End Product Of Reaction Research Articles

Biological Reduction of a U(V)-Organic Ligand Complex.

Metal-reducing microorganisms such as Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 reduce highly soluble species of hexavalent uranyl (U(VI)) to less mobile tetravalent uranium (U(IV)) compounds. The biologically mediated immobilization of U(VI) is being considered for the remediation of U contamination. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of biological U(VI) reduction remain unresolved. It has become clear that a first electron transfer occurs to form pentavalent (U(V)) intermediates, but it has not been definitively established whether a second one-electron transfer can occur or if disproportionation of U(V) is required. Here, we utilize the unusual properties of dpaea2– ((dpaeaH2=bis(pyridyl-6-methyl-2-carboxylate)-ethylamine)), a ligand forming a stable soluble aqueous complex with U(V), and investigate the reduction of U(VI)–dpaea and U(V)–dpaea by S. oneidensis MR-1. We establish U speciation through time by separating U(VI) from U(IV) by ion exchange chromatography and characterize the reaction end-products using U M4-edge high resolution X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HR-XANES) spectroscopy. We document the reduction of solid phase U(VI)–dpaea to aqueous U(V)–dpaea but, most importantly, demonstrate that of U(V)–dpaea to U(IV). This work establishes the potential for biological reduction of U(V) bound to a stabilizing ligand. Thus, further work is warranted to investigate the possible persistence of U(V)–organic complexes followed by their bioreduction in environmental systems.

Isolation of L-asparginase from marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis and its characterization

Microbial L-asparginases has wide range of applications as therapeutic agents and in industries. In the present study, 57 bacterial isolates from Konark beach, Bhubaneshwar were screened for L-asparginase production and KBI-13 isolate was found to be potential producer strain. KBI-13 was identified as Bacillus subtilis at molecular levels. During production optimization, pH (8.0), temperature (40 ºC), carbon and nitrogen sources (dextrose- 0.5 %; yeast extract 1 %), aeration conditions, metal salts (FeSO4) and NaCl (4 %) were found to be optimum. The enzyme was produced under optimized conditions and was purified by sephadex G-50 column and the purification was obtained upto 61.54 fold. The activity of enzyme was increased upto pH 8.0 and temperature 40 ºC and its stability was observed upto 16 hrs at 40 ºC temperature and pH 8.0. Pretreatment of 0.5 mM CaCl2 increased the enzyme activity upto 20 % while, 250 mM concentration of L-aspargine was suitable for optimum activity of enzyme which was further confirmed by values of Vmax (1.25 µM/min) and Km (0.05 mM). The reaction end products did not show any significant change in enzyme activity.

Chemiluminescence Detection in the Study of Free-Radical Reactions. Part 1.

The present review, consisting of two parts, considers the application of the chemiluminescence detection method in evaluating free radical reactions in biological model systems. The first part presents a classification of experimental biological model systems. Evidence favoring the use of chemiluminescence detection in the study of free radical reactions, along with similar methods of registering electromagnetic radiation as electron paramagnetic resonance, spectrophotometry, detection of infrared radiation (IR spectrometry), and chemical methods for assessing the end products of free radical reactions, is shown. Chemiluminescence accompanying free radical reactions involving lipids has been the extensively studied reaction. These reactions are one of the key causes of cell death by either apoptosis (activation of the cytochrome c complex with cardiolipin) or ferroptosis (induced by free ferrous ions). The concept of chemiluminescence quantum yield is also discussed in this article. The second part, which is to be published in the next issue, analyzes the application of chemiluminescence detection using luminescent additives that are called activators, a.k.a. chemiluminescence enhancers, and enhance the emission through the triplet–singlet transfer of electron excitation energy from radical reaction products, followed by light emission with a high quantum yield.

