Endocrine Abnormalities Research Articles

The Effects of Bisphenol A on Various Human Systems

This article aims at investigating the potential impacts of bisphenol A (BPA) on different human systems. BPA has been investigated continuously for a few decades. The chemical was to begin with synthesized within the 1890s, and it is utilized within the generation of plastics and gums started within the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1990s that concerns approximately its potential harmfulness started to emerge. Since at that point, various researches about BPA have examined the potential health impacts of BPA. Research have shown that BPA can imitate estrogen and disturb the endocrine framework, driving to hormonal lopsided characteristics and different regenerative issues. Moreover, BPA has been connected to an expanded chance of breast and prostate cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Studies have moreover found that BPA is harmful to the environment, especially in sea-going environments. BPA can accumulate within the tissues of marine animals, causing hormonal abnormalities and regenerative issues. It can influence the development, leading to hormonal disorder and biological imbalances. In the following essay, the structure and properties of BPA, exposure pathways and the toxic effects of BPA on human’s endocrine, reproductive, nervous, and immune system will all be discussed.

Association between female circulating heavy metal concentration and abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between blood heavy metal (zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)) concentrations and spontaneous abortion (SA) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and explore the possible endocrine dysfunction associated with it. A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases up to April 2023. The overall effects were expressed as the standard mean difference (SMD). Subgroup analysis was performed according to the type of abortion (SA or RPL). Stata 16.0 was utilized for data analysis. Based on the integrated findings, abortion women showed significantly lower Zn (SMD = -1.05, 95% CI: -1.74 to -0.36, p = 0.003) and Cu concentrations (SMD = -1.42, 95% CI: -1.97 to -0.87, p <0.001) and higher Pb (SMD = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.89-2.05, p <0.001) and Cd concentrations (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.45-1.85, p = 0.001) than normal pregnant women. Subgroup analysis showed that Zn and Cu deficiency and Cd and Pb exposure were significantly (p <0.05) associated with RPL, whereas Cu deficiency and Cd and Pb exposure were significantly (p <0.05) associated with SA. Zn and Cu deficiencies and Pb and Cd exposure were associated with abortion. Endocrine dysfunction, such as insulin resistance, vitamin D insufficiency, and abnormal thyroid and sex hormone concentrations, is thought to be involved in heavy metal-related abortion.

Uncovering the link between celiac disease and hypopituitarism: a case report and review of literature

BackgroundCeliac disease, an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten-containing diet, is known to primarily manifest as intestinal symptoms, but can also lead to extraintestinal complications, including endocrine abnormalities and autoimmune disorders. This case report outlines a patient with celiac disease who developed hypopituitarism and explores the possible pathophysiological links between these two conditions.Case presentationWe report a case of a 19-year-old female who presented with lethargy, weakness, delayed menarche, and failure to thrive. Subsequent investigations revealed microcytic anemia with decreased serum ferritin and vitamin D levels. Following the identification of abnormal bone age on X-ray, a hormonal profile was requested which revealed panhypopituitarism. After undergoing a diagnostic workup for her gastrointestinal symptoms, she was eventually diagnosed with celiac disease, and her symptoms improved significantly following gluten restriction.ConclusionPanhypopituitarism has a possible association with celiac disease, and this case highlights the importance of close monitoring and appropriate management to prevent long-term health consequences. Additional research is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the link between celiac disease and endocrine disorders.

Chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder in childhood and young adulthood: a ‘growing’ understanding

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) mineral and bone disorder (MBD) comprises a triad of biochemical abnormalities (of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D), bone abnormalities (turnover, mineralization and growth) and extra-skeletal calcification. Mineral dysregulation leads to bone demineralization causing bone pain and an increased fracture risk compared to healthy peers. Vascular calcification, with hydroxyapatite deposition in the vessel wall, is a part of the CKD-MBD spectrum and, in turn, leads to vascular stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy and a very high cardiovascular mortality risk. While the growing bone requires calcium, excess calcium can deposit in the vessels, such that the intake of calcium, calcium- containing medications and high calcium dialysate need to be carefully regulated. Normal physiological bone mineralization continues into the third decade of life, many years beyond the rapid growth in childhood and adolescence, implying that skeletal calcium requirements are much higher in younger people compared to the elderly. Much of the research into the link between bone (de)mineralization and vascular calcification in CKD has been performed in older adults and these data must not be extrapolated to children or younger adults. In this article, we explore the physiological changes in bone turnover and mineralization in children and young adults, the pathophysiology of mineral bone disease in CKD and a potential link between bone demineralization and vascular calcification.Graphical abstractA higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information

Hormonal Imbalances in Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang Syndromes Imply the Evolution of Specific Regulation of Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Function in Mammals.

The hypothalamus regulates fundamental aspects of physiological homeostasis and behavior, including stress response, reproduction, growth, sleep, and feeding, several of which are affected in patients with Prader-Willi (PWS) and Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS). PWS is caused by paternal deletion, maternal uniparental disomy, or imprinting defects that lead to loss of expression of a maternally imprinted region of chromosome 15 encompassing non-coding RNAs and five protein-coding genes; SYS patients have a mutation in one of them, MAGEL2. Throughout life, PWS and SYS patients suffer from musculoskeletal deficiencies, intellectual disabilities, and hormonal abnormalities, which lead to compulsive behaviors like hyperphagia and temper outbursts. Management of PWS and SYS is mostly symptomatic and cures for these debilitating disorders do not exist, highlighting a clear, unmet medical need. Research over several decades into the molecular and cellular roles of PWS genes has uncovered that several impinge on the neuroendocrine system. In this review, we will discuss the expression and molecular functions of PWS genes, connecting them with hormonal imbalances in patients and animal models. Besides the observed hormonal imbalances, we will describe the recent findings about how the loss of individual genes, particularly MAGEL2, affects the molecular mechanisms of hormone secretion. These results suggest that MAGEL2 evolved as a mammalian-specific regulator of hypothalamic neuroendocrine function.

Delineating the role of single-nucleotide polymorphism of CYP19 gene on aromatase activity in South Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome is a common multifactorial endocrinopathy disorder affecting 5–15% of reproductive women worldwide. The CYP19 gene encodes key enzyme aromatase involved in androgen-to-estrogen conversion which plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Very few studies have been done in the Indian population; hence, we investigated whether CYP19 gene rs2414096 SNP is associated with PCOS and hyperandrogenism susceptibility in Karnataka women. MethodsThree-hundred subjects including 150 PCOS and 150 age-matched controls were involved in the current case–control study. Sex hormones and biochemical estimation were performed by ELISA. Sanger sequencing and PCR–RFLP were used to genotype the SNP rs2414096. Genotypic-phenotypic association was studied. Statistical analysis was performed. ResultsThe GG genotype was more common in patients, while the GA genotype was more common in control women. LH/FSH was significantly increased in GG genotype in PCOS when compared with AA and GA genotypes. Variations of CYP19 rs2414096 were not statistically significant with PCOS. ConclusionCYP19 rs2414096 polymorphism was not associated with PCOS; however, the homozygous wild GG genotype may exhibit reduced aromatase activity with subsequent hyperandrogenism implicating endocrine abnormalities.

