End Packet Research Articles

QoS Improvement for the Next Generation Heterogeneous Network

Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWNs) focus on convergence of different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) providing good Quality of Service (QoS) for applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and video streaming. A heterogeneous network is to enable the users to obtain and share necessary and timely information in the right form over integrated heterogeneous network which is scalable and evolvable. Load balancing which is a significant method to achieve the resource sharing and IPQoS algorithm in the heterogeneous network is used to improve the overall performance of the network by configuring of queuing methods. Existing interworking networks couldn’t support the bandwidth demands of many multimedia applications which exceed the capacity of the interworking network. To meet the challenges, LTE is a step toward the 4th generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. The LTE promises to be one of the wireless access technologies capable of supporting very high bandwidth applications. In this paper a hybrid coupled interworking of three networks (WiMAX – WLAN –LTE – IPQoS –LB) using H.323 signaling protocol is proposed. Heterogeneous network model based on Fast handover Hierarchical Mobile IPV6 (FHMIPV6) protocol that integrates the WiMAX, LTE and WLAN technologies is proposed to improve QoS. The QoS parameter in terms multimedia application such as traffic sent and received, RTP, response time, jitter, packet end -to-end delay , TCP delay, Ethernet delay, packet delay variation, of proposed work were simulated and its performance are measured.

Decrease in the damage of powerful turbogenerator stator caused by vibration in the end zones (analysis, hypotheses, experiment)

The analysis of the turbogenerators’ TВВ-1000-2Y3 failure has shown that the most vulnerable link in the stator is such of their elements as tightening prisms, the teeth of the end packet core, lead-out and connecting buses of the stator winding. The basic reason for the destruction of the elements mentioned is metal fatigue caused by excessive vibration under the influence of variable axial forces of electromagnetic origin. Preventing the destruction of the structural elements may be achieved by vibration monitoring and diagnostics.

CCAG: GOSSIP BASED RELIABLE MULTICAST PROTOCOL

The essential requirement in MANET is now group com munication or multicasting since it is used in appl ications such as network news dissemination, collaborative computing, disaster re lief operation, sensor network, military services. In this type of application reliability plays an important role. Designing a reliable multi cast protocol in MANET is challenging task due to t he dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, constraints of node capability, and freq uent disconnections in MANET. In this paper, we pro pose a scheme called Congestion Control Anonymous Gossip(CCAG) to improv e the reliable packet delivery of multicast routing protocols and decrease the variation in the number of packets received by the different nodes. It also consider the issues of reliability, low end to end delay, control overhead and packet delivery in mobile ad-hoc netwo rks. The propose scheme works in two phases. In the first phase any suitable protocol is used to multicast the message to the gr oup, while in second phase, the gossip protocol tri es to recover lost messages.

Comparative study of DSR, AODV Routing Protocol for WPAN Using NetSim Simulator

Zigbee is a recent wireless standard based on IEEE 802.15.4 for personal area networking. Recently, it has created a lot of interest among the research community for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Zigbee is an open specification and designed to achieve very low power consumption. Specifically, it has been built up on the top of the Physical layer& MAC layer and defines the Network and Application layer which has been normalized in IEEE 802.15.4.In this paper, attempt has been made to measure the performance parameters of Zigbee routing protocol such as AODV and DSR using Net Sim simulator. The performance parameters such as End to End delay, Throughput,& Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) have been analyzed. Even though many studies related to AODV & DSR have been presented in the current literature, it has not been analyzed through Net Sim simulator. So, we made an attempt to investigate the performance of AODV & DSR routing protocols and compare it for personal area network (PAN) using Net Sim Simulator as it is a Professional Simulator in the area of computer networks. Keywords: Zigbee, AODV, DSR, Net Sim Simulator.

