End Products Of Anaerobic Metabolism Research Articles

Metabolic responses to cardiac hypoxia. Increased production of succinate by rabbit papillary muscles.

In oxygen-deprived heart muscle tissue, alanine levels increase, whereas levels of glutamate and aspartate decline, and it is therefore postulated that free tissue amino acids participate in the metabolic response to cardiac hypoxia. Succinate is a hypothetical end product of anaerobic metabolism of glutamate and aspartate. To test this hypothesis in vitro isolated right ventricular papillary muscles from rabbits were individually incubated under oxygenated and hypoxic conditions. Lack of oxygen significantly augmented succinate, lactate, and alanine production, while levels of glutamate fell. Increased succinate production also was seen when various metabolic precursors were present in the oxygenated incubation medium. In hypoxic muscles, succinate production could be enhanced further when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic metabolism of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, anaerobic glycolysis, and alanine production are quantitatively related. Moreover, the two reactions responsible for succinate production during hypoxia, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase, are in oxidation-reduction balance and lead to substrate level phosphorylation in the citric acid cycle. Anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in increased synthesis of succinate, must be considered when one estimates the energy production by oxygen-deprived heart muscle.

Anaerobiosis and a Theory of Growth Line Formation

Microstructural growth increments within the shells of numerous Recent and fossil molluscs are interpreted as reflections of alternating periods of shell deposition and dissolution, occurring during aerobic and anaerobic respiration, respectively. The acidic end products of anaerobic metabolism are neutralized by calcium carbonate from the shell, leaving a relatively insoluble organic residue at the mantle-shell interface. With the return of oxygenated conditions and resumption of aerobic respiration, this organic material is reincorporated within the shell. Inasmuch as metabolic changes are often synchronized with lunar or solar cycles (or both), we are led to the nearly paradoxical conclusion that, as a result of shell destructive processes, a relatively complete and detailed record of both short- and long-term growth is often preserved within the molluscan exoskeleton. Analyses of relationships between ambient oxygen concentrations and shell structural types may eventually prove useful, in paleoecological studies, for determination of dissolved oxygen gradients in Phanerozoic marine environments.

Glycogen degradation and end products of anaerobic metabolism in the fresh water bivalveAnodonta cygnea

1. Glycogen levels and the production of metabolic end products by the fresh water bivalveAnodonta cygena were determined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2. The glycogen content accounts for 5–14% of the dry weight. After 30 hours of aerobic or anaerobic incubation no significant glycogen breakdown could be observed. 3. L-lactate and alanine seem to be only initial end products, whereas succinate increases continuously during the first 15 hours. 4. Anodonta cygnea also accumulates volatile fatty acids during anaerobiosis. After 30 hours of anoxia 30.1 and 46.0 μmol g−1 dry weight of acetate and propionate respectively are formed. In fact the volatile fatty acids account together for about 75% of the total accumulated end products.

The unanswered question of high anaerobic capabilities of carp white muscle.

Carp white muscle is considered to have a very high anaerobic capability; however, the accumulation of lactate is often not proportional to the amount of energy which must be generated. On the basis of whole-animal studies it is known that some fish produce NH4+ and CO2 anaerobically. This is interesting in light of the concept that many invertebrate facultative anaerobes simultaneously utilize carbohydrates and amino acids with the production of a variety of end products. We tested the hypothesis that in carp white muscle (a) lactate was not the sole end product of anaerobic metabolism and (b) amino acids were utilized as an anaerobic energy source. After an anaerobic work period induced by hypoxia we could detect none of the end products known to build up in invertebrate tissues and no mobilization of the free amino acid pool. Thus, carp white muscle appears to depend solely on glycogenolysis. The low level of lactate in carp white muscle even after severe hypoxic stress may be due to the transfer of this compound out of the tissue despite poor vascularization.