Concurrent Cerebral Thrombophlebitis and Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma in a Postpartum Woman: A Rare Coexistence and Diagnostic Challenges

This case report presents a rare occurrence of concurrent cerebral thrombophlebitis and nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma in a postpartum woman. Cerebral thrombophlebitis is a rare condition that can manifest with diverse clinical presentations, posing diagnostic challenges. The patient, a 30-year-old primipara, presented with progressive vision loss, diplopia, and intense frontal headaches shortly after childbirth. Magnetic resonance angiography revealed thrombophlebitis in the right lateral sinus extending into the ipsilateral internal jugular vein, along with a large suprasellar lesion suggestive of a pituitary macroadenoma. Ophthalmological examination revealed papilledema and ptosis. Laboratory analyses ruled out hormonal abnormalities associated with pituitary adenomas. The patient received intravenous methylprednisolone and therapeutic anticoagulation, resulting in neurological and ophthalmological improvements. Subsequently, the patient underwent transsphenoidal resection. This case highlights the diagnostic and management challenges associated with rare postpartum conditions and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive evaluation and multidisciplinary care in such cases.

Differential Expression of Insulin Resistance Genes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder worldwide among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic abnormalities. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of its most important clinical features, which has been associated with metabolic disorders and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to explore the whole blood gene expression profiling related to IR in PCOS patients compared to controls. Methods: Blood RNA was extracted from 5 PCOS and 5 non-PCOS women with matched age and BMI. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was used to estimate the IR. The expression of IR genes was analyzed by Profiler PCR array. Results: Both groups have similar levels of HOMA-IR (p&gt;0.05). However, differential expression levels were observed between them. Fourteen genes were upregulated and 26 genes were downregulated in PCOS samples. Among the upregulated genes (&gt;2 fold-change, p-value&lt;0.05) are ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, OLR, IGF-1, and APOE. Downregulated genes (&gt;-2 fold-change, p-value&lt;0.05) include HK-2, IRS1, and SERPINE1. These genes are involved in insulin and adipokines signaling, commonly dysregulated in T2D. They are also involved in innate immunity and inflammatory processes and are important for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusion: Our finding suggests that despite both groups having no difference in IR level, there are differentially expressed genes involved in the IR pathway.

WPŁYW INFEKCJI SARS-CoV-2 NA FUNKCJĘ TARCZYCY – PATOMECHANIZM I IMPLIKACJE KLINICZNE

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the pathogenic agent of the COVID-19 disease, which pandemic had caused 6.8 million deaths worldwide by February 2023. In the course of the disease, involvement of the thyroid gland is observed. The pathomechanism of damage to the thyroid gland is bidirectional – direct cytotoxicity of the virus and the indirect effect of a cytokine storm. Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to deiodinase activity dysregulation, resulting in changes in plasma concentrations of TSH, fT3, and fT4. These hormone abnormalities are observed in about 16% of patients during COVID-19 and may also result from the treatment itself – systemic corticosteroids. Dysregulation of the immune system also leads to autoinflammatory thyroid diseases. It seems crucial to monitor thyroid hormones to detect subclinical forms of thyroiditis early. This paper presents the prevalence and potential pathomechanism of thyroid disorders observed during SARS-CoV-2 infection – subacute thyroiditis, low T3 syndrome, Graves-Basedow disease, and Hashimoto’s disease.

Prevalence of pituitary hormone dysfunction following radiotherapy for sinonasal and nasopharyngeal malignancies.

There are limited studies and no surveillance protocols on pituitary dysfunction for adults who underwent anterior skull base radiation. Cross-sectional study of 50 consecutive patients with sinonasal or nasopharyngeal cancer who underwent definitive radiotherapy. The mean radiation doses, prevalence of pituitary dysfunction, and associated factors were calculated. Pituitary hormone levels were abnormal in 23 (46%) patients, including 6 (12%) with symptomatic abnormalities requiring treatment. The most common hormonal abnormality was hyperprolactinemia (30%), central hypothyroidism (8%) and central hypogonadism (6%). Patients with abnormal pituitary hormone values received higher mean radiation doses to the pituitary gland (1143 cGy, P = 0.04), pituitary stalk (1129 cGy, P = 0.02), optic chiasm (1094 cGy, P = 0.01), and hypothalamus (900 cGy, P = 0.01). Nearly half of the patients had abnormal pituitary function, including over a tenth requiring treatment. There may be a dose-dependent association between hormonal dysfunction and radiation.

Retrospective study on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and iron chelation therapy on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in female ß- thalassemia major (β-TM) patients with acquired hypogonadotropic- hypogonadism (AHH).

Hypogonadism and abnormalities of glucose homeostasis, resulting from iron-induced pituitary and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction respectively, are the most frequently reported endocrine abnormalities in patients with ß-thalassemia major (β-TM), also identified as transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion/sensitivity during 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in adolescent and young β-TM women with acquired hypogonadototropic -hypogonadism (AHH).Twelve hypogonadal β-TM females with AHH on HRT were followed for 8.26 ± 1.49 years. At baseline, 10 patients (83.3%) had normal OGTT, 1 patient presented with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 1 patient had an isolated PG level of 165 mg/dL at 1-h during OGTT (H-NGT). At last evaluation, 7 patients (58.4 %) had normal OGTT, while 5 patients (41.6%) had abnormal OGTT. Reduced insulin sensitivity and impaired first-phase insulin secretion were also documented. Three of 4 β-TM patients on treatment with estradiol hemihydrate MX 50 patches plus oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), associated with a very effective iron chelation therapy, maintained normal glucose tolerance from baseline to last evaluation. Significant adverse events due to HRT or additional endocrine complications were not documented in any cases during the follow-up. Deterioration of glycemia (dysglycemia) occurred in 45.4% (5/11) of thalassemic females on long-term HRT. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the validity of our preliminary observations.

Ginger's Antiapoptotic and Antioxidant Effects on Ovaries of Cyclophosphamide-therapied Rats.

In the recent decade, there has been increasing interest in preventing ovarian toxicity after chemotherapy exposure. It has been documented that ginger (Zingiber officinale) might normalize the hormonal balance and control the menstrual cycle.. This study has analyzed whether ginger extract protects against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced ovarian failure in rats. Rats were distributed into four groups consisting of vehicle, CP, ginger, and CP + ginger. At the end of the treatment, all rats were killed under anesthesia to obtain ovarian tissues and blood samples for histological, molecular, and biochemical experiments. Our results indicated that ginger improves CP-caused histological changes in ovarian tissues and significantly restores serum hormonal abnormalities. Ginger also showed unique antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties in the ovarian tissues of CP-induced rats. Further, our findings indicated that ginger might activate the Nrf2 and SIRT and inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway in the ovaries of CP-treated rats. In conclusion, ginger was found to protect against CP-caused ovarian toxicity in rats. The protective impacts of ginger may mediate, at least partly, by alleviating the oxidant state, inhibiting pro-inflammatory conditions, and exhibiting antiapoptotic activities.

Thyroid disturbances after COVID-19 and the effect of vaccination in children: a prospective tri-center registry analysis

Rapidly evolving clinical data suggest that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccination against COVID-19 might be associated with thyroid disturbances. However, studies remain limited among the pediatric population. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and permanence of thyroid autoimmunity (TA) and dysfunction in children after an acute infection and its potential association with vaccination. A prospective, multicenter registry analysis was performed among 458 children (mean age: 12.4 ± 3,8 years, 45.4% male) with preceding COVID-19. Patient inclusion lasted from 24th March, 2021 to 23rd March, 2022 at three pediatric outpatient facilities at Semmelweis University, Budapest. Primary outcomes were the rate of thyroid disturbances assessed by laboratory parameters (thyroid function tests, antithyroglobulin [ATG] and anti-thyroid peroxidase [ATPO] antibodies) and thyroid ultrasound. TA rate among vaccinated and unvaccinated children was determined. Children with newly diagnosed thyroid alterations were followed up for 12.7 ± 4.3 months. Six children had previous thyroid disease. Out of 452 children, 30 cases (6.6%) of newly diagnosed TA (six of them had abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] levels) and eight cases (1.8%) of isolated TSH elevation were observed. Ultrasound-proven autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was 4.0%. No association was found between COVID-19 vaccination and thyroid autoimmunity (χ2(1,N = 452) = 0.138, p = 0.815). Among children with TA, 73.3% had long-lasting alterations. Conclusion: Vaccination had no effect on the prevalence of TA. Until further controlled studies state otherwise, children with preceding COVID-19 might benefit from thyroid screening.What is Known:• Numerous case reports implicate that coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 can be responsible for thyroid disturbances.• Thyroid alterations discovered during acute COVID-19 tend to cease by time and only incidental thyroid autoimmunity (TA) is diagnosed after COVID-19. In adults, no increase in vaccine-related hyper- or hypothyroidism was found.What is New:• TA rate after COVID-19 vaccination among children was not increased. TA had no role in long COVID syndrome.• We discovered a considerable rate of TA (6.6%) and ultrasound-proven autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) (4.0%) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the majority of these alterations remained positive after 6 months.

PRILAKU KELUARGA SADAR GIZI (KADARZI) TERHADAP KEJADI AN STUNTING PADA BALITA

Families are said to be in good Kadarzi behavior when they adhere to five indicators, namely being weighed regularly, exclusive breastfeeding, eating a variety of foods, using iodized salt and using food supplements. Deformity is a disease caused by an imbalance in nutrition during the golden age, not a growth hormone abnormality or due to certain diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the behavior of a family who is aware of nutrition (kadarzi) and the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the Rejosari Health Center in Pekanbaru. The type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional design is to examine the relationship between the behavior of families who are aware of nutrition and the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the Rejosari Health Center, Pekanbaru City. This research was conducted at the Rejosari Health Center in Pekanbaru City, which was held from March to August 2022. The population in this study were all mothers who had babies at the Rejosari Health Center, Pekanbaru City, totaling 250 people. The sample is 154 people. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the behavior of families who are aware of nutrition at the Rejosari Health Center in Pekanbaru is less than 97 people (63%) and the behavior (level) of families who are aware of adequate nutrition. for 57 people (37%). At the Rejosari Health Center in Pekanbaru, 81 people (52.6%) and 73 people (47.4%) had growth problems. The results of the analysis obtained a p-value of 0.020 and the coefficient (OR) = 2.198, so this means that there is a relationship between the behavior of families who are aware of nutrition (kadarzi) and the incidence of stunting in toddlers at the Rejosari Health Center in Pekanbaru City. It is hoped that the officers can provide counseling and counseling to the public about family behavior that is aware of diet and its relationship to stunting.

Surgeon Preference for Prophylactic Contralateral Fixation in Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Patients: A Nationwide POSNA Survey Study.

It is estimated that 11% to 60% of unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) patients will develop contralateral pathology, usually within 18 months after the first event. Despite this, prophylactic fixation remains controversial, and there is significant variability in surgeon preferences. Thus, this study aimed to determine which factors predict surgeon preferences for prophylactic contralateral pinning in SCFE patients. We designed a survey for pediatric orthopedic surgeons to collect data on (1) surgeon and hospital characteristics, (2) individual preference for contralateral SCFE pinning in three disparate hypothetical scenarios, and (3) personal risk-aversion traits. The questionnaire was distributed across the United States by the POSNA Evidence-Based Orthopaedics Committee. All POSNA members were eligible to respond. We performed analyses to evaluate the role of patient risk factors in hypothetical surgical decision-making and to determine if surgical training, hospital characteristics, and geographic region influenced prophylactic pinning in a surgeon's real-life practice. A total of 126 POSNA members responded to the survey. In the last year, a median of 6.5 SCFE patients was seen per surgeon (1243 patients total). A median of 10% of those patients underwent prophylactic contralateral fixation. In multiple analyses, surgeons were influenced by body mass index, open triradiate cartilage, patient race, various endocrine abnormalities, and specific radiographic measurements when deciding to fix the contralateral side prophylactically. Moreover, in multivariate regression, more years in practice and a hospital size of 500+ beds predicted fewer prophylactic fixation procedures (all P <0.05). Surgeons practicing in the South Atlantic, New England, and Mountain regions of the United States estimated the highest rate of contralateral pinning. This study's findings suggest that multiple factors influence surgeons' decisions to prophylactically fix the contralateral side in SCFE patients. Surgical training, hospital characteristics, and geographical regions played a role in decision-making. N/A.

Assessing the Prevalence of Low Testosterone and Elevated Follicle Stimulating Hormone Among Men Presenting for Fertility Evaluation Without Oligospermia

To compare the prevalence of abnormal hormone parameters among men with and without oligospermia to determine the value of universal hormonal screening during initial fertility evaluation. We retrospectively evaluated men who underwent semen analysis and hormonal evaluation (morning testosterone [T] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) between January 2002 and May 2021. Sperm concentration was dichotomized at 15 million/mL according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. We compared median and interquartile range (IQR) T and FSH levels according to sperm concentration using Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences in prevalence of low testosterone (<300ng/dL) and abnormal FSH (>7.6mIU/mL) were determined using chi-square test. 1164 men had a morning serum T. There was no difference in median T among men with normal vs abnormal sperm concentration (316ng/dL, IQR 250-399 vs 316ng/dL, IQR 253-419; P=.52). FSH was measured in 1261 men. Median FSH was higher among men with sperm concentration <15 million/mL (6.0IU/mL, IQR 3.9-10.7 vs 3.8IU/mL, IQR 2.7-5.7; P<.001). Among men with ≥15 million/mL concentration, 44.1% were found to have low T (P=.874) and 10.8% had an FSH ≥7.6 mIU/mL (P<.001). Among men with ≥15 million/mL sperm concentration who underwent both T and FSH evaluation, 43.6% had at least 1 hormonal abnormality. Almost half of men with normal sperm concentration had low T. As low T may have long-term implications for both fertility and overall health, providers should consider universal T screening in men presenting for fertility evaluation.

Effects of UBE3A on the insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome through the ubiquitination of AMPK

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive hormonal abnormality and a metabolic disorder, which is frequently associated with insulin resistance (IR). We aim to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) on IR in the PCOS rats via Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation.MethodsThe PCOS and IR rats model was established by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and high fat diet (HFD) treatment, and the fat rate, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were measured. The IR rats numbers were calculated. Besides, the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and UBE3A were detected by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, the relationship between was demonstrated by co-IP assay. The phosphorylation and ubiquitination of AMPK were analyzed by western blot.ResultsUBE3A was up-regulated in the PCOS rats. UBE3A knockdown significantly decreased the fat rate, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in the PCOS and IR rats. Additionally, the GLUT4 levels were significantly increased in PCOS + IR rats. Besides, after UBE3A knockdown, the IR rats were decreased, the p-IRS1 and p-AKT levels were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, UBE3A knockdown enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK through decreasing the ubiquitination of AMPK. AMPK knockdown reversed the role of UBE3A knockdown in the PCOS + IR rats.ConclusionsUBE3A knockdown inhibited the IR in PCOS rats through targeting AMPK. Our study indicated that UBE3A might become a potential biological target for the clinical treatment of PCOS.

Dilemmas in the Management of Acute TBI: A Prospective Observational Study of Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction and Its Correlation with Outcome

Abstract Background The frequency and pattern of endocrinal abnormalities among patients with traumatic brain injury occur more frequently than previously suspected. Objective The aim of this study was to assess anterior pituitary dysfunction in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury and outcome after treatment. Materials and Methods One hundred patients with moderate-to-severe head injury presenting within 48 hours of injury were enrolled. Blood samples of all patients were taken for the hormonal assay at second day, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Patients were evaluated by Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Glasgow outcome score (GOS), and hormone profile. Results The median GCS score was 10/15. Forty-four patients were operated and 56 patients were managed medically. Seven operated patients expired; 30 patients had good recovery. In conservative group, 46 patients had good outcome and two patients died. Cortisol and thyroid hormone values were changed prominently, followed by prolactin and growth hormone. On univariate analysis, association of GOS with fT3, fT4, serum prolactin, and serum cortisol was seen. On multivariate analysis, strong correlation of GOS with f T4 values was seen (p = 0.008) Conclusion Most of the hormonal deficiency occurs in immediate phase. Hormonal screening should be done to improve long term outcome.

Dysregulation of IL-6 and Iron Biomarkers as Potential Diagnostic Markers for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is one of the most common endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age group. A Case-control study is carried out in Kirkuk city from 10th of November 2022 to 10th of March 2023 for determination the relationship of ferritin, serum iron and interleukin-6 among PCOS women. The number of PCOS women under study were 60 women whose ages were between 15-45 years old. These patients admitted to obstetrics and gynecology unit at Gynecological and Pediatric Hospital in Kirkuk city. In addition, the control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteer females with regular menstrual cycles aged between 15 to 45 years. All PCOS patients and healthy control underwent full physical examination and anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and were asked to complete a general questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by using the formula: weight (Kg)/height (meters2). Blood samples collected from each women for measurement of interleukin-6 by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum ferritin, by immunofluorescence and serum iron by manual biochemistry procedures. The average IL-6 level in PCOS women was (279.8±77.8 pg/ml), whereas the control group had a level of( 92.5±11.54 pg/ml). Based on the study findings, women with PCOS had significantly higher average serum iron levels compared to the control group (223.5±57.3 and 129.144.9 g/dl), serum ferritin levels were significantly elevated in women with PCOS (279.9±44.9 and 189.5 57.3 ng/ml), The Mean of IL-6 in PCOS women with BMI&gt;25 (kg/m2) was (293.1± 81.8pg/ml) which is significantly higher than in PCOS women with normal BMI (231.9±18.9 pg/ml). The study showed that the serum iron and ferritin were elevated significantly in obese PCOS women (151.72±44.85 g/dl and 247.4±147.4 ng/ml) respectively as compared with non-obese PCOS women (140.61±35.08 g/dl and 228.7±38.2 ng/ml). High levels of iron, ferritin and IL-6 were observed in PCOS women as compared with healthy women specialty obese women with PCOS which highlight the importance of inflammation in PCOS and suggest that IL-6 levels could potentially serve as a biomarker for the condition. Additionally, exploring the relationship between IL-6 and other factors, such as hormonal imbalances and metabolic abnormalities, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of PCOS.

Ziziphus mauritiana Leaves Normalize Hormonal Profile and Total Cholesterol in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rats.

In the present study, the beneficial effect of leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana on testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, LH hormones, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels in the experimentally induced polycystic ovaries of female Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated. Letrozole was used to induce PCOS in rats, and clomiphene citrate was used as a standard control. This study was carried out in vivo on 30 female rats where group I received normal saline and group II to V were treated with letrozole (1 mg/kg/day), which was dissolved in normal saline orally for 21 days to induce PCOS. After PCOS induction, test groups III and IV were orally treated with ZMME at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 14 days, respectively, and group V was treated with clomiphene citrate (2 mg/kg) orally for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. After blood collection, the ovaries were removed and weighed. The results showed that Ziziphus mauritiana normalized all hormones and total cholesterol levels. The HPTLC profile showed the presence of gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, and ursolic acid. Many studies have reported that quercetin is effective against PCOS and its complications; it suppresses insulin resistance and reduces testosterone and LH levels. The present study showed an improvement in the inflammatory microenvironment of the ovarian tissue in the PCOS rat model. This research concluded that the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana have potential efficacy in the treatment of PCOS by normalizing abnormal hormones and total cholesterol levels, which could be due to the presence of quercetin in the leaves.