaper Universal, Dentsply) and filled with Endofill using the single cone technique. The canals were retreated using Mtwo instruments. Reobturation was performed with the Bio-C sealer mixed with a fluorophore dye (Fluo-3) using either the lateral condensation technique (group LC) or the single cone technique (group SC) (n = 15). Teeth were sectioned 2, 4, and 6mm from the apex and analyzed with CLSM to assess the penetration of the sealer into the canal perimeter and the maximum depth of penetration of the sealer into the dentinal tubules. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Student-t and Holm-Sidak tests. In the apical segment, the penetrated perimeter was significantly higher in the LC group than in the SC group (p < 0.05); no significant difference was found in the middle and cervical segments (p > 0.05). In terms of penetration depth, no significant differences were found for any of the segments studied (p > 0.05). The LC technique promoted a higher percentage of canal circumference penetrated by the sealer than the SC technique in the apical segment after endodontic retreatment. CLSM demonstrated that the LC technique promoted a higher percentage of canal perimeter penetrated by the Bio-C sealer than the SC technique in the apical segment of mandibular premolars after retreatment.

Paresthesia as a Result of Endodontic Sealer Extrusion: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review is to accumulate the available evidence on management approaches as well as factors resulting in the development of paresthesia due to sealer extrusion. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to March 2022, accompanied by a manual search of journals, textbooks, and grey literature. Inclusion criteria were studies on adult patients experiencing paresthesia related to sealer extrusion. The quality of included studies was appraised using a custom set of criteria. A total of 102 publications were identified, and 9 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All of the included studies were case reports describing a total of 10 patients. The predetermined data were independently extracted and evaluated by four reviewers. Because of the low amount and quality of available evidence, conclusions on the factors resulting in paresthesia due to sealer extrusion cannot be drawn. The management approach remains empirical. The need for prospective studies is highlighted. The future case reports in endodontics ought to be reported in a uniform and methodological way. Paresthesia as a result of endodontic sealer extrusion is an alarming complication of endodontic treatment that general dentists need to be aware of. Although worrying, for both clinician and patient, it is a manageable complication and early diagnosis is important; thus, dentists need to be educated on this topic.

Dentin Sealing of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers in Root Canal Retreatment: A Confocal Laser Microscopy Study.

The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the intratubular penetration of three bioceramic sealers in root canal retreatment. Here, 30 single-rooted human teeth were instrumented with the Protaper Universal system and filled with gutta-percha and the epoxy-resin-based sealer AH Plus mixed with rhodamine B. After two weeks in a humid environment, they were re-instrumented with Reciproc Blue and divided into three groups according to the endodontic sealer to be used in the re-filling (n = 10): G1: CeraSeal, G2: TotalFill BC Sealer, G3: TotalFill BC Sealer HiFlow. For the filling, a single cone technique was used, and the respective sealers were mixed with fluorescein. The roots were then sectioned at 2, 5, and 8 mm (apical, medial, and coronal measurement points, respectively) from the apex, and the dentinal tubule penetration depth and percentage of penetration around the canal perimeter were evaluated by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Penetration between groups was compared using the Kruskal−Wallis test, and within each group using the Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. A non-significant reduction was found in the penetration depths and in a percentage of penetration around the canal perimeter between AH Plus and the tested calcium-silicate-based sealers (p > 0.05). Consequently, this reduction may not affect the three-dimensional seal of the root canal system in a negative manner. The penetration depth and percentage of penetration around the canal perimeter at both the root canal treatment and retreatment were significantly reduced from the coronal to apical points in all groups (p < 0.05).

Evaluation of Bond Strength of Four Different Root Canal Sealers.