Rapid Method for the Radioisotopic Analysis of Gaseous End Products of Anaerobic Metabolism

A gas chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous analysis of (14)C-labeled and unlabeled metabolic gases from microbial methanogenic systems is described. H(2), CH(4), and CO(2) were separated within 2.5 min on a Carbosieve B column and were detected by thermal conductivity. Detector effluents were channeled into a gas proportional counter for measurement of radioactivity. This method was more rapid, sensitive, and convenient than gas chromatography-liquid scintillation techniques. The gas chromatography-gas proportional counting procedure was used to characterize the microbial decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic lake sediments and to monitor (14)CH(4) formation from H(2) and (14)CO(2) by Methanosarcina barkeri.

Observations on the Postanaerobic Metabolism of Some Fresh-Water Snails

Previous articleNext article No AccessObservations on the Postanaerobic Metabolism of Some Fresh-Water SnailsTheodor Von Brand, Patricia McMahon, and M. O. NolanTheodor Von Brand Search for more articles by this author , Patricia McMahon Search for more articles by this author , and M. O. Nolan Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 28, Number 1Jan., 1955 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.28.1.30152177 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 14Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). Copyright 1955 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:J.D. Thomas, C. Kowalczyk, B. Somasundaram The biochemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of Scistosoma mansoni: Short chain carboxylic and amino acids as phagostimulants, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 93, no.44 (Jan 1989): 899–911.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(89)90516-1Theodorus C.M. Wijsman, Hans C. van der Lugt, Hans P. Hoogland Anaerobic metabolism in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis: Haemolymph as a reservoir of d-lactate and succinate, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 81, no.44 (Jan 1985): 889–895.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(85)90084-7 Uptake and assimilation of short chain carboxylic acids by Biomphalaria glabrata (Say), the freshwater pulmonate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 222, no.12291229 (Jan 1997): 447–476.https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1984.0077R.L. Patience, J.D. Thomas, P.R. Sterry Production and release of carboxylic acids during oxic and anoxic metabolism by the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 76, no.22 (Jan 1983): 253–262.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(83)90067-6Ming-Shan Ho, Paul L. Zubkoff Volatile fatty acids of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 74, no.33 (Jan 1983): 539–542.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(83)90225-0J.D. Thomas, J. Ofosu-Barko, R.L. Patience Behavioural responses to carboxylic and amino acids by Biomphalaria glabrata (say), the snail host of Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon), and other freshwater molluscs, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 75, no.11 (Jan 1983): 57–76.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(83)90012-9Arend A. Dogterom The effect of the growth hormone of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis on biochemical composition and nitrogenous wastes, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 65, no.11 (Jan 1980): 163–167.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(80)90126-1Gerd Gäde, Hans Wilps, Jacques H. F. M. Kluytmans, Albertus de Zwaan Glycogen degradation and end products of anaerobic metabolism in the fresh water bivalveAnodonta cygnea, Journal of comparative physiology 104, no.11 (Dec 1975): 79–85.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02482839P.E. Haeser, F.B. De Jorge Anoxic anoxia in strophocheilus (pulmonata mollusca), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 38, no.44 (Apr 1971): 753–757.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(71)90276-8Robert H. Catlett Rapid acclimation and oxygen consumption of the rough limpet,, Life Sciences 10, no.66 (Mar 1971): 355–359.https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(71)90077-4 References, (Jan 1967): 345–390.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60334-XW. RUSSELL HUNTER Physiological Aspects of Ecology in Nonmarine Molluscs, (Jan 1964): 83–126.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3241-6.50009-3Eugene C. Weinbach, M.O. Nolan The effect of pentachlorophenol on the metabolism, of the snail Australorbis glabratus, Experimental Parasitology 5, no.33 (May 1956): 276–284.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(56)90040-6Walter L. Newton, Theodor von Brand Comparative physiological studies on two geographical strains of Australorbis glabratus, Experimental Parasitology 4, no.33 (May 1955): 244–255.https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(55)90028-X