Etomidate ameliorated advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-induced reduction of extracellular matrix genes expression in chondrocytes

ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis (OA) is a rheumatic disease common in the elderly. AGEs are the end products of glycation reactions and play an important role in the development of OA. Etomidate is a general anesthesia-inducing agent recently reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aims to explore the protective effect of Etomidate against advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-induced reduction of extracellular matrix gene expression in chondrocytes. In the present study, we found that AGEs significantly reduced the expression of Collagen II (COL2A1) and Aggrecan (ACAN) at the gene level. Furthermore, AGEs inhibited the expression of SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX-9), promoting the expression of COL2A1 and ACAN. COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX-9 in chondrocytes were significantly elevated by treatment with Etomidate alone. Consistently, Etomidate ameliorated AGEs-induced downregulation of COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX-9 in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, we found that knockdown of SOX-9 eliminated the beneficial effects of Etomidate against AGEs-induced decrease in COL2A1 and ACAN genes. Based on these findings, we demonstrated that Etomidate could ameliorate AGEs-induced reduction of extracellular matrix gene expression in chondrocytes by upregulating SOX-9.

Metabolomics Signatures of Aging: Recent Advances.

Metabolomics is the latest state-of-the-art omics technology that provides a comprehensive quantitative profile of metabolites. The metabolites are the cellular end products of metabolic reactions that explain the ultimate response to genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, or environmental changes. Aging is a natural inevitable process characterized by a time-dependent decline of various physiological and metabolic functions and are dominated collectively by genetics, proteomics, metabolomics, environmental factors, diet, and lifestyle. The precise mechanism of the aging process is unclear, but the metabolomics has the potential to add significant insight by providing a detailed metabolite profile and altered metabolomic functions with age. Although the application of metabolomics to aging research is still relatively new, extensive attempts have been made to understand the biology of aging through a quantitative metabolite profile. This review summarises recent developments and up-to-date information on metabolomics studies in aging research with a major emphasis on aging biomarkers in less invasive biofluids. The importance of an integrative approach that combines multi-omics data to understand the complex aging process is discussed. Despite various innovations in metabolomics and metabolite associated with redox homeostasis, central energy pathways, lipid metabolism, and amino acid, a major challenge remains to provide conclusive aging biomarkers.

Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction by Blood-Feeding Arthropods Controls Skin Inflammation and Promotes Disease Tolerance

Hematophagous vectors lacerate host skin and capillaries to acquire a blood meal, resulting in leakage of red blood cells (RBCs) and inflammation. Here, we show that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a pleiotropic cytoprotective isoenzyme that mitigates heme-mediated tissue damage, is induced after bites of sand flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. Further, we demonstrate that erythrophagocytosis by macrophages, including a skin-residing CD163+CD91+ professional iron-recycling subpopulation, produces HO-1 after bites. Importantly, we establish that global deletion or transient inhibition of HO-1 in mice increases inflammation and pathology following Leishmania-infected sand fly bites without affecting parasite number, whereas CO, an end product of the HO-1 enzymatic reaction, suppresses skin inflammation. This indicates that HO-1 induction by blood-feeding sand flies promotes tolerance to Leishmania infection. Collectively, our data demonstrate that HO-1 induction through erythrophagocytosis is a universal mechanism that regulates skin inflammation following blood feeding by arthropods, thus promoting early-stage disease tolerance to vector-borne pathogens.

The measurement of ultra low uniform corrosion rates

The safe long-term disposal of radioactive waste arising primarily from power generation is a complex proposition. Safety assessment modelling typically incorporates up to one million years, which is an engineering requirement without precedent. In order to perform this modelling, it is imperative that the behaviour of the materials comprising the repository are well understood over the timescales in question. This article describes a method developed for studying the behaviour of metals under anoxic conditions via the corrosion reaction end product, hydrogen. At its simplest, test cells are left for periods of time, up to several months, to accumulate hydrogen. This gas is then expelled from the cell and analysed using a hydrogen sensor. As such, the method is limited to characterising gas generation and consequently only uniform corrosion, but does permit direct monitoring of corrosion rates as low as 0.01 nm/year, which is necessary in order to accurately monitor the very low long-term corrosion rates expected in a deep geological repository.

Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction by Blood Feeding Arthropods Controls Skin Inflammation and Promotes Tolerance to Pathogens

Hematophagous vectors lacerate host skin and capillaries to acquire a blood meal resulting in leakage of red blood cells (RBCs) and inflammation. Here, we show that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a pleiotropic cytoprotective isoenzyme that mitigates heme-mediated tissue damage, is induced after bites of sand flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Further, we demonstrate that erythrophagocytosis by macrophages, including a skin-residing CD163+CD91+ professional iron recycling subpopulation, produces HO-1 after insect bites. Importantly, we establish that global deletion or transient inhibition of HO-1 in mice increases inflammation and pathology following Leishmania-infected sand fly bites without affecting parasite number; whereas CO, an end-product of the HO-1 enzymatic reaction suppresses skin inflammation. This indicates that HO-1 induction by blood feeding sand flies promotes tolerance to Leishmania infection. Collectively, our data demonstrate that HO-1 induction through erythrophagocytosis is a universal mechanism that regulates skin inflammation following blood feeding by arthropods thus promoting early-stage tolerance to vector-borne pathogens.