An Improvement on Route Recovery by Using Triangular Fuzzy Numbers on Route Errors in MANET

Based on mobile nature in MANET, there is no doubt that all routing protocols have some route errors. Usually, routing protocols try to recover a route after a route error has been happened on an exact route to destination. This kind of route recovery could make more packet loss and also more time waste. This project adds Triangular Fuzzy Numbers to prediction of route errors and make route recovery as parallel of packet sending. Indeed, any node in this project uses a route error counter and an error prediction based on Fuzzy algorithm to recover its routes before an exact route error on its route discovery has been happened. There is no doubt that using suggested prediction cannot solve all route errors; but it could help routing protocols to improve their route recovery algorithm.This project uses DSR as one of the standard MANET routing protocols to simulate the results.

Research on Typical Wireless Hoc Routings for Vehicular Network

In the market, there was only specific software for network simulation or traffic simulation. They were expensive and could not support the routing simulation for vehicular network. In order to solve the problem, typical wireless ad hoc routings for vehicular network was researched in the free network simulation software NS2. The obstacle model and node mobile model were added. The nodes moved in random speed and direction on the road. Then the typical wireless ad hoc routings such as DSR (dynamic source routing), DSDV(destination sequenced distance vector) and AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing) were researched in the environment. The network packet loss rate and end to end delay time were compared and analyzed under the different situation whether obstacles block the radio. If obstacles did not block the radio and number of nodes was enough, DSDV had higher packet loss rate and the three routings had relatively low delay time. So DSR and AODV were more suitable for vehicular network. If the obstacles blocked the radio, the three routing routings had high packet loss rate. They needed to further advancement. This study provided a routing research idea for vehicular network and laid a foundation for further research.

Energy efficiency of downlink packet scheduling in CoMP

AbstractThe foreseen increase in the volume of mobile traffic and the correspondent increase in greenhouse gas emissions is now placing energy efficiency (EE) at the forefront of mobile network design. As a step towards incorporating more energy friendly mobile platforms in future networks, Third Generation Partnership Project Long‐Term Evolution (LTE)‐Advanced has adopted Coordinated Multi‐Point (CoMP) transmission/reception because of its ability to mitigate and/or coordinate inter‐cell interference. However, there is room for reducing energy consumption further by exploiting the inherent flexibility of dynamic resource allocation protocols. To this end packet scheduling schemes play a fundamental role in multi‐user scenarios and provide a potential research playground for optimising energy consumption in future networks. However, there is no effective benchmark in place for experimenting new design approaches. This paper provides a first attempt to analyse the Energy Efficiency of different downlink packet scheduling in CoMP for LTE networks using classical packet scheduling algorithm approaches such as Maximum Carrier to Interference ratio (MCI), Proportional Fairness (PF) and the Round Robin scheduling (RR), and provides some input to future comparison considerations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

IDS for ARP spoofing using LTL based discrete event system framework

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a hardware or software that monitors network or host activities for detecting malicious behavior. There are certain attacks which do not change the syntax/sequence of network traffic nor lead to any statistical deviation. Such attacks are difficult to detect by signature or anomaly IDSs. Active Discrete Event System (DES) based IDSs are now being proposed for such attacks. These IDSs involve sending of probe packets to create difference in sequence of events under attack and normal conditions. Following that, normal and attack behavior are specified using the DES model and a detector is designed. The detector is the IDS, which observes sequences of events to decide whether the states through which the DES traverses corresponds to the normal or attack model. Modeling the normal and attack behavior by DES is a manual process and it is prone to errors. So the resulting IDS cannot be guaranteed for its correctness. To address the issues of traditional DES framework, Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL) based DES has been proposed in literature, which provides a paradigm for stating the system specifications, modeling, detector construction and checking its correctness. Also, the detector design procedure has polynomial time complexity in the number of system states as compared to exponential complexity of the traditional framework. In this paper the LTL based DES framework is suitably adapted and applied for developing an IDS for detection of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing attacks. Experimental results illustrate that high detection rate and accuracy could be achieved with minimal resource overheads.

