Endocrine Metabolic Disorders Research Articles

New pharmacological strategies in some metabolic endocrine disorder under a toxicological approach

New pharmacological strategies in some metabolic endocrine disorder under a toxicological approach

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME NEW POSSIBILITIES OF THERAPY

The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a complex pathological symptom manifesting itselft through variety of neuropsychiatric, vegetative-vascular and metabolic-endocrine disorders that affect the quality of life of patients and reduces their working ability. The treatment of PMS starts with the selection of diets, correction of the working and rest periods and the maximum reduction of psychoemotional stress. For the purpose of pharmaceutical effetc hormonal therapies, psychotropic drugs, nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs, diuretics, plant and homeopathic drugs, vitamins are used. The most pathogenetically reasonable is hormonal therapy. The use of combined oral contraceptives enriched by folates as a way of PMS therapy has an additional effective impact on the nervous system, contributes to the stabilization of the central neuroregulatory mechanisms and reduces the expression of emotional and affective symptoms and cognitive disorders.

Relationship Between the Consumption of Soy and Its Derivatives During Critical Periods of Development and in Adulthood and Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders

Relationship Between the Consumption of Soy and Its Derivatives During Critical Periods of Development and in Adulthood and Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders

A Narrative Review on Evidence-based Antidiabetic Effect of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders. Adverse effects of the conventional antidiabetic therapy are increasing. Many herbs have strong antidiabetic properties, and fenugreek is one among them. Although fenugreek is one of the most common herbs used for diabetes, its antidiabetic effects are not well-documented. The aim of this review was to report the evidence-based antidiabetic effects of fenugreek. We performed PubMed/Medline search to review relevant articles in English literature using keywords “trigonella foenum graecum for the management of diabetes.” Out of 26 articles found, 18 articles were reported in this review. Based on the available literature, this review suggests that the fenugreek has the evidence-based antidiabetic effect, such as stimulating and/or regenerating effect on β cells along with the extrapancreatic effect, that is effective in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Cytomorphological Study of Oral Exfoliated Cells in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide. It is a third leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Diabetes affects several organs including the oral cavity. The oral complications of uncontrolled DM can include xerostomia, infection, poor healing, increased incidence and severity of caries, candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontal disease, periapical abscesses, and burning mouth syndrome. Early diagnosis of the DM is an important aspect of health care. Exfoliative cytology is considered a moderate, straightforward, and noninvasive diagnostic marker for DM. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate cytologic changes of the exfoliated oral mucosal cells of diabetic patients using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining technique to establish its role as diagnostic criteria. Results The frequency of micronuclei, enlarged nucleus, perinuclear halo, binucleation, cytoplasmic streaks, Candida, and inflammation were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Clinical observations and results suggested morphologic and functional alterations in oral epithelial cells in diabetic patients, detectable by microscopic and cytomorphometric analysis using exfoliative cytology and can be used in diagnosis. Clinical significance The purpose of this study is to demonstrate cytologic changes of the exfoliated oral mucosal cells of diabetic patients using H&E staining technique to establish its role as diagnostic criteria. How to cite this article Srinivasan S, Priya NS, Rao K, Umadevi HS, Smitha T, Sheethal HS. Cytomorphological Study of Oral Exfoliated Cells in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J Health Sci Res 2017;8(1):38-41.

Acupuncture does not ameliorate metabolic disturbances in the P450 aromatase inhibitor-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome.