Exploiting Random Chemistry for Digital Security

Randomness is such an important resource of our digital information era that new random number generators are invented continuously. Typically, these are electronic devices. Recently, researchers of the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh devised a novel method using stochastic chemical reactions.

High-energy ionizing radiation-induced degradation of amodiaquine in dilute aqueous solution: radical reactions and kinetics

The widely used antimalarial drug amodiaquine (AQ) contains a 7-Cl-quinoline unit, a substituted 4-aminophenol part connected through the amino group and a tertiary amine part. The 4-aminophenol unit can be easily oxidized through radical intermediates to iminoquinone. This reaction also takes place in vitro and in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction is expected to have an important role in degradation of AQ in surface waters and also during degradation in advanced oxidation processes. In this paper by means of radiation chemical techniques the one-electron oxidation and reduction of AQ were studied using transient kinetics, kinetics of AQ degradation, formation and decay of end-products of radical reactions. The hydroxyl radicals were shown to add both to the quinoline (∼ 38%) and aminophenol (∼ 50%) parts via formation of hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals and by H-abstraction or by an electron removal from the tertiary amine part of the molecule (∼ 12%). The dihydroxycyclohexadienyl radical formed on the aminophenol part is suggested to transform to aminophenoxy radical. The hydrated electrons can also effectively contribute to AQ degradation. Chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon content investigations were also made in order to characterize the ionizing radiation-induced oxidation and mineralization. In aerated 0.1 mmol dm−3 solution, at 2.5 kGy absorbed dose AQ and its higher molecular mass degradation products demolished completely. Ionizing irradiation is a capable technique for degradation of AQ under both oxidative and reductive circumstances.

Mechanical alloying of iron-fullerite system. Correlation between fullerite content, its structural state and end products

X-ray analysis, Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopies have been used to study mechanosynthesized iron-fullerite powders with the initial fullerite С60/70 content of 10, 25 and 75 at%. The structural changes of С60/70 in mechanocomposites have been studied. It has been shown that in conditions of high-energy mechanosynthesis of iron-fullerite powders the disordering of fullerite С60/70 crystalline structure takes place followed by the total fullerene molecules destruction with the formation of amorphous carbon. At content 75–90 at% iron serves as a catalyst of С60/70 destruction. It has been stated that the phase composition of mechanocomposites depends on the amount of fullerite and its structural state. Carbides formation takes place only after the destruction of fullerene molecules as a result of C–C and CC bonds disrupture. Amorphous carbon, Сam, amorphous phase, Am(Fe–C), carbides, Fe3C, Fe7C3 and a paramagnetic P-phase can be the end products of solid-phase reactions. At the initial stage of Fe–75C60/70 mechanosynthesis, while fullerene structure is preserved, it is possible to obtain iron-fullerene composite. The kinetics of carbide formation in the samples has been analyzed. It has been shown that the speed of solid-phase reactions at С60/70 content 25 at% is higher than at 75 at%.

Copper Complexing Capacity and Trace Metal Content in Common and Balsamic Vinegars: Impact of Organic Matter

Complex formation is among the mechanisms affecting metal bioaccessibility. Hence, the quantification of organic metal complexation in food items is of interest. Organic ligands in solutions of environmental and/or food origin function as buffering agents against small changes in dissolved metal concentrations, being able to maintain free metal ion concentrations below the toxicity threshold. Organic matter in vinegars consists of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, Maillard reaction endproducts, etc., capable of complexing metal ions. Furthermore, transition metal ions are considered as micronutrients essential for living organisms exerting a crucial role in metabolic processes. In this study, differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), a sensitive electrochemical technique considered to be a powerful tool for the study of metal speciation, was applied for the first time in vinegar samples. The concentrations of Cu complexing ligands (LT) in 43 vinegars retailed in Greece varied between 0.05 and 52 μM, with the highest median concentration determined in balsamic vinegars (14 μM), compared to that of common vinegars (0.86 μM). In 21% of the vinegar samples examined, LT values were exceeded by the corresponding total Cu concentrations, indicating the presence of free Cu ion and/or bound within labile inorganic/organic complexes. Red grape balsamic vinegars exhibited the highest density of Cu ligands per mass unit of organic matter compared to other foodstuffs such as herbal infusions, coffee brews, and beers. Among the 16 metals determined in vinegars, Pb is of particular importance from a toxicological point of view, whereas further investigation is required regarding potential Rb biomagnification.

Reference urinary biopyrrin level and physiological variation in healthy young adults: relation of stress by learning

BackgroundBiopyrrins are end products of oxidation reactions of bilirubin with reactive oxygen, and urinary biopyrrin (UBP) levels might increase under oxidative stress. The authors examined the reference UBP level for healthy adults and its physiological variation in 40 healthy volunteers recruited from among students of our university (20 students each from third-year and fourth-year), and compared the results with data on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). MethodsUBP and 8OHdG levels could be considered as oxidative stress markers. The UBP levels were measured with a competitive ELISA kit using biopyrrin antibody 24G7, according to the manufacturer's protocol. 8OHdG levels were measured with a Highly Sensitive 8-OHdG Check kit. UBP and 8OHdG measurements were performed in triplicate and means values calculated. For both parameters, creatinine (Cr) correction was performed using urinary creatinine levels measured by an enzymatic method. ResultsA comparison of the UBP levels between different grades revealed that the third-year students under high stress from clinical training and other course work tended to have a higher UBP level than fourth-year students. Therefore, we compared the current UBP levels in fourth-year students (samples collected in 2018) with their UBP level when they were in the third-year (samples collected in 2017) to examine the annual change. We found that the UBP level in 2017 samples was significantly higher than that in 2018 samples (P < 0.05). No difference in the 8OHdG level. Additionally, no effect of menstrual stress on the UBP level was observed. ConclusionsThese results suggest that the UBP levels may be related to school-related stress and menstruation has no effects on urinalysis results.

Investigation of compressive strength and microstructures of activated cement free binder from fly ash - calcium carbide residue mixture

This paper investigates compressive strength and microstructural properties of activated cement free binder from fly ash (FA) - calcium carbide residue (CC). Different activation methods to enhance the strength of the FA-CC mixture were used including the following: 1) curing at elevated temperature of 60°C, 2) adding 1% NaOH by weight of binder and 3) combining both 1% NaOH by weight of binder and curing at temperature of 60°C. The compressive strengths of mortars with different activation techniques were determined at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days. Microstructural properties of activated cement free binder from the FA-CC mixture, that is, XRD patterns, SEM microscopy, EDS analysis, and degree of reaction were examined. Results from this study revealed that the activated cement free binder from FA-CC had components of Ca, Al, and Si and indicated CSH and CASH likewise the end products of pozzolanic reaction. Use of activation techniques had significantly affected on the microstructure in cementing system. The activated cement free binder from FA-CC mixture with addition of 1% NaOH and curing at 60°C increased binder strength and promoted the formation of CSH, CASH, and some amount of NASH phase or hybrid C(N)ASH.

Abstract 2831: Detection of methane-producing archaea in the cervix of Hispanics using shotgun metagenomics

Abstract The human cervix is colonized by microbial communities that have traditionally been regarded as a protective barrier against infections. Dysbioses disrupting the balance of the normal microbiota, leads to the appearance of anaerobic taxa that have been related to sexual transmitted infections and cancer. The complexity of the diversity and composition of cervicovaginal communities has been recently highlighted by 16S rDNA surveys, although these have limitations to either select mostly bacteria and the lack of strong lower taxonomic resolution such as being species-specific. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing overcomes these limitations, and gives us access to the extent of diversity beyond bacterial communities. This is the first project to characterize the bacterial and archaeal communities of the cervix of Puerto Ricans using shotgun metagenomics. Women coming for gynecology and colposcopy evaluation at the UPR and San Juan City clinics (San Juan Metropolitan area), and who did not meet several excluding criteria including having taken antibiotics for the last month, were recruited for the study. Samples were acquired by inserting a speculum for access and visualization of the cervix and a sterile swab was rotated along the lumen with a circular motion and frozen immediately for posterior genomic DNA extractions and sequencing. Library construction and shotgun sequencing of 10 cervical patient samples was done with the Illumina HiSeq platform An average of 1,690,000 good quality reads per sample were analyzed. Approximately 90% of the contigs had more than 1,000bp and 10% had sizes ranging from 1,000-5,000bp. Microbial communities were dominated by Lactobacillus, including L. iners, Gardnerella vaginallis, Nocardia and Atapobium vaginae. Archaeal diversity was dominated by Methanosarcina (namely, M. barkeri) with other less dominant taxa such as Methanolobus, Methanococcus, Natrococcus and Methanobrevibacter. The dominance of Lactobacillus was expected, and as Archaea are environmental organisms that have been associated with the mucosa in mammals, including protecting the human gut, they must have an important role in the cervix. As methanogenic archaea are known to remove fermentation end products, such as methanol and ethanol, as end-products of other fermentative bacteria, methanogenesis maybe important in preventing the accumulation of gases and other reaction end products that could damage the cervical mucosa. Citation Format: Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Frances Vazquez-Sanchez, Anelisse Dominicci-Maura, Josefina Romaguera. Detection of methane-producing archaea in the cervix of Hispanics using shotgun metagenomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2831.

The possibility of identifying individual strains of glanders and melioidosis pathogens with a combination of immunoblotting and DNA amplification methods

Causative agents of melioidosis and glanders are among the most dangerous bacterial pathogens for human. Moreover, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are considered to be potential bioterrorism agents. In connection with this, timely diagnostics of such bacteria is of high importance. In our study, we made an attempt to develop an approach for detecting pathogenic Burkholderia spp. by combining species-specific amplification and strain-specific dot blotting assay with monoclonal antibodies. The following pathogenic Burkholderia strains were used in experiments: B. mallei (C-4, C-5, t-12, B-120, P-1, Мuksuwar-11, Z-12,Zagreb, Ivanovich, 5534), and B. pseudomallei (100, 102, 115, 116, 132, 135, 301, 51274, 60913, 61503). Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) and dot blotting with monoclonal antibodies against surface Burkholderia epitopes were used to detect such pathogens. RT-PCR was carried out by using primers designed to recognize DNA fragments in B. mallei IS407A-fliP and the gene Orf12 from B. pseudomallei. For this, DNA was isolated from bacterial cells suspended at 1 × 104 microbial cells/ml. accumulation of the end reaction products was visualized by staining with dye SYBR Green I. Specificity of amplification reaction was determined by measuring melting temperature (Tm) for end products followed by running gel electrophoresis. It was demonstrated that all ten strains of either B. mallei or B. pseudomallei examined in the study were detected by using primers against IS407A-fliP DNA fragment and the gene Orf12, respectively. It was demonstrated that all ten strains of either B. mallei or B. pseudomallei examined in the study were detected by using primers against IS407A-fliP DNA fragment and the gene Orf12, respectively. Importantly, no signals specific to heterologous microbial DNA (isolated from bacterial cell suspension at concentration of 1 × 107 microbial cells/ml) were detected by using RT-PCR. Thus, RT-PCR provides an opportunity for assessing an inter-species diversity among pathogenic Burkholderia species. A genus-specificity was observed by using monoclonal antibodies 3D3 which bind to both Burkholderia strains, whereas antibodies 2D11 exhibited no selective binding to strain Р1 B. mallei and strain 100 B. pseudomallei, thereby displaying a strain-specific interaction. Thus, it allowed to conclude that combining a species-specific DNA amplification particularly RT-PCR together with immune-based assay such as dot blotting by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies seems to be a promising approach for assessing intra-species diversity among pathogenic Burkholderia.

Pinocembrin Protects from AGE-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inhibits Non-Enzymatic Glycation in Human Insulin.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the end products of the glycation reaction and have a great importance in clinical science for their association with oxidative stress and inflammation, which play a major role in most chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Their pathogenic effects are generally induced by the interaction between AGEs and the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) on the cell surface, which triggers reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) activation, and inflammation. Pinocembrin, the most abundant flavonoid in propolis, has been recently proven to interfere with RAGE activation in Aβ–RAGE-induced toxicity. In the present study, we investigated the ability of pinocembrin to interfere with RAGE signaling pathways activated by AGEs. Interestingly, pinocembrin was able to inhibit oxidative stress and NF-kB activation in cells exposed to AGEs. In addition, it was able to block caspase 3/7 and 9 activation, thus suggesting an active role of this molecule in counteracting AGE–RAGE-induced toxicity mediated by NF-kB signaling pathways. The ability of pinocembrin to affect the glycation reaction has been also tested. Our data suggest that pinocembrin might be a promising molecule in protecting from AGE-mediated pathogenesis.

Antioxidant Activity In Vitro of N-(1-deoxy-α-d-xylulos-1-yl)-Phenylalanine: Comparison Among Maillard Reaction Intermediate, End-Products and Xylose-Phenylalanine.

The Maillard reaction end-products (MRPs) and intermediate (MRI, N-(1-deoxy-α-D-xylulos-1-yl)-phenylalanine) derived from xylose (Xyl) and phenylalanine (Phe) model system were synthesized in an aqueous medium, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. Both the MRPs and N-(1-deoxy-α-d-xylulos-1-yl)-phenylalanine exhibited the Fe2+ chelating activity at their addition concentration of 2 to 12mg/mL. While their reducing power, free radical scavenging activity, and inhibition effect on lipid peroxidation were observed at a lower addition concentration of only 0.2 to 1.2mg/mL. The free radical scavenging activity was improved with the increase in their concentration, and a time-dependent scavenging effect of the MRI was also shown in the results. However, a weak chelating activity of Xyl-Phe on Fe2+ in a concentration-dependent manner was observed, but no significant free radical scavenging activity or reducing power of Xyl-Phe was found. Based on these results, possible free radical scavenging pathway of the MRI was proposed. As the MRI showed lower antioxidant activity than MRPs, the application of the MRI in combination with MRPs as an antioxidant was proposed in cooked or semi-processed foods to avoid the deterioration induced by oxidation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The Maillard reaction intermediates (MRIs) showed antioxidant activity and could be applied in foods as both antioxidants and flavor enhancer. The MRIs will probably extend the shelf-life of lipid rich foods and could be the substitute of artificial antioxidants.

Dietary flavonoids inhibit the glycation of lens proteins: implications in the management of diabetic cataract

The intervention of functional foods as complementary therapeutic approach for the amelioration of diabetes and sugar induced cataractogenesis is more appreciated over the present day chemotherapy agents owing to their nontoxic and increased bioavailability concerns. Dietary flavonoids, a class of bioactive phytochemicals is known to have wide range of biological activities against variety of human ailments. In the present study, we demonstrate anti-cataract effect of eight dietary flavonoids in sugar induced lens organ culture study. We present data on processes like inhibition of glycation-induced lens cloudiness, lens protein aggregation, glycation reaction and advanced glycation end products formation that can act as biochemical markers for this disease. The selected flavonoids were also tested for their aldose reductase (AR) inhibition (experimental and in silico). The molecular dynamics simulation results shed light on mechanistic details of flavonoid induced AR inhibition. The outcome of the present study clearly focuses the significance of kaempferol, taxifolin and quercetin as potential candidates for controlling diabetic cataract.

Carcinogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling: Interaction of the NADPH Oxidase NOX1-5 and Superoxide Dismutase 1-3 Signal Transduction Pathways.

Significance: Reduction/oxidation (redox) balance could be defined as an even distribution of reduction and oxidation complementary processes and their reaction end products. There is a consensus that aberrant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly observed in cancer, stimulate primary cell immortalization and progression of carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism how different ROS regulate redox balance is not completely understood.Recent Advances: In the current review, we have summarized the main signaling cascades inducing NADPH oxidase NOX1–5 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1–3 expression and their connection to cell proliferation, immortalization, transformation, and CD34+ cell differentiation in thyroid, colon, lung, breast, and hematological cancers.Critical Issues: Interestingly, many of the signaling pathways activating redox enzymes or mediating the effect of ROS are common, such as pathways initiated from G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors involving protein kinase A, phospholipase C, calcium, and small GTPase signaling molecules.Future Directions: The clarification of interaction of signal transduction pathways could explain how cells regulate redox balance and may even provide means to inhibit the accumulation of harmful levels of ROS in human pathologies.