A Multiparametric Reliable AODV Protocol using Alternate Routing in MANET’s using NS-2

In this paper, we design and formulate a trust-based routing protocol for secure transactions, such as military and disaster relief operations, banking in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The proposed approach is showing the idea of a trust model in the network layer of MANET.AODV is ad hoc on demand distance vector, this protocol starts the route specially when some node claims to send data. In AODV whenever a link breaks an error message is sent indicating the link and packet sending is dropped. In our proposed scheme a packet is sent through alternative path. In this approach a trust node is made with neighbors. Simulation results shows that proposed scheme has less packet loss and packet ratio delivered is more.

Secure Data Transmission Model in MANET

MANET is mobile ad-hoc network. It is simply a collection of nodes where each node acts as independent router or host. Mobility is the main characteristics of MANET. Therefore routing protocol is required that adapts whenever topology changes. Secure data transmission is the main issue in MANET. The enhancement in the secure data transmission in MANET using both reactive and proactive routing protocols. Expecting the performance enhancement in Packet delivery ratio, Normalized routing load, End to end packet delay, Throughput, Energy Consumption, Residual Energy of secure data transmission in comparison with existing similar routing protocols for MANET. General Terms Routing Protocols, Security Algorithms. Keywordssecure data transmission, fast and secure data transmission.

Improved Ex-LEACH Protocol based on Energy Efficient Clustering Approach

Wireless sensor network is a wireless network consisting of autonomous sensors, communicating with each other in dispersed manner to observe the environment. Sensors are commonly fond of to microcontroller and are power-driven by battery. Routing methods are the main issue for networks where resources are restricted. Major challenge of this type of network is to overcome the short life span due to high energy utilization of the batteries in the sensor nodes. So we are providing a routing methodology that improves that network life span and efficiency of wireless sensor network by reducing energy consumption with the proposed cluster based power saving algorithm is called as Ex-LEACH (Extended LEACH).The key idea of this paper is to decrease information transmission distance of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks by using the homogeneous cluster Method. We calculate the average distance between the sensor nodes and take into consideration the residual energy for selecting the suitable cluster head nodes. So that the energy consumption can be equally distributed between all the sensors node by taking into consideration mainly six factors: Packet delivery ratio, Normalized routing load, End to end packet delay, Throughput, Energy Consumption, Residual Energy. The performance is compared with other similar existing protocols such as LEACH and LEACH-C routing protocols

Cross-Layer Based Routing and Rate Control Using Fuzzy Decision Systems in MANET

In mobile ad hoc networks, the existing fuzzy based cross layer routing approach is a multi-level system that leads to overhead and their dependency leads to delay. Also considering the parameters such as number of hops and mobile speed for estimating link stability in the network is inefficient. In order to overcome these drawbacks, in this paper we propose fuzzy based cross layer routing in MANET. When the source wants to transmit the data to destination, it performs the fuzzy based optimal route selection process by considering the parameters such as path stability and bandwidth. The path stability is estimated based on available battery power, distance and link quality. Following the route selection, the destination node performs the fuzzy based rate adjustment to adjust the data transmission rate of source. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique has minimum end to end delay and packet loss ratio.

COCM: Class Based Optimized Congestion Management Protocol for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of numerous sensor nodes which can be used in many new emerging applications like healthcare. One of the major challenges in healthcare environments is to manage congestion, because in applications, such as medical emergencies or patients remote monitoring, transmitted data is important and critical. So it is essential in the first place to avoid congestion as much as possible and in cases when congestion avoidance is not possible, to control the congestion. In this paper, a class based congestion management protocol has been proposed for healthcare applications. We distinguish between sensitive, non-sensitive and control traffics, and service the input traffics based on their priority and quality of service requirements (QoS). The proposed protocol which is called COCM avoids congestion in the first step using multipath routing. The proposed AQM algorithm uses separate virtual queue's condition on a single physical queue to accept or drop the incoming packets. In cases where input traffic rate increases and congestion cannot be avoided, it mitigates congestion by using an optimized congestion control algorithm. This paper deals with parameters like end to end delay, packet loss, energy consumption, lifetime and fairness which are important in healthcare applications. The performance of COCM was evaluated using the OPNET simulator. Simulation results indicated that COCM achieves its goals.

SELFISH SCHEDULER FOR PACKET SCHEDULING BASED ON PACKET WEIGHTED ENERGY DRAIN RATE IN MANETS

The aim of our selfish scheduler based on packet weighted energy drain rate in Mobile ad-hoc networks mainly depends on the available least highest-limit of the residual value of a mobile node. The projected work comprises of mechanisms for detecting the selfish node as well as an attitude called rehabilitate-before-malicious behavior for justifying against the malicious behavior of nodes having selfishness. It provides an immediate solution for separating the selfish nodes based on the parameter namely the packet weighted energy drain rate. If PWEDRSS is deployed in an ad hoc environment it not only provides an energetic and immediate solution to become aware of malicious nodes but also can detect selfish nodes which may be fruitless due the deficient energy available, since the restricted battery power is one of the main constraint for all the mobile nodes. The effective and well-organized performances of the projected work are done through ns-2 simulations. The parameters used are the Packet delivery ratio, Throughput, Control overhead, Total overhead and End to end delay. These parameters are computed based upon varying the number of nodes. The outcome forecast that the planned mechanism performs well.

Position based Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks

wireless multi-hop networks (AHWMNs) are communication networks that consist of wireless nodes, placed together in an ad hoc manner, i.e. with minimal prior planning. All nodes in the network have routing capabilities and forward data packets for other nodes in multi-hop fashion. AHWMNs pose substantially different challenges to routing protocols than more traditional wired networks. AHWMN routing protocols are classified as topology-based, position- based. Topology-based routing protocols use the information about the links that exist in the network to perform packet forwarding. Position based routing is a routing principle that relies on geographic information. Position-based routing algorithms require information about the physical position of the participating node. Commonly, each node determines its own position through the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). Decisions made based on destination position and position of forwarding nodes neighbours. A location service is used by the sender of packet to determine the position of the destination and to include it in the packet destination address. The Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol is a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks. Greedy perimeter stateless routing is based on greedy packet forwarding to forward packets to nodes that always progressively closer to the destination in each step using local information. Thus, each node forwards the message to the neighbours that are most suitable from a local point of view. Greedy forwarding can lead into a dead end, way there is no neighbour closer to the destination. The algorithm recovers by routing around the perimeter of the region by keeping state only about the local topology; GPSR scales better in per- router state than shortest path and ad hoc routing protocols as the number of network destination increases. Under mobility's frequent topology changes, GPSR can use local topology information to find correct new routes quickly. In this paper performance of GPSR with the Ad hoc On demand distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is compared.

Performance Analysis of Black Hole Attack in Vanet

Black hole attack in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network is major problem related with the field of computer networking. In this paper we present the performance analysis of the black hole attack in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network. We elaborate the different types of attacks and their depth in ad hoc network. The performance metric is taken for the evaluation of attack which depends on a packet end to end delay, network throughput and network load. The delay, throughput and load are simulated by the help of OPNET 14.5 modeler. The simulation setup comprises of 30 Vehicular nodes moving with constant speed of 10 meter per second. The data rate of Vehicular nodes is 11 Mbps with default transmitting power of 0.005 watts. With On Demand Distance Vector Routing and Optimized Link State Routing the malicious node buffer size is lowered to a level which increase packet drops.

Study the Effect of Base Frequency on the Performance of WiMAX Network Carrying Voice

WiMAX is stand for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. (WiMAX) embodies the IEEE 802.16 family of standards that provide wireless broadband access to residential and commercial Internet subscribers. This technology takes the first position among the technologies these days. WiMAX can offers or adds some qualifications to the wireless technologies like high data rate, long coverage area and offers several types Quality of service to the customers. The long coverage area of WiMAX coming from the high transmit power and from the architecture of the network which is similar to mobile network, where the WiMAX base station architecture, is similar to GSM base station, need tower and can be sectorized, etc. One of the feature of WiMAX devises is the wide range of base frequency from 2 to 66 GHz, on both licensed and free licensed spectrum [1] .In this paper the effect of base frequency on the WiMAX network performance will be studied .we concern on three famous frequency (2.4,3.5 and 5.8GHz ) [2],which most of the WiMAX devises work on them. OPNET MODELER is a simulation program used to simulate the work of networks with different values of base frequency. We use the modeler to study network of 12 WiMAX workstation connect and call each other by one WiMAX base station during 300 second. The results show that the higher the base frequency the higher the Signal to Noise Ratio ,that lead to high throughput ,low packet end to end delay, finally lead to high mean opinion score (MOS) which mean good quality of voice. In the same time the results show that increase in the coverage area will lead to drop in Signal to Noise Ratio and MOS which will effect negatively in the quality of voice.

Pinball Routing Elimination Algorithm for Multihomed Mobile Network

A solution of the pinball routing problem in a multihomed mobile network is proposed in the present work. All the communication to and from the mobile network node in a nested mobile network passes through the tunnel between mobile router and its home agent as mentioned in network mobility route optimization problem statement. Such problem is formally known as pinball routing problem. But in the present scheme the communication to and from the mobile network node may or may not pass through the home agents of mobile routers at the higher level of the nested network depending upon the network mobility. Such consideration helps to minimize delay due to pinball routing effect. Moreover in the present work direct communication is proposed if both the source node and the destination node lie inside the same nested mobile network. The proposed scheme is the combination of route optimization algorithm and pinball routing elimination algorithm in a nested multi-homed mobile network. The route optimization algorithm selects an optimal route inside the mobile network of the source node. The pinball routing elimination algorithm selects the pinball eliminated route from the mobile network to the destination node. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated on the basis of tunneling overhead, end to end packet delay and fragmentation using ENEMO_SIM simulator. Results based on a detailed performance evaluation study are also presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.

Capacity and delay analysis in Passive Optical Networks (PONs) - A review

The dramatic increase of internet users and development of new high volume internet applications has a profound impact on design of next generation passive optical network (NG-PON). Today, most of the available networks are quite busy networks and as the number of nodes increases in the network, the communication over the network also increases. A reliable end packet delivery is always one of the basic requirements of a user as well as network. When the data is transferred over the network there are many major causes that can result packet loss, such as congestion over the network. Any kind of active or the passive attack over the network can make packet loss while transferring the data and also, heavy traffic over any network gives the problems like congestion, degradation in throughput. The Passive Optical Network (PON) and Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) resolve most of the above defined problem. As it provide such a large bandwidth that it will never gives efficiency problem in a network. PON also resolve the bottleneck problem along with delay analysis over bottleneck congested network.

Performance Analysis of Various Codecs using RSVP on VoIP Quality of Service over Variable Bandwidth

With the rapid growth of the Internet, customers are demanding multimedia applications such as telephony and video on demand, to be available on the internet. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a rapidly emerging technology for voice communication that uses the ubiquity of IP-based networks. The greatest challenge is the provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) over limited bandwidth. Multimedia applications need a lot more bandwidth and have different QoS requirements than the applications that were used in early years of the internet. The purpose of this paper is to check the performance of VoIP application under different Codec’s such as G.711, G.729 and G.723.1 over variable bandwidth. This paper proposes RSVP protocol for providing end to end QoS for real time applications over diverse networks. The performance is checked under RSVP and Non RSVP. Packet end to end delay and packet delay variation are evaluated through simulation. The result shows that under any bandwidth G.723.1 gives better result as compared to G.711 and G.729. Simulation is done using OPNET IT Guru Academic edition.