What is the central question of this study? The effectiveness of low-frequency electroacupuncture in the treatment of metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in sex steroid production, is controversial. What is the main finding and its importance? In a rat model of PCOS induced by the inhibition of P450 aromatase, low-frequency electroacupuncture increased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol but did not improve the insulin resistance or the adipose tissue dysfunction, suggesting that a balance of sex steroids is needed to restore the metabolic function in this rat model of PCOS. Low-frequency electroacupuncture restores sex steroid synthesis and sympathetic activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which may ameliorate its metabolic disturbances, probably by modulating sympathetic nerve activity or sex steroid synthesis. We investigated whether low-frequency electroacupuncture regulates the metabolic function to the same extent as treatment with estradiol or β-adrenergic blocking in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by a P450 aromatase inhibitor (letrozole). Letrozole (200μgday-1 ) or placebo pellets were implanted in prepubertal Wistar rats. Six weeks thereafter, rats were treated for 5-6weeks with the following: low-frequency electroacupuncture (5days per week); a β-adrenergic blocker (propranolol hydrochloride, 0.1mgkg-1 , 5days per week); or 17β-estradiol (2.0μg) every fourth day. Body weight development, body composition, locomotor activity, insulin sensitivity, tissue-specific glucose uptake, lipid profile, adipocyte size, serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin, and gene expression in inguinal fat were measured. All treatments increased circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Estradiol treatment restored locomotor activity and increased insulin sensitivity but did not modify the glucose uptake in muscle and fat. An upregulation of genes related to insulin sensitivity and downregulation of genes related to adipogenesis were observed in subcutaneous adipose tissue from rats exposed to letrozole. Only estradiol treatment normalized the expression of these genes. In conclusion, low-frequency electroacupuncture increased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol without affecting insulin sensitivity or adipose tissue function, which could suggest effects on hepatic lipid regulation, probably mediated by the action of estradiol or the β-adrenergic pathway.

Latest advances of glucagon-like peptide-1 on polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine metabolic disorder of reproductive age women, often accompanied by obesity, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (IR), and other metabolic syndrome (MS). Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as a potential inducing factor in the pathogenesis of PCOS at present. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) receptor agonist and analogues as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), can lose weight, improve IR, resist OS and reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, thus they have been widely used in the clinical application of patients with PCOS. The author reviews the latest advances of glucagon-like peptide-1 on polycystic ovary syndrome. Key words: Receptors, glucagon/AG/TU; Glucagon-like peptide 1/PD; Polycystic ovary syndrome/DT; Review

Metabolic Features Across the Female Life Span in Women with PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine metabolic disorder and is presently considered a family pathology. It is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Racial, ethnic and environmental factors may be important in determining the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome is an exclusion diagnosis and, therefore, should be distinguished from the physiological changes typical for the age and from other hyperandrogenic disorders. Early diagnosis is important since this syndrome is associated with reproductive, oncologic and metabolic risks. Interestingly, the clinical features of this disorder may change throughout the lifespan of a PCOS woman, starting from adolescence to postmenopausal age. During the first decades of life the main features are in the reproductive area, while later in life metabolic abnormalities are more evident. While the assessment of insulin resistance is not part of the diagnosis of PCOS, it has been demonstrated that this metabolic component appears early in life and persists over time. Moreover during puberty and pregnancy, insulin resistance is exacerbated. Pregnancy represents an important stage, as the offspring of these patients may be reprogrammed and inherit some of the metabolic and reproductive features of their mothers. In the present review, we will focus on several metabolic aspects of the PCOS condition at different stages of life in a Chilean population.

P.6.f.004 - Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by hormonal disturbances including hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia culminating into obesity, multiple ovarian cysts and anovulatory infertility in women. There has been no effective medication against PCOS and its complication. However, weight loss can reduce insulin resistance, which in turn helps to restore hormonal balance and ovulation resulting to improved fertility. Previously, we reported that alkaline reduced water (ARW) could significantly reduce obesity by alleviating adiposity, regulating the levels of adipokines/pro-inflammatory cytokines and by inducing cholesterol homeostasis. Herein, we hypothesize that ARW might ameliorate the pathophysiological (hormonal, metabolic, and immunological) imbalances incurred by PCOS, thereby improving the infertility of PCOS patients.

Steroidogenic enzymes of adipose tissue in modulation of trivalent chromium in a mouse model of PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a type of endocrine metabolic disorder with many different consequences to health, most commonly infertility, obesity and insulin resistance. Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) was previously found to improve the metabolic profiles of patients with PCOS. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Cr on regulating steroidogenic enzymes in adipose tissue. Female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups (n = 6 per group): the control group, PCOS + placebo milk group and PCOS + Cr-containing milk group. The dietary intake of Cr significantly decreased fasting blood sugar (FBS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels in the murine model of PCOS. Importantly, we found significant correlations among the levels of Cr, insulin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). In adipose tissue, decreases in the enzyme expressions of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but not of aromatase, were observed. By understanding the role of steroidogenic enzymes in PCOS in normal and pathological states, trace elements may be used as a form of adjunctive therapy in the management of patients with PCOS.

