Endo Research Articles

Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function and synchrony in patiests with early left breast cancer after breast conserving radiotherapy by layer-specific strain technique

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular systolic function and synchronization of patients with early left breast cancer after breast conserving radiotherapy by layer-specific strain technique. Methods Thirty-six patients with early left breast cancer who underwent breast surgery and radiotheraphy in Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected for this study. The layered strain technique was respectively applied to collect two-dimensional dynamic ultrasonic cardiograms one week before radiotherapy, one week after radiotherapy, and six months after radiotherapy. The EchoPAC 201 software was applied to analyze and obtain the global longitudinal peak strain(GLPS) and peak stain dispersion(PSD) of the epicardial layer(epi), the middle layer(mid) and endocardial layer(endo) of 17 left ventricular segments. The differences of every parameter before and after radiotherapy were compared, and the correlation of PSD and other parameters was analyzed. Results Compared with one week before radiotherapy, the absolute values of LPSepi, LPSmid, LPSendo, and GLPS all reduced significantly one week and six months after radiotherapy, and PSD increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with one week after radiotherapy, the LPS absolute value of every layer and GLPS obviously reduced after six months, PSD obviously increased, the difference had statistical significance (P<0.05). PSD and GLPS displayed negative correlation one week after radiotherapy (r=-0.420, P<0.05), PSD and GLPS displayed negative correlation six months after radiotherapy (r=-0.641, P<0.05). Conclusions Layered strain technique can noninvasively and quantitatively evaluate the early changes of global and layered longitudinal peak strain and systolic synchrony of left ventricle in left breast cancer breast-conserving radiotherapy patients, and provides a new noninvasive test method for evaluating radioactive myocardial injury, and it has a certain guiding value to early clinical intervention and treatment of cardiovascular complications. Key words: Breast cancer, early; Radiotherapy; Layer-specific strain; Peak strain dispersion

Cutting efficiency and dentinal defects using two single-file continuous rotary nickel–titanium instruments

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cutting efficiency and dentinal defect rates using two single-file continuous rotary nickel–titanium instruments. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two resin endo training blocks and 48 mesiobuccal roots of extracted human first lower molars were divided into five groups (16 for each group). Roots were checked for the homogeneities of root canal dimensions, thickness of dentin walls, and curvatures using images of X-ray radiographs on AUTOCAD software. Two groups of resin blocks and two groups of mesiobuccal canals were instrumented using two continuous rotary nickel–titanium instruments (Neoniti A1 and OneShape), the remaining group (control group) of mesiobuccal canals was left intact. The cutting efficiencies of instruments were quotients of the loss weights of specimens, and the time needed for instrumentation. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the differences among the experimental groups. The cracks on the sectioned root surfaces at 3-, 6-, and 9-mm levels were recorded. Fisher exact test was used to analyze the differences among the experimental groups. Results: Cutting efficiency of OneShape was greater than that of Neoniti on both resin and human root canals (P 0.05). Conclusions: OneShape instrument was more efficient than Neoniti on both kinds of root canals. Both instruments created dentinal defects on root canal walls.

ENDO 2020: a call for papers

ENDO 2020: a call for papers

Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function after renal sympathetic denervation in beagles with heart failure by layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging

Objective To assess the left ventricular systolic function after renal sympathetic denervation(RSD) in beagles with heart failure by layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. Methods Twenty-three beagles were randomly divided into control group (8 dogs), URSD group (8 dogs) and RSD group (7 dogs). Control group was implanted with pacemakers without pacing, URSD group was implanted with pacemakers and underwent 3 weeks of rapid right ventricular pacing, and RSD group underwent catheter-based RSD bilaterally and was simultaneously implanted with pacemakers. All standard measurements were obtained from the left ventricular short-axis views at the levels of mitral annulus, papillary muscle and apex, and apical four-chamber, two-chamber, and long-axis views. The peak systolic longitudinal strain and circumferential strain of each layer of the left ventricle were measured by layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. Results After 3 weeks, all of the dogs in both the URSD and RSD groups showed lower left ventricular diastolic and systolic function compared with those in the control group, however, the dogs in the RSD group had a higher LV ejection fraction (LVEF) than the dogs in the URSD group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the global longitudinal strain, circumferential strain and radial strain all decreased significantly in URSD and RSD groups. The longitudinal strain of endo- and mid-cardium and the circumferential strain in endo-cardium were significantly higher in RSD group than those in URSD group(P<0.05). Conclusions Myocardial systolic function is impaired in dogs with heart failure, layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging can provide effective tools to assess the left ventricular systolic function. Renal sympathetic denervation can improve the myocardial systolic function in dogs with heart failure. Key words: Echocardiography; Renal sympathetic nerve; Catheter ablation; Ventricular function, left; Layer-specific speckle tracking imaging

Interaction between missing in metastasis B and caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective To investigate the protein interaction between missing in metastasis B (MIM-B) and caveolin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods After the construction of pcDNA3.1 vector carrying the fusion gene of FLAG-MIM-B, we transfected the vectors into Hep3B and SMMC7721 cells respectively. The immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were applied in detecting distribution of MIM-B and caveolin-1 in MHCC97H cells. The immunoprecipitation in vitro and in vivo was used to confirm the protein interaction between MIM-B and caveolin-1 in Hep3B, SMMC7721 and MHCC97H cells. The cells were divided into empty vector group and FLAG-MIM-B fusion protein group. Results The pcDNA3.1 vector with FLAG-MIM-B fusion gene was successfully constructed and the transfection efficiency of pcDNA3.1-MIM-B-FLAG was over 90%. The results of Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the expression of MIM-B was significantly increased. The results of mass spectrometry showed that MIM-B could precipitate caveolin-1. The confocal microscopy analysis showed that MIM-B was co-localized with caveolin-1. The immunoprecipitation in endo and in exo illustrated the interaction between MIM-B and caveolin-1. Conclusion Our research found that MIM-B and caveolin-1 co-localized and interacted in HCC cell lines, and it is possible to provide a new molecular target therapy for HCC. Key words: Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Missing in metastasis B; Caveolin-1

Laparoscopic jejunostomy with ENDO STITCH™: Report of 4 cases of esophageal cancer

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic jejunostomy with ENDO STITCH™ automatic suturing device for patients with esophageal cancer. Methods: From November 2010 to January 2011, four patients with esophageal cancer underwent laparoscopic jejunostomy with ENDO STITCH™ automatic suturing device. Three patients presented with metastatic esophageal cancer and dysphagia. One patient underwent total laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagectomy for early esophageal cancer, with laparoscopic jejunostomy for post-operative nutrition support. Results: The laparoscopic jejunostomy was successfully performed with ENDO STITCH™ automatic suturing device in 4 patients. No major complications were observed during and after operation. ALL patients resumed anal exsufflation and could be out of bed on the first day after operation. The enteral nutrition was administered 24 h after operation. During follow-up, patients with metastatic esophageal cancer all used jejunal feeding tube to receive enteral nutrition during chemotherapy, and the weight was maintained. Conclusion: Laparoscopic jejunostomy with ENDO STITCH™ automatic suturing device is a safe and feasible technique. It is potentially accepted in patients with advanced esophageal cancer for nutrition support. DOI: 10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2011.09.015

Ethmoidal arteries variability: an anatomical and radiological study

Understanding the location of ethmoidal arteries (EAs) is crucial during endo- scopic sinus surgery or skull base surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical variability of EAs, considering their presence and position within the ethmoid bone and their position in relation to the skull base (SB) and the frontal sinus (FS). Fourteen human heads underwent a cone-beam CT scan and an endoscopic dissection was carried out to evaluate the anatomy of the EAs. Several features were assessed both radiologically and in the lab setting: presence; position according to the “5 doors theory” (1); position respect to the SB; distance from the SB; relation with the FS (2); dehiscence of the bony canal. Anterior EA and posterior EA were present in all cases, whereas the prevalence of the middle EA was 28.57±16.73%. Anterior EA was most frequently found (64.29%) in the basal lamella of the middle turbinate; it originated from the SB in 60.71% of cases and it was separated from the FS by a single bony lamella in 46.43%. Its canal was dehiscent in 46.43±18.47%. Posterior EA was almost equally found posterior to the basal lamella of the middle turbinate, in the basal lamella of the superior turbinate and posterior to it. It was found in the SB in 82.14% of the cases and its canal was dehiscent in the 28.57±16.73%. Middle EA was found posterior to the basal lamella of the middle turbinate in 62.50% of cas- es and it was found in the SB in 75.00% of the cases. These data demonstrate that, despite their constant presence, anterior and posterior EAs showed a variable position and relationship with the SB; in addition, the data showed a non-negligible number of cases in which the middle MEA was present. Therefore, because of these several anatomical variability in EAs, a high-spatial-resolution CT should be provided for the preoperative anatomical assessment.

Therapeutic value of somatostatin and nitroglycerin for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis

Objective To investigate the preventive effect of somatostatin and nitroglycerin on post- ERCP pancreatitis （PEP） and hyperamylasemia. Methods A total of 184 patients who underwent endo- scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograph （ERCP） were enrolled, and randomly divided into three groups to receive somatostatin or nitroglycerin or normal saline according to random number table. Incidence of PEP and hyperamylasemia were observed and compared among the three groups. Results Nine patients stopped the medication and dropped out of the study after occurence of adverse reactions from receiving nitroglycerin injections. The incidence rates of hyperamylasemia were 38. 7% （24/62）, 51.8% （28/54） and 37.3% （22/59） in somatostatin, nitroglycerin and control group respectively, with no significant differences among the three groups （P 〉0. 05）. The incidence rates of PEP were 6, 4% （4/62）, 9. 3% （5/54） and 23.7% （14/59） in somatostatin, nitroglycerin and control group, respectively. The incidence rates of PEP in soma- tostatin and nitroglycerin group were both significantly lower than that in control group （ somatostatin group vs control group..）（2 =7. 13 ,P =0. 01 ; nitroglycerin group vs control group..）（~ =4. 22,P =0. 03）. There was no significant difference between somatostatin group and nitroglycerin group （X2 --0, 32, P = 0.41 ）. Conclusion Somatostatin and nitroglycerin injections after ERCP show similar efficacy on preventing PEP, but the for- mer is safer. Both have little effects on the prophylaxis of hyperamylaemia. Key words: Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde ; Pancreatitis; Hyperamylasemia; Somatostatin ; Nitroglycerin

Endotherapy for chronic pancreatitis: advantages and limitations

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is pathologically characterized by fibrosis of pancreatic parenchyma.Treatment of CP is to alleviate pain and preserve pancreatic endo-/exo-crine function.Endotherapy,as a micro-invasive method,has been testified to be efficient and safe for pancreatic duct stones and stenosis,pancreatic pseudocyst and common bile duct stenosis secondary to CP.It has partially replaced the role of surgery in CP therapy.Whether endoscopic or surgical treatment has its limitations,CP treatment needs medicine,surgery,endoscopy,anesthesia,nutrition and other disciplines together to develop the best solution to improve the quality of life. Key words: Chronic pancreatitis; Endotherapy

Antichissime memorie. Le immagini recondite di Mimmo Paladino1

No word as ‘silence’ occurs most frequently in tides of paintings by Mimmo Paladino. The silent memories that his paintings opens beyond the vision are less idiomatic than we imagine. On the traces of the origins, Paladino’s painting, would remember the ghosts that come back into the visible. The narrative fable, the phantasmagoria and the linguistics aspects of Paladino’s works, are captured by the EN DO RE cycle of artworks examined in this paper.

Risk factors for early rebleeding after elective endoscopic variceal ligation（EVL） and long-term out- come： a retrospective analysis

Objective To evaluate the risk factors for early rebleeding （ERB） after elective endo- scopic variceal ligation （EVL） in cirrhotic patients and the influence of ERB on the long-term survival. Methods A total of 198 cirrhotic patients who received elective EVL were retrospectively evaluated. Twen- ty-six patients rebleeded within 6 weeks after initial EVL and were assigned to the ERB group. One hundred and seventy-two other cirrhotic patients were assigned to the control group. Multivariate analysis was used to define the high risk factors of ERB. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the cumulative sur- vival rates between two groups. Results The Child-Pugh classification （ P = 0. 016 ）, Child-Pugh scores （P =0. 012）, and the total bilirubin （P = 0. 001 ） were significantly different between ERB and control group. Multivariate analysis showed total bilirubin was the only independent risk factor of ERB （ OR = 2.02, 95%CI： 1.04-4.04, P = 0.008）. The proportional mortality indicator of bleeding-related deaths was 66. 7% （10/15） in ERB group and 13.6% （6/44） in control group （P 〈0. 01 ）. The five-year cumulative survival rate of the control-group was significantly higher than that of the rebleeding group （ 67. 8% vs. 25.3%, P 〈 0. Ol ）. Conclusion Cirrhotic patients with ERB after elective EVL have a poor prognosis. High level of total bilirubin may predict ERB. Key words: Liver cirrhosis; Esophageal varices; Rebleeding; Endoscopic variceal ligation

Protective effects of agmatine on lipopolysaccharide -induced acute hepatic injury in mice

To observe the effect of agmatine ( AGM) on lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )-induced acute hepatic injury in mice, and to explore its related mechanism. Sixty C57BU6 mice were randomly divided into control group ( n = 20, with intra-peritoneal injection of phosphate buffer saline 10 mg/kg), model group ( n = 20, with intra-peritoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg), and AGM group (n=20, with intra-peritoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg and AGM 200 mg/kg). Ten mice in each group were sacrificed at 6 hours and 24 hours, respectively, after modeling, blood samples were collected for the determination of tumor necrosis factor-a ( TNF -a) and interleukin ( IL-113 and IL-6) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 6 hours after modeling , and for determination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBil) by automatic biochemistry analyzer at 24 hours after modeling. Hepatic homogenate was also collected for determining the endo nuclear nuclear factor-KB ( NF -KB) p65 by Western blotting at 6 hours after modeling, and for observation of pathological changes at 24 hours after modeling. At 6 hours after modeling, .the mice in model group became lethargic and quiet, and their food and water assumption was reduced, but AGM was found to be able to greatly improve the general status of animals in AGM group. AGM was found to lower the contents of serum TNF-a ( IJ.g/L: 296.3 ± 42.5 vs. 627.2 ± 81.3, t=7.327, P=0.002), IL-113 ( f.Lg/L: 109.1 ± 12.3 vs. 264.2 ± 18.8, t= 11.958, P=0.001), IL-6 ( mg/L: 11.4 ± 1.9 vs. 23.6 ± 2.5, t=6.729, P=0.003), ALT (U!L: 107.9 ± 8.5 vs. 189.9 ± 13.6, t=8.856, P=0.001 ), AST (UIL: 347.4 ± 24.9 vs. 716.8 ± 60.4, t=9.793, P=0.001) and TBil ( f.Lmol!L: 8.3 ± 0.9 vs. 10.6 ± 0.5, t=3.869, P=0.018) in mice with acute hepatic injury induced by LPS. AGM also depressed TNF -a ( ng/g: 287.4 ± 32.5 vs. 461.5 ± 31.4, t=6.673, P= 0.003), IL-113 (pg/g: 146.7 ± 13.5 vs. 351.6 ± 28.7, t=11.190, P=0.001) and intranuclear NF-KB p65 level (NF-KBp65/TBP: 0.515 ± 0.060 vs. 0.853 ± 0.080, t=5.849, P=0.004) in liver tissue. Histological examination demonstrated that AGM significantly reduced liver injury caused by LPS, as manifested in amelioration of hepatocytes swelling, necrosis and neutrophil infiltration. Agmatine can reduce LPS-induced acute hepatic injury in mice via suppressing NF-κB translocation and reduction of the synthesis and release of cytokines.

A comparative study on a new transnasal gastroscopy and routine gastroscopy

Objective To investigate the clinical value of new transnasal Fujifilm EG-530-NW electronic gastroscope. Methods A total of 295 patients who underwent gastroscopy were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive examination by routine endoscope （ n = 172 ） or Fujifilm EG-530-NW transnasal endo- scope （n = 123）. The fluctuation of heart rate, blood pressure and compliance during the examination were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results The new Fujifilm EG-530-NW could obtain clear images with same quality of routine gastroscope. The heart rate change and visual analog pain score in pa- tients from EG-530-NW gastroscope group were significantly lower than those of routine gastroscope group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. No significant difference in blood pressure fluctuation was observed between the two groups. In patients older than 50 years, the fluctuations of heart rate and blood pressure in EG-530-NW group were significantly less than those of routine gastroscope group. Conclusion Fujifilm EG-530-NW gastroscope can get high quality image with less influence on heart rate and blood pressure fluctuation, which is more signifi- cant in older patients. Key words: Endoscopy; Transnasal gastroscopy; Routine gastroscopy; Comparative study

The role of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage after endoscopic stone extraction in preventing post-operative complications

Objective To investigate whether endoscopic nasobiliary drainage （ENBD） after endo- scopic stone extraction could reduce post-operative complications. Methods Retrospective analysis of 697 patients with extrahepatic duct stones undergoing ERCP treatment was performed. They were assigned to ENBD group （ n = 538） and control group （ n = 159）. Post-operative complications including pancreatitis, cholangitis and bleeding were observed and compared. Results There were no significant differences in incidence of pancreatitis and bleeding between 2 groups. Incidence of cholangitis in ENBD group was signifi- cantly lower than that in control group （ 1.3% vs. 3.8%, P 〈 0.05 ）. Conclusion ENBD after endoscopic stone extraction could reduce the incidence of postoperative cholangitis. Key words: Choledocholithiasis ; Postoperative complications ; Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde; Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage

LDRf classification for ectopic varices in gastrointestinal tract

Objective To study the feasibility of LDRf classification for gastrointestinal tract ec- topic varices （EcV） outside the esophagus. Methods Data of 914 patients with gastrointestinal EcV were classified by LDRf and analyzed for EeV location （ L）, vascular diameter （D） , and risk factor （Rf）. The etiology of the portal hypertension （PH） was determined, and the patients were treated and followed up. Results The EeVs were located in duodenum of 198 cases, in jejunum and ileum of 93, in bile duct of 105, in colon of 65, and in rectum of 453. Diameters of blood vessels of EcV varied from 0. 3 to 3.5 cm. PH causes were cirrhosis with portal hypertention in 630 patients （68. 9% ）, in which 3 were autoimmune cirrhosis and 3 were portal spongiform fiver disease （0. 6% ）. Combined esophageal and gastric varices were found in 252 cases （27.6 % ） , including 4 cases （0. 5% ） of splenectomy. Various treatments were applied in 315 patients, including endoscopic tissue adhesive injection in 43, endoscopic sclerotherapy in 76, endo- scopic ligation in 74, interventional treatment in 52, and surgical laparotomy in 70. A total of 19 patients died of variceal bleeding. The patients were followed up for 13 to 36 months, no varices relapsed, and 1-year survival rate was 100%. Conclusion LDRf classification, simple, applicable, standardized, is suitable for the whole gastrointestinal varicose veins. Key words: Varicose veins, heterotopic ; Endoscopy; Hypertension, portal; LDRf typing

Cytological and histological analysis of samples obtained by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration

Objective To evaluated diagnosis yield of cytological and histological analysis of endo- scopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration （EUS-FNA）. Methods A total of 43 patients who were clinically diagnosed as having mediastinal lesions, retroperitoneal lesions or pancreatic lesions by CT were re- cruited to the study. EUS-FNA was performed with standard 22G needle. Specimens were placed in formalin for histological analysis, and residual materials were prepared for cytologic analysis. Results Lesions were located in the mediastinum （ n = 9 ） , the retroperitoneum （ n = 1 ） , and pancreas （ n = 33 ）. Cytologic diagno- ses included malignancy （ n = 22 ） , suspicious malignancy （ n = 2 ） , atypical cell （ n = 3 ） , absence of malig- nancy （ n = 16）. Histologic diagnoses included malignancy （ n = 30）, suspicious malignancy （ n = 1 ）, sar- coidosis （ n = 2） , chronic inflammation （ n = 10）. The positive rates, sensitivities and accuracies of cytology and histology were 51%, 59% , 65% and 74% , 81% , 84% , respectively. Conclusion The positive rate, sensitivity and accuracy of histology of EUS-FNA is superior to cytology. Key words: Endoscopy ultrasonography; Biopsy,fine-needle ; Cytology; Histology

Cleaning and disinfection training for trainees working on gastrointestinal endoscopic center

Objective To investigate the knowledge level of cleaning and disinfection in Chinese gastrointestinal （GI） endoscopy center, and evaluate the method and efficacy of a short-term theoretical and practical training on 110 trainees. Methods Two sets of questionnaire were devised based on 2004 national guidelines of cleaning and disinfection for GI endoscopy and the draft edition issued in 2012. One hundred and ten trainees trained in GI endoscopy center of Chinese PLA General Hospital were examined using ques-tionnaire, followed by one-day theoretical and half-day hand-by-hand training. The effectiveness of our tenta- tive training was assessed by repeated questionnaire exam and practice test. Results One hundred and ten trainees came from provincial （ 23, 20. 9% ）, municipal （57, 51.8% ） and county hospitals （ 30, 27.3% ） , respectively. The overall passing rate in 1st round questionnaire exam using a score of 80 as cutoff was 50.0% , in which comparable passing rates were achieved by provincial （56. 5% ） and municipal staffs （52. 6% ）, respectively, higher than 40. 0% by country ones （P 〈0. 05）. After training, the overall pass-ing rate in 2nd round questionnaire exam reached 96.4% , assigned in 100% ,96.5% and 93.3% of trai-nees from provincial, municipal, and country hospitals, respectively （ P 〉 0. 05）. The sterilization of endo- scope in practice test was achieved in 97.3% （107/110） of trainees （ 100% ,98.2% and 93.3% in provin-cial, municipal, and country hospitals, respectively, P 〉 0.05 ）. Conclusion The short-term theoretical and practical training programme is proven an effective mode for rapid improvement of knowledge and skills of personnel, and should be applied to a larger extend in China. Key words: Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Cleaning and disinfection; Training

Endoscopic resection of frontal benign tumors

Objective To explore the clinical results of endoscopic resection of the frontal benign tumors.Methods Nineteen cases of benign tumors in the frontal area were rcsected using endo scopic techniques.The tumors were diagnosed as benign according to complaint,history and physical examination.Results All 19 tumors were totally resected.The pathological examination revealed 11cases of lipoma,3 cases of sebaceous cyst,3 cases of sebaceous cyst and 2 cases of dermoid cyst.During 6 months to 2 years of follow-up,no tumor recurred.Local concavity was noticed in all patients but all resolved within 6 months except 2 patients.They received granular fat graft of the concavities 6months late and were satisfied with the results.Conclusions Benign tumors near eyebrows and in glabella area can be treated by minimally invasive endoscopic technique.Compared with traditional surgery,this technique offers inconspicuous scar and fast recovery. Key words: Frontal; Tumor; Endoscopy

Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic assay on human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) of organodistannoxane dimer complexes derived from alkylaminobenzoic acids

A total number of five organodistannoxane dimer complexes derivative of alkylaminobenzoic acids have been successfully synthesized and characterized quantitatively and qualitatively. Results of the infrared spectroscopy of the acids and complexes showed that the coordination took place via oxygen atoms from the carboxylate group. This indicated that the carboxylate anions acted as mono- and bidentate ligand. From the 119Sn NMR solution study, complexes 1 and 5 exhibited two well resolved signals, one lying in the range of five-coordinated geometry and the other in the range of six-coordinated geometry. Moreover, all the exo- and endo-cyclic tin atoms in complexes 2-4 were five-coordinated indicated that a pair of carboxylate anions was bonded to the tin atoms in a monodentate manner while the other two carboxylate anions were bonded to the tin atoms (endo and exo-cyclic tin atom) in a bridging bidentate manner. From the cytotoxic assay study, complex 1 revealed a significant result compared to complexes 2-5. Key words: Organodistannoxane dimer, synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic assay.

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QOL news from ENDO