The purposes of the study were to evaluate the influence of the sealer’s chemical composition on the interfacial strength between root canal dentin and root filling material, for two different classes of endodontic sealers, and to assess their failure modes. Methods: Forty extracted single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into four groups using the following endodontic sealers: RealSeal SE and Resilon (RSSE); EndoSequence BC sealer and BC Point (EBCS); Endoseal MTA and gutta-percha (EDS); Bioroot RCS and gutta-percha (BRS). Teeth were embedded in acrylic resin, and the roots were sectioned horizontally into 1 mm slices. For each slice, the perimeter was measured. A push-out test was performed using an Instron universal testing machine. For each sample, bond strength was calculated. Specimens were examined by SEM investigation in order to analyze the dentin–sealer–core interface. Results were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey and Bonferroni test. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that EDS and gutta-percha had significantly higher resistance to dislodgement compared to the other three groups (p < 0.05). EBCS and BC Point showed significantly greater push-out bond strength values compared to RSSE and Resilon (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Bioceramic endodontic sealers showed a higher bond strength to root dentin than methacrylate resin-based endodontic sealer.

Influence of supplement administration of omega-3 on the subcutaneous tissue response of endodontic sealers in Wistar rats.

Natural substances such as omega-3 have been used in the medical field due to their numerous properties and, in particular, modulating effect on the systemic and local inflammatory processes. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of omega-3 supplementation on the subcutaneous tissue response of endodontic sealers in Wistar Rats. Polyethylene tubes were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 48 animals (one empty for control and three filled with Sealapex, AH Plus or Endofill). The animals were treated with omega-3 (TO) or water (TW). Treatments started 15 days before implantation until euthanasia. After 5, 15 and 30 days (n=8), animals were euthanized and polyethylene tubes and surrounding tissue were removed and processed for histological analysis. The inflammatory reaction was analysed by Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and immunolabelling for IL-6 and TNF-α. The collagen maturity was analysed by picrosirius red stain and calcium deposition by von Kossa stain and polarized light. Results were statistically analysed (p < .05). Amongst TW sealer groups, Endofill evoked a more intense inflammatory infiltrate compared with AH Plus and control in the 30-day period (p=.009). However, in TO sealer groups, there was no difference amongst the sealers and control in all periods (p >.05). Comparing each sealer as a function of the supplementation with water or omega-3, there are differences for Endofill (p =.001) and Sealapex (p =.005) in the 30-day period, presenting lower inflammatory infiltrate in the animals treated with omega-3. A higher percentage of immature fibres was observed at 15 and 30 days in the TO group, compared with the TW group (p <.05). The deposition of calcium particles was observed only by Sealapex in all periods, despite the supplementation procedure. Omega-3 supplementation influence the tissue reactions of endodontic sealers, modulating inflammation, the immunolabelling of IL-6 and TNF-α, the repair process and it does not interfere with calcium deposition.

Comparison of antimicrobial activity of three root canal sealers

Background Endodontic sealers with antimicrobial properties can be advantageous as they would cope better with persisting residual infection and bacteria reentering from the oral cavity. Hence we compare the antimicrobial activity of three endodontic sealers AH Plus, Apexit plus and MTA Fillapex on Enterococcus Faecalis, Staphylococcus Aureus and Candida Albicans. Material and Method : Antimicrobial activity of the materials was evaluated by the method of agar diffusion. A base layer of 10 ml of Mueller Hinton agar was poured in Petri plates (90 x 15 mm). Three wells of 6 mm of diameter (one for each material) were obtained by removing a standardized portion of the agar in equidistant points with the aid of sterilized plastic straw. The wells were immediately filled with the sealers to be evaluated. The endodontic sealers AH Plus, Apexit Plus and MTA Fillapex were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Inhibition halos formed around the wells were measured with the aid of a millimetric rule with 0.5 mm of accuracy. All the experiments were repeated three times in different moments Results :Antimicrobial action of AH Plus was superior to that of Apexit Plus and MTA Fillapex against all the tested microorganisms p &lt; 0.05).