Diabetes and other endocrine-metabolic abnormalities in the long-term follow-up of pancreas transplantation.

Pancreas transplantation (PTX) has been demonstrated to restore long-term glucose homeostasis beyond what can be achieved by intensive insulin therapy or islet transplants. Moreover, PTX has been shown to decrease the progression of the chronic complications of diabetes. However, PTX patients require chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs with potential side effects. The long-term follow-up of PTX patients demands special care regarding metabolic deviations, infectious complications, and chronic rejection. Diabetes and other endocrine metabolic abnormalities following transplantation are common and can increase morbidity and mortality. Previous recipient-related and donor-related factors, as well as other aspects inherent to the transplant, act together in the pathogenesis of those abnormalities. Early recognition of these disturbances is the key to timely treatment; however, adequate tools to achieve this goal are often lacking. In a way, the type of PTX procedure, whether simultaneous pancreas kidney or not, seems to differentially influence the evolution of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. Further studies are needed to define the best approach for PTX patients. This review will focus on the most common endocrine metabolic disorders seen in the long-term management of PTX: diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and bone loss. The authors here cover each one of these endocrine topics by showing the evaluation as well as proper management in the follow-up after PTX.

Evaluation of FBS, T3, T4 & TSH in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

1,2 Professor, Department Of Biochemistry 3 AssociateProfessor, Department Of Biochemistry 1 Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital Rourkela, Odisha, India 2 Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 3 Santosh Medical College & Hospital, Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstracts Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine metabolic disorder and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thyroid disorders are also very common in the general population and are second only to diabetes as the most common condition to affect the endocrine system. As a result, it is common for an individual to be affected by both thyroid diseases and diabetes. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls. Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus have a common auto immuneetiology, diabetic patients having increased TSH could be due to immunological disturbances. Increase in serum TSH levels in diabetes patients compared to healthy controls is suggestive of diabetic patients probably suffering from subclinical hypothyroidism.

КЛІНІЧНІ ПРОЯВИ КЛІМАКТЕРІЮ У ЖІНОК ІЗ ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНОЮ МЕНОПАУЗОЮ ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ НЕГОРМО - НАЛЬНИХ ПРЕПАРАТІВ.

<p>Проведено клінічне та лабораторне обстеження пацієнток із фізіологічною менопаузою, з метою<br />визначення нейровегетативних, психоемоційних та обмінно-ендокринних порушень. Представлено результати клінічних<br />проявів клімаксу до та після застосування негормональних препаратів протягом трьох місяців.</p>

The association between shift work and health: a review

We examined previously published systematic review studies on associations between shift work and health, using the PubMed (MEDLINE) database for our literature search. We eventually selected 30 studies: 2 studies on sleep disorders, 7 on cancer, 7 on metabolic endocrine disorders, 7 on reproduction, 4 on cardiovascular disease, 1 on gastrointestinal disorders, and 2 on the types of shift work and health-related outcomes. Meta-analyses based on quantitative combination of the data from these studies showed that shift work significantly increased the risk of the following disorders: breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery, abortion, low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age infants, menstrual disruption, infertility, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke. Some previous studies had also reported significantly increased risks of sleep disturbance, prostate cancer, body weight change, metabolic syndrome, and fertility and gastrointestinal disorders. Some studies had gathered substantial data, including those obtained from meta-analyses, which indicated significant associations. In contrast, other studies were unable to present sufficient evidence because of the smaller number of data sets included. Therefore, based on these findings, further accumulation of epidemiological studies on this theme is warranted.

Role of vitamin D in adipose tissue in obese rats programmed by early weaning and post diet calcium

Early weaning (EW) is associated with an impairment of offspring development and leads to overweight and higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in adulthood, which can be corrected by calcium supplementation, potentially via vitamin D regulation of adipogenesis. We examined vitamin D status in adipose tissue in EW obese rats, treated with calcium. Dams were separated into: EW- dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt lactation (last 3 days), and C- pups with free access to milk. At PN120, EW pups were divided in: EW- standard diet, and EWCa- calcium supplementation (10 g of calcium carbonate/kg of chow). On PN21, EW group has hypocalcemia. On PN180, EW group showed lower intestinal calbidin, higher adiposity, and 25(OH)D. In adipose tissue, Cyp27b1/1alpha-Hydroxylase, C/EBPB, PPAR-γ, IL6, TNF-A, and MCP1 were increased, while VDR and IL10 were decreased. Calcium increased calbidin, VDR and prevented adipose tissue dysfunction. EW group has a long-term effect of vitamin D on adipocyte, contributing to pro-inflammatory status and obesity. We propose that in obese rat adipocytes, 1,25(OH)2 D down-regulates VDR, resulting in vitamin D resistance, characterized by higher Cyp27b1/1α-Hydroxylase and adipogenesis. Calcium therapy appears to be an outstanding strategy for weight loss and improving endocrine metabolic disorders that are obesity associated.

Associação entre lipid accumulation product (LAP) e hirsutismo na síndrome do ovário policístico.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder in women between menarche and menopause. Clinical hyperandrogenism is the most important diagnostic criterion of the syndrome, which manifests as hirsutism in 70% of cases. Hirsute carriers of PCOS have high cardiovascular risk. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an index for the evaluation of lipid accumulation in adults and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between LAP and hirsutism in women with PCOS. This was a cross-sectional observational study of a secondary database, which included 263 patients who had visited the Hyperandrogenism Outpatient Clinic from November 2009 to July 2014. The exclusion criteria were patients without Ferriman-Gallwey index (FGI) and/or LAP data. We used the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. All patients underwent medical assessment followed by measurement and recording of anthropometric data and the laboratory tests for measurement of the following: thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (follicular phase), glycohemoglobin A1c, and basal insulin. In addition, the subjects underwent lipid profiling and oral glucose tolerance tests. Other laboratory measurements were determined according to clinical criteria. LAP and the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR) were calculated using the data obtained. We divided patients into two groups: the PCOS group with normal LAP (< 34.5) and the PCOS group with altered LAP (> 34.5) to compare the occurrence of hirsutism. For statistical analysis, we used SPSS Statistics for Windows® and Microsoft Excel programs, with descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and comparative analyses (Student's t-test and Chi-square test). We considered relations significant when the p-value was ≤ 0.05. LAP was high in most patients (n = 177; 67.3%) and the FGI indicated that 58.5% of the patients (n = 154) had hirsutism. The analysis by LAP quartiles showed a positive correlation (p = 0.04) among patients with a high FGI and an upper quartile LAP (> 79.5) when compared with those with LAP < 29.0 (lower quartile). This study demonstrated an association between high LAP and hirsutism. The FGI could represent a simple and low-cost tool to infer an increased cardiovascular risk in women with PCOS.

Polyphenols: Potential Future Arsenals in the Treatment of Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders. In addition to exercise and diet, oral anti-diabetic drugs have been used as a part of the management strategy worldwide. Unfortunately, none of the conventional anti-diabetic drugs are without side effects, and these drugs pose an economic burden. Therefore, the investigation of novel anti-diabetic regimens is a major challenge for researchers, in which nature has been the primary resource for the discovery of potential therapeutics. Many plants have been shown to act as anti-diabetic agents, in which the main active constituents are believed to be polyphenols. Natural products containing high polyphenol levels can control carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as protecting and restoring beta-cell integrity, enhancing insulin releasing activity, and increasing cellular glucose uptake. Blackberries, red grapes, apricots, eggplant and popular drinks such as coffee, cocoa and green tea are all rich in polyphenols, which may dampen insulin resistance and be natural alternatives in the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to report on the available anti-diabetic polyphenols (medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables), their mechanisms in the various pathways of DM and their correlations with DM. Additionally, this review emphasizes the types of polyphenols that could be potential future resources in the treatment of DM via either novel regimens or as supplementary agents.

Association between genes encoding components of the Leutinizing hormone/Luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotrophin receptor pathway and polycystic ovary syndrome in Egyptian women.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine-metabolic disorders; however, its pathophysiology is still unclear. Certain polymorphisms of luteinizing hormone beta-subunit (LHβ) and LH/choriogonadotrophin receptor (LHCGR) genes may lead to changes in the bioactivity of this hormone. We aimed to investigate possible associations between polymorphisms in the LHβ and LHCGR genes and PCOS among Egyptian women. We also aimed to shed light on the impact of these polymorphisms on LH level, hormonal, and metabolic features of PCOS. A case-control study included unrelated 210 patients with PCOS and 200 healthy controls, and they were stratified according to their body mass index into two subgroups: lean and obese. Polymorphisms of LHβ G1502A and LHCGR [G935A, and ins18LQ] genes were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our results revealed that LHβ G1052A GA genotype and A allele, LHCGR G935A GA, AA genotypes, or A allele were significantly associated with PCOS risk, while the LHCGR ins18LQ polymorphism was not. Additionally, there is a synergism between LHβ G1052A minor A and minor A allele of LHCGR G935A or minor ins allele of LHCGR ins18LQ and susceptibility to PCOS. When we stratified PCOS women or controls into obese and lean subjects, we found that LHβ G1502A GA genotype and A allele being more frequent in the obese group when compared with lean patients with PCOS [The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were 5.6 (1.30-24.56) and 5.15 (1.21-21.90), respectively, P = 0.01, for each group.] These results suggested that LHβ G1052A and LHCGR G935A genes polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of PCOS in Egyptian women especially in obese cases. There was a synergism between LHβ G1052A minor A allele and of LHCGR G935A minor A or minor ins alleles of LHCGR ins18LQ and PCOS risk. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 68(1):23-36, 2016.

Role of stem cells during diabetic liver injury.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most severe endocrine metabolic disorders in the world that has serious medical consequences with substantial impacts on the quality of life. Type 2 diabetes is one of the main causes of diabetic liver diseases with the most common being non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Several factors that may explain the mechanisms related to pathological and functional changes of diabetic liver injury include: insulin resistance, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The realization that these factors are important in hepatocyte damage and lack of donor livers has led to studies concentrating on the role of stem cells (SCs) in the prevention and treatment of liver injury. Possible avenues that the application of SCs may improve liver injury include but are not limited to: the ability to differentiate into pancreatic β-cells (insulin producing cells), the contribution for hepatocyte regeneration, regulation of lipogenesis, glucogenesis and anti-inflammatory actions. Once further studies are performed to explore the underlying protective mechanisms of SCs and the advantages and disadvantages of its application, there will be a greater understand of the mechanism and therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding the role of SCs in diabetic liver diseases.

In Vivo Effects of Quercetin in Association with Moderate Exercise Training in Improving Streptozotocin-Induced Aortic Tissue Injuries.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine-metabolic disorder associated with endothelial dysfunction. Hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abnormal nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation are the major causal factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in DM. The prevention of endothelial dysfunction may be a first target against the appearance of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. We have investigated the synergistic protective effects of quercetin administration and moderate exercise training on thoracic aorta injuries induced by diabetes. Methods: Diabetic rats that performed exercise training were subjected to a swimming training program (1 h/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). The diabetic rats received quercetin (30 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, the thoracic aorta was isolated and divided into two parts; one part was immersed in 10% formalin for histopathological evaluations and the other was frozen for the assessment of oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, MDA and protein carbonyls groups, PC), the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD and catalase, CAT), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. Results: Diabetic rats showed significantly increased MDA and PC levels, NOx production and iNOS expression and a reduction of SOD and CAT activity in aortic tissues. A decrease in the levels of oxidative stress markers, NOx production and iNOS expression associated with elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes in the aortic tissue were observed in quercetin-treated diabetic trained rats. Conclusions: These findings suggest that quercetin administration in association with moderate exercise training reduces vascular complications and tissue injuries induced by diabetes in rat aorta by decreasing oxidative stress and restoring NO bioavailability.