End Of System Research Articles

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DISEASE IDENTIFICATION BASED ON HEMATOCHEZIA SYMPTOMS WITH NAÏVE BAYES METHOD

Hematochezia is a common clinical symptom in various gastrointestinal diseases, requiring accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. This study aims to develop an expert system for the rapid and precise identification of hematochezia-causing diseases. The expert system is designed to assist patients in efficiently recognizing diseases, minimizing treatment failure risks. It employs the Naïve Bayes method, a data calculation approach involving summing combinations and frequencies of each dataset. The expert system methodology begins with training using a dataset comprising hematochezia symptoms and corresponding disease diagnoses. The dataset is input into a database as training data. Subsequently, it undergoes classification and training stages. Symptom data can then be processed using the Naïve Bayes method. The system's end result displays probability values for each disease based on provided symptoms. This analysis relies on specific symptoms selected by the user, such as Rectal Pain, Hematochezia, Constipation, Fatigue, and Abdominal Cramps. It yields a Hemorrhoids diagnosis with a posterior probability of 0.514738. In testing with 35 sample cases, the expert system exhibited a remarkable accuracy rate of 94.29%. This expert system efficiently supports disease diagnosis based on hematochezia symptoms, aiding in swift and accurate identification.

Determining optimal paths of virtual links in Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet networks using modified ant colony optimization algorithm

The Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) 664 Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) data bus has been developed based on the Ethernet standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3, including redundancy, guaranteed bandwidth, and deterministic timing of transmit interval time to meet the increasing amounts of data exchange needs among aircraft equipment while reducing the harness weight. Isolated data tunnels, called Virtual Links (VLs), are established to route Ethernet frames from a single source to one or more destinations using end systems and switches that contain a static routing mechanism specific to ARINC 664 AFDX. A limited number of algorithmic approaches are presented in the literature to route VLs; however, they are proven in uncomplicated topologies. Depending on the technological development, the node amount consisting of End Systems (ESs), Switches, and Remote Data Concentrators (RDCs) in the aircraft data bus structure will increase enormously. Bandwidth utilization (BWU), bandwidth flexibility limit for further extensions, port usage, total harness weight, latency, and redundancy should be considered in addition to number of nodes to determine VLs’ route paths in ARINC 664 AFDX networks. In such cases, determining optimal paths of VLs in ARINC 664 AFDX networks becomes a challenging problem to solve with the existing methods in the literature. This paper proposes an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based algorithm to determine optimal VL path routes in the complex topology of ARINC 664 AFDX networks considering multi-effective parameters. Experimental simulations are executed to confirm the validity of the presented algorithm in different case studies and show its applicability in the industry. The obtained results of the proposed algorithm outperform conventional algorithms existing in the literature in terms of bandwidth usage depending on predefined expansion capacity and solution time. The proposed algorithm also introduces novelty by considering the redundancy, total harness weight, and delay limit, which is deficient in the existing literature.

Traceable Security-by-Design Decisions for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) by Means of Function-Based Diagrams and Security Libraries.

"Security by design" is the term for shifting cybersecurity considerations from a system's end users to its engineers. To reduce the end users' workload for addressing security during the systems operation phase, security decisions need to be made during engineering, and in a way that is traceable for third parties. However, engineers of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) or, more specifically, industrial control systems (ICSs) typically neither have the security expertise nor time for security engineering. The security-by-design decisions method presented in this work aims to enable them to identify, make, and substantiate security decisions autonomously. Core features of the method are a set of function-based diagrams as well as libraries of typical functions and their security parameters. The method, implemented as a software demonstrator, is validated in a case study with the specialist for safety-related automation solutions HIMA, and the results show that the method enables engineers to identify and make security decisions they may not have made (consciously) otherwise, and quickly and with little security expertise. The method is also well suited to make security-decision-making knowledge available to less experienced engineers. This means that with the security-by-design decisions method, more people can contribute to a CPS's security by design in less time.

Implementation of DNN-Based Physical-Layer Network Coding

Physical-layer network coding (PNC) has been proposed to double the throughput of a wireless two-way relay network (TWRN) and has been adapted so that it can be applied in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Deep neural network (DNN)-based physical-layer network coding (PNC) for the TWRN system has been studied in recent years, under the assumption that the channel state information (CSI) is available to the end nodes and the relay node. However, the state-of-the-art DNN-based PNC system was only feasible for theoretical simulations, and no practical system design has been studied. When moving from theory to practical wireless systems, there are two critical issues to tackle: 1) unlike conventional regularly shaped quadrature amplitude modulations (QAMs), the constellation points of a DNN-based PNC system's end nodes are irregular and unpredictable to the relay node; and 2) other than in high-precision simulations, the practical DNN-based PNC system's constellation points are not fixed, that is, there is usually a cluster of points that must be grouped together so that the transceiver's digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can work properly. To solve the above issues, we proposed the DNN-PNC implementation that can be realized using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) platform. The computational complexity of our simulated DNN-PNC is one order of magnitude smaller than that given in the literature, while maintaining a good bit error rate (BER). In the implementation phase, we find that the naturally-happened power imbalance between the two end nodes' signals in our implementation can significantly boost the PNC constellation recovery, and hence reduce the system BER. Our experimental results showed that the BER of DNN-PNC can be lower than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-4}$</tex-math></inline-formula> when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 16 dB for the 2-QAM case and 20 dB for the 4-QAM case, respectively. These results indicate that DNN-based PNC is feasible for VANET applications, where the CSI changes and is difficult to obtain.

Numerical Experiments on the Optimum Design and Location of a Passive Vibration Absorber Applied to Multi Degrees of Freedom System Under Base Excitation

Numerical experiments are used to investigate the optimal design parameters and the location of a passive vibration absorber and its application to reduce resonant vibration amplitudes of a base excited, discrete, Multi Degrees of Freedom (MDOF) vertical system. Attaching a passive vibration absorber (simple undamped resonator) to the system’s end mass (top mass) is preferable when dealing with the vibrations of multi degrees freedom systems. As the absorber is moved closer to the primary system's farthest end, the amplitude reduction results get better. The numerical analysis is less sensitive to slight variations in mass ratio than minor variations in the absorber’s natural frequency, according to perturbation analysis on a two degree of freedom system. Introducing damping to the used passive vibration absorber has no discernible effect on the absorber’s effectiveness.

Non-functional Requirements Elicitation in Agile Base Models

The elicitation of non-functional and functional needs is one of the most critical jobs of a requirement engineer. This scenario involves the imposition of limits on non-functional needs, whereas functional requirements call for the operation of a system in order to carry out functionality. Over the last few years, agile software development approaches have gained widespread acceptance in the software industry as a problem-solving paradigm. Non-functional requirements (NFRs) are frequently cited as a point of contention in non-functional requirements (NFR) approaches. As well as functional requirements like speed and efficiency, security is desired, amongst a host of other things. Aspects like usability, security, and privacy must all be taken into account. Functional needs must be treated as though they were first-class under the current industry standard of practice. Functional requirements are distinguished from non-functional requirements by the fact that only implemented requirements can be evaluated. To give an example, this method attracts the attention of the system's end users to a critical defect in its architecture. Projects of this type frequently fail because to dissatisfaction among the target audience. If you'd like a great demonstration, consider the London Ambulance System. When dealing with non-compliance to the necessary degree of detail, it is feasible to raise the likelihood of software success this is the first study of its kind in its sector to bring attention to the most critical NFR issues. The problems that arise during the elicitation stage of requirement engineering in agile base models. It also outlines the techniques and strategies that are being considered. Proposed in the literature as a means of dealing with these problems.

Localization enhanced and degraded topological order in interacting p -wave wires

We numerically study the effect of disorder on the stability of the many body zero mode in a Kitaev chain with local interactions. Our numerical procedure allows us to resolve the position-space and multi-particle structure of the zero modes, as well as providing estimates for the mean energy splitting between pairs of states of opposite fermion parity, over the full many-body spectrum. We find that the parameter space of a clean system can be divided into regions where interaction induced decay transitions are suppressed (Region I) and where they are not (Region II). In Region I we observe that disorder has an adverse effect on the zero mode, which extends further into the bulk and is accompanied by an increased energy splitting between pairs of states of opposite parity. Conversely Region II sees a more intricate effect of disorder, showing an enhancement of localization at the system's end accompanied by a reduction in the mean pairwise energy splitting. We discuss our results in the context of the Many-Body Localization (MBL). We show that while the mechanism that drives the MBL transition also contributes to the fock-space localization of the many-body zero modes, measures that characterize the degree of MBL do not necessarily correlate with an enhancement of the zero-mode or an improved stability of the topological region.

An Influence of the Longitudinal Spring Element on Free Vibrations of the Partially Tensioned Column

In this paper the slender system subjected to Euler's load which is partially tensioned is considered. On one of system's ends the discrete element in a form of translational spring which limits the longitudinal displacement was used. The boundary problem of free vibration of the considered system was formulated on the basis of Hamilton's principle and solved according to the small parameter method due to nonlinearities. In the boundary problem formulation process the Bernoulli-Euler theory was used. The relationships between free vibration frequency and parameters such as external load magnitude, translational spring stiffness used for longitudinal displacement control and external load location were studied.

Emergency Medical Services Utilization in EMS Priority Conditions in Beirut, Lebanon.

Early activation and use of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are associated with improved patient outcomes in EMS priority conditions in developed EMS systems. This study describes patterns of EMS use and identifies predictors of EMS utilization in EMS priority conditions in Lebanon METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of a random sample of adult patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care center in Beirut with the following EMS priority conditions: chest pain, major trauma, respiratory distress, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and airway obstruction. Patient/proxy survey (20 questions) and chart review were completed. The responses to survey questions were "disagree," "neutral," or "agree" and were scored as one, two, or three with three corresponding to higher likelihood of EMS use. A total scale score ranging from 20 to 60 was created and transformed from 0% to 100%. Data were analyzed based on mode of presentation (EMS vs other). Among the 481 patients enrolled, only 112 (23.3%) used EMS. Mean age for study population was 63.7 years (SD=18.8 years) with 56.5% males. Mean clinical severity score (Emergency Severity Index [ESI]) was 2.5 (SD=0.7) and mean pain score was 3.1 (SD=3.5) at ED presentation. Over one-half (58.8%) needed admission to hospital with 21.8% to an intensive care unit care level and with a mortality rate of 7.3%. Significant associations were found between EMS use and the following variables: severity of illness, degree of pain, familiarity with EMS activation, previous EMS use, perceived EMS benefit, availability of EMS services, trust in EMS response times and treatment, advice from family, and unavailability of immediate private mode of transport (P≤.05). Functional screening, or requiring full assistance (OR=4.77; 95% CI, 1.85-12.29); acute symptoms onset ≤ one hour (OR=2.14; 95% CI, 1.08-4.26); and higher scale scores (OR=2.99; 95% CI, 2.20-4.07) were significant predictors of EMS use. Patients with lower clinical severity (OR=0.53; 95% CI, 0.35-0.81) and those with chest pain (OR=0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.12) or respiratory distress (OR=0.15; 95% CI, 0.07-0.31) using cardiac arrest as a reference were less likely to use EMS. Emergency Medical Services use in EMS priority conditions in Lebanon is low. Several predictors of EMS use were identified. Emergency Medical Services initiatives addressing underutilization should result from this proposed assessment of the perspective of the EMS system's end user. El Sayed M , Tamim H , Al-Hajj Chehadeh A , Kazzi AA . Emergency Medical Services utilization in EMS priority conditions in Beirut, Lebanon. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):621-627.

Plate fixation in the cervical spine: traditional paramedian screw configuration compared with unique unilateral configuration

This study compared the fixing strength and stability achieved by a unilateral plate and screw configuration against a standard cervical fixation plate using a single-level corpectomy and allograft strut graft model. Multidirectional in vitro flexibility tests were performed using a robotic spine testing system. Human cadaveric spines were assessed for spinal stability after vertebral corpectomy and anterior instrumentation. Specimens were mounted cranially and caudally on custom jigs that were then attached to load cells on the robotic system's end effector and base pedestal. C2-T1 spine specimens (n = 6) were tested intact; then after C-5 corpectomy (the vertebral body was excised), allograft placement and anterior plate fixation were performed. The surgeons performed a uniform corpectomy and reconstruction of each specimen in a protocol fashion. Two plates were compared: a unilateral 4-hole cervical plate designed to obtain rigid fixation using 4 convergent fixation screws all placed unilateral to the vertebral midline, and a standard cervical plate with bilateral plate screw configuration. The plate testing sequence was selected at random to limit bias. Fixation screws were matched for length and diameter. Pure moments were applied under load control (maximum 1.8 Nm) in flexion, extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation. Vertebral motion was measured using an optoelectronic system. The mean relative range of motion between C-4 and C-6 was compared among groups using repeated-measures ANOVA (significance level of 0.05). In comparing the intact construct and 2 different plates in all planes of motion, only motion in extension (intact vs. unilateral plate, p = 0.003; intact vs. standard plate, p = 0.001) and left axial rotation (intact vs unilateral plate, p = 0.019) were significantly affected. In terms of immediate cervical stability after 1-level corpectomy and placement of an allograft reconstruction, the unilateral plate showed comparable stiffness to the standard plate in all 3 motion planes (flexion [p = 0.993], extension [p = 0.732], left lateral bending [p = 0.683], right lateral bending [p = 0.546], left axial rotation [p = 0.082], and right axial rotation [p = 0.489]). The unilateral plate showed a trend toward improved stiffness in axial rotation. In no direction did the unilateral configuration prove significantly less stiff than the traditional configuration. The unilateral plate design proposed here requires minimal dissection and retraction beyond the midline of tissues susceptible to scar, postoperative pain, and swelling. The authors' study suggests that a unilateral plate can be configured to provide comparable fixation strength and torsional stiffness compared with traditional, widely accepted plate designs.

Design and Analysis of AFDX Network Based High-Speed Avionics System of Civil Aircraft

Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) standardized as ARINC 664 is a major upgrade for integrated avionics systems of civil aircraft. It becomes the current communication technology in the context of avionics and provides a backbone network for the civil avionics system. This paper focuses on features of AFDX network protocol. Architecture of AFDX switch based on shared memory is proposed to meet the requirements of avionics real-time system. In addition, frame filtering, traffic policing and frame schedule function are used to eliminate uncertainties in huge traffic flows. End System (ES) host-target architecture is also researched in this paper. Virtual link scheduler, redundancy management, and protocol stack in ES are designed to ensure determinism and reliability of data communication. AFDX switch and ES have been successfully developed, and configuration tool, ARINC 615A loader and simulation tool related to AFDX network are also provided as package solution to support avionics system construction. Finally, AFDX switch and ESes have passed ARINC 664 protocol conformance test and certification, the test results show that our AFDX products meet the requirements of real-time communication, determinism and reliability defined in ARINC 664

Saving Abraham

As is frequently noted, the subtitle of Kierkegaard's pseudonymous Fear and Trembling-Dialektisk Lyrik-seems to impute to its pseudonymous author, Johannes de silentio, the self-contradictory status of or, perhaps more colloquially, philosophical poet.1 Johannes de silentio thus inhabits two literary realms, the philosophical-dialectical and the poetical-lyrical, and it is from within that cohabitation that he writes Fear and Trembling. This disciplinary boundary crossing is not unfamiliar to students of nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy and literature, particularly that of the European Continent, and it certainly was not unfamiliar to writers and philosophers in Copenhagen during Denmark's Golden Age. When writing of himself, however, Johannes de silentio seems incapable of unifying the two realms in a manner suited to his subtitle. He writes: The present author is by no means a philosopher. He ispoetice et eleganter a supplementary clerk who neither writes the system nor gives promises of the system, who neither exhausts himself on the system nor binds himself to the system. He writes because to him it is a luxury that is all the more pleasant and apparent the fewer there are who buy and read what he writes. (FT 7; SKS 4, 103/ In this passage in his Preface, Johannes de silentio casts himself as the poet, definitely opposed to the philosopher. While the philosopher interests him- or herself in the systemeither by writing the system, or promising that there will be a system-Johannes de silentio is an elegant and poetic clerk. He does not write world historically, he does not aim to move World Spirit closer to Absolute Knowledge and the system's end; he writes because it is a pleasure for him to do so, especially when his writings promise not to be read. Yet Johannes de silentio is a dialectician, and admits as much further into the book. By means of introduction to the three Problemata of Fear and Trembling, he writes: In order to perceive the prodigious paradox of faith, a paradox that makes a murder into a holy and God-pleasing act, a paradox that gives Isaac back to Abraham again, which no thought can grasp, because faith begins precisely where thought stops-in order to perceive this, it is now my intention to draw out in the form of problemata the dialectical aspects implicit in the story of Abraham. (FT 53; SKS 4, 147) Thus, the second half of the work is a dialectical project. Johannes de silentio allows this fact to overtake his poetic identity in Problema III: But here I stop; I am not a poet, and I go at things only dialectically (FT 90; SKS 4, 180). A dialectical lyricist, Johannes de silentio seems incapable of instantiating poetry and philosophy in some happy medium between the two.4 Rather, he is an example of both the dialectician and the lyricist, the poet and the philosopher. He is separately the poet of Abraham and the dialectician trying to explain Abraham-but he is not these simultaneously, as the relation of the Problemata (where he claims to be only a dialectician) to the rest of the work (where he claims to be only a poet) makes somewhat clear. Johannes de silentio claims to understand only the ethical, to find faith ever incomprehensible. In so doing, he distances himself absolutely from his hero, Abraham, the paradigmatic knight of faith. Yet, as we will see, Johannes de silentio is not a knight of faith precisely because, confronted with the paradox of Abraham, he seeks mediation. Knowing that Abraham is a murderer, he tries to make Abraham's murder ethically justifiable-and yet he also denies the possibility of Abraham's justification. This is not the same as remaining simply within the ethical, from which perspective one must condemn the knight of faith. The more he argues for Abraham's justifiability, the more he conceals what he knows about Abraham: that nothing about Abraham as the knight of faith can be known or justified. …

Multimedia network protocols: where are we?

Protocols for multimedia communication are needed to integrate into a single network services intended to satisfy the different requirements of multiple types of traffic. An essential prerequisite for designing these protocols is that the services to be offered by the network must be selected and specified in detail. We present the service models proposed, or being developed, by the Internet community, by the ATM community, and by the Tenet Group. We compare their common characteristics, which reveal the characteristics of the first integrated services networks are likely to offer. The services referred to in this paper are those at the network and transport layers, which support the services to be offered to the system's end users.

Nephropathology consultation via digitized images.

Investigations into a digitized image communications system were prompted by a need to bring expert consultation to physicians in community practice. Pathologists desired the capability to concomitantly view, annotate, and discuss images with referring physicians at distant sites. Methods included evaluation of the human and procedural domain into which the system was to be integrated. The GDCN computer consultation system has the consultant nephropathologist first evaluate the processed biopsy slides, digitize representative images, transmit them with the diagnosis to referring nephrologist, and, finally, conduct an interactive consultation and review of the biopsy and case. Image resolution and compression variables must be set for each individual medical consulting application. For the GDCN, it was found that the 640 x 496 x unlimited color with compression ratios not exceeding 1:32 are acceptable. An obvious improvement of this computerized system over the noncomputerized review sessions is the ability to immediately share and discuss a new image that had not been previously sent. In the old noncomputerized consultation, only images that had been mailed could be discussed. The computerized sessions allow transmission (10 sec) of a new image that the consultation might demand. The computerized sessions also provide the ability to show the referring nephrologist an area of biopsy interest that the pathologist had not previously transmitted. Biopsy slides can be viewed during the consultation, an area digitized, and that image transmitted to the nephrologist during the consultation. Hardware and costs for the sending station were: [table: see text] This system far exceeds the requirements for this particular application; however, it is sufficient to support future, higher-technology computer applications. If necessary, this same system could be used with a less expensive computer, a less expensive camera, software compression, and a single monitor. These alterations could lessen the expenditures by some $8000 and result in a total cost of $10,000. Hardware and costs for the receiving station were: [table: see text] Cost of the receiving station could be reduced by using a less expensive computer and a single monitor system, thereby saving up to $5000 and resulting in a total cost of $7,400. DCCEC and GDCN have elected to use the more expensive, user-friendly and more rapid image transmission system SEND-->IT, rather than the less expensive system mainly because of experience with incorporating the system into the daily activities of the GDCN. SEND-->IT best met the essentials for GDCN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

An interworking mechanism between LAN & WAN and implementation method

A large-scale Interworking Unit (IWU) has been completed. This IWU is situated between a hierarchical integrated LAN, consisting of a 100 Mbps FDDI backbone LAN and several 10 Mbps CSMA/CD branch LANs with Connectionless (CL) mode protocols, and various Wide Area Networks (WANs) with CL and Connection-Oriented (CO) mode protocols. The IWU, conforming to the OSI architecture proposals of ISO, provides network layer relaying between LAN End Systems (ESs) and WAN ESs. Major IWU mechanisms include: (1) a hierarchical subnetwork addressing scheme, (2) CL-CL, CL-CO, CL-CL/CO protocol conversion, and (3) backup facility. The IWU consists of a main processing unit (PU), LAN PUs, and several WAN PUs integrated by means of functionally distributed multiprocessors.