Intratubular Sealer Penetration: Scanning Electron Microscopy Associated with Cathodoluminescence Analysis

The aim of the study was to compare the ability of three endodontic sealers, Endofill (END), AH Plus (AHP), and Sealer Plus BC (SPB), to penetrate dentinal tubules. Forty-five human teeth, single-rooted and previously instrumented mandibular premolars, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 15): END (n = 15), AHP (n = 15), and SPB (n = 15). After obturation, dental sections were performed horizontally, at 2 and 5 mm from the root apex. The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy associated with cathodoluminescence. Percentage penetration (PP%) and maximum penetration depth (MPD) of the sealers were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, for general and paired data, respectively. The Wilcoxon test was applied to analyze the differences between the 5 and 2 mm distances. A 5% significance level was adopted. As for PP%, AHP and SPB were similar (p = 0.127) and presented higher values than END (AHP, p = 0.024 and SPB, p <0.001); with regard to MPD, AHP and SPB did not differ either (p = 0.450), but were higher than END (p <0.001); in both analyses, penetration was greater at 5 mm than at 2 mm (p <0.001). SPB showed satisfactory performance in penetrating dentinal tubules, being similar to AHP, and superior to END. Greater penetration of sealer into the dentinal tubules may increase the chance of successful endodontic treatment.

Periapical Healing following Root Canal Treatment Using Different Endodontic Sealers: A Systematic Review.

The healing of the periapical tissues is crucial to the success of root canal treatment. The review studies effectively examine various endodontic root canal sealants in terms of periapical healing. This systematic review was formulated following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) number-CRD42021239192. To find relevant articles, PubMed Central and Medline databases (until February 2022) were searched. Studies that evaluated healing following the application of different endodontic sealers were analysed. A primary outcome measure was the resolution of periapical lesions following the endodontic treatment. In vivo studies comparing radiographic treatment outcomes and articles with a minimum of 6-month follow-up were included. A total of 9 clinical trial studies that met all the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. The overall risk of bias was high in four studies out of nine studies. Periapical lesions showed significant healing after endodontic treatment regardless of sealer type, although bioceramic and bioactive sealers had shown better results.

EVALUATION OF THE DENTINAL TUBULE PENETRATION OF AN ENDODONTIC BIOCERAMIC SEALER AFTER THREE FINAL IRRIGATION PROTOCOLS

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the dentinal tubule penetration of an endodontic bioceramic sealer, Sealer Plus BC, after three final irrigation protocols. Methods: Thirty distobuccal roots of maxillary molars were selected. Root canal preparation was performed up to an #40.06 instrument (X1 Blue) under 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n=10), according to the final irrigation protocol: G-NaOCl (2.5% sodium hypochlorite + PUI), G-SS (0.9% saline solution + PUI) and G-H20 (Deionized water + PUI). After final irrigation protocols, all specimens were irrigated with phosphate buffer solution. Root canal obturation was performed using the single cone technique and Sealer Plus BC, stained with a specific fluorophore. Specimens were transversely sectioned and each root third was evaluated in a confocal scanning laser microscopy. Images obtained were analyzed for sealer penetration in the dentinal tubules. Results: Dentinal tubule penetration of Sealer Plus BC was not observed in any root third, regardless of the final irrigation protocol investigated. Conclusions: Sealer Plus BC dentinal tubule penetration was not observed after none of the protocols tested. Dentinal tubule penetrability of Sealer Plus BC may be related to other factors rather than the final irrigation protocol.

Evaluation of Apical Microleakage in Endodontically Treated Teeth Using Three Sealer Materials

Introduction: GuttaFlow Bioseal (Roeko–Coltene/Whaledent, Langenau, Germany), TotalFill Bioceramic (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), and AH Plus root canal sealers (Dentsply, DeTrey, Germany) are used to prevent communication between periapical space and the root canal. This study aims to evaluate the apical microleakage of three endodontic sealers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five freshly extracted mandibular premolars were prepared and obturated with single-cone gutta-percha, then grouped into three groups according to the sealers used. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test. Results: The least mean dye penetration was shown by GuttaFlow Bioseal sealer (1.31 mm), followed by TotalFill Bioceramic sealer (1.57 mm) and AH Plus sealer (2.63 mm); no dye penetration was found in the negative control group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant difference among all experimental groups (P &lt; 0.001); Tukey test shows significant differences between all groups except for a nonsignificant difference between GuttaFlow Bioseal and TotalFill Bioceramic sealer (P = 0.6). Conclusion: All sealers showed varying levels of apical microleakage, with the least penetration in the GuttaFlow Bioseal group.

Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CD5 immunolabeling of new experimental endodontic sealer and repair material.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and immunoinflammatory response of the Sealepox and Sealepox-RP, based on interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CD5 immunolabelling. The ProRoot MTA (PRMTA) was used for comparison. Polyethylene tubes (1.0-mm internal, 1.6-mm external diameter, and 10.0-mm length; ISO 10993) with or without (control) materials were randomly implanted in the dorsum of 35 rats (4 per rat). After 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90days (n = 7), the tubes were removed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test for non-parametric data and, ANOVA and Tukey test for parametric data were used (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the concentration of inflammatory cells decreased over time with no differences between groups in all periods (P > 0.05). Regarding IL-6 immunostaining, there was no difference at 7days (P > 0.05); all groups decreased over time, being faster for the PRMTA group and also, with no differences between groups in the last period (P > 0.05). For TNF-α, at 7days there was no difference between groups (P > 0.05); there was an increase at 15days for PRMTA and, at 30 and 60days, for PRMTA and Sealepox compared to the control (P < 0.05). At 90days, Sealepox RP showed the lowest immunostaining being similar to the control (P > 0.05). Regarding CD5 cells, at 7days, there was high immunostaining for PRMTA compared to the control (P < 0.05); and significant reduction over time with difference for all groups at 30 and 60days. (P < 0.05); Sealepox was similar to the control in all periods (P > 0.05). Sealepox RP showed the highest immunostaining at 15days, being different from the control and PRMTA (P < 0.05); in the other periods it was similar to the control (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that Sealepox and Sealepox-RP were biocompatible and demonstrated similar immunoinflammatory response regarding IL-6, TNF-α, and CD5 compared to PRMTA.

Tooth Discoloration after Using a Premixed Mineral Trioxide Aggregate–Based Endodontic Sealer (Endoseal MTA)

Tooth Discoloration after Using a Premixed Mineral Trioxide Aggregate–Based Endodontic Sealer (Endoseal MTA)

Comparision of apical leakage between immediate versus delayed post space preparation using various root canal sealers

Aim of the study: The present study evaluated the apical leakage of endodontic sealers after immediate and delayed post space preparation. Methodology: Sixty-six extracted human maxillary incisors with straight root and single canals were selected and decoronated. They were divided into five groups and obturated using three different sealers (AH Plus sealer, Apexit Plus sealer, Bioceramic sealer) respectively. Specimens were longitudinally sectioned and were observed under stereomicroscope. Results were analyzed and tabulated. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the immediate and delayed post space preparation. Immediate post space preparation showed less leakage compare to delayed post space preparation. Conclusion: Bioceramic Sealer showed the least leakage at different intervals of post space preparation followed by AH Plus sealer. Apexit Plus showed more leakage among the groups at different intervals.

Impact of cleansing protocols to remove endodontic sealer residues on the adhesive interface: Bonding with universal adhesive systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cleansing protocols to remove sealer residues using different cleaning strategies and the effect of bond strength of two universal adhesives to dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer. Fifty bovine dentin specimens were impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer containing calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and submitted to cleansing protocols (n=10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), 95% ethanol (ET), xylol (XI), and amyl acetate (AA). Specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other 100 specimens were submitted to the same protocols (n=20). Each protocol was divided into subgroups (n=10) according to the universal adhesive system used: Scotchbond Universal (SU); Ambar Universal (AU). Bond strength was evaluated by micro-shear bond test (μSBT). Persistence of residues data were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. μSBT data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α=5%). ET presented higher persistence of residues compared to AA and XI (p < 0.05). AA and XI were similar from each other (p > 0.05). AU and SU presented similar μSBT values, regardless of the cleansing solution (p > 0.05). SU-NC presented the highest μSBT among all conditions (p < 0.05). The bond strength of universal adhesives was not affected by different amounts of sealer residues after different cleaning protocols. Non-polar substances such as amyl acetate and xylol are effective for removing residues from epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers.