End Of Nineteenth Century Research Articles

ALGUNOS TEMAS SOBRE EDUCACIÓN EN LA PRENSA LIBERAL SALVADOREÑA (1870 - 1890) MUJERES Y TRABAJADORES DE EDUCACIÓN LAICA

El presente artículo explora de manera sucinta tres problemáticas planteadas por algunos liberales salvadoreños de fines del siglo XIX. La emancipación civil de las mujeres a través de una renovada educación, la creación de escuelas nocturnas para artesanos o de institutos de enseñanza agrícola para jornaleros y la apuesta por una educación laica, se convirtieron en temas que aquellos consideraron claves para el progreso político, social y económico del país. Tales reflexiones son recogidas de ciertos periódicos que circularon entre 1870 y 1890. Ellos son el Diario Oficial, La Discusión, La República, La Unión y el Boletín municipal de Santa Ana. Palabras clave: Liberalismo, Educación, Mujeres, Trabajadores, Educación Laica,Libertad de Enseñanza.

The Effect of Ethnicity and Economy upon Intergenerational Coresidence: Northern Norway during the Last Part of the Nineteenth Century

During the last part of the nineteenth century, Finnmark province and the northern part of Troms experienced a decline in intergenerational coresidence. This article discusses what impact ethnic affiliation and economic activity had on the living arrangements of the elderly, and what contributed to the change. Logistic regression shows that ethnicity played a role but its effect disappears after controlling for economic activity. Intergenerational coresidence was positively associated with being a married Sámi male with an occupation in farming or combined fishing and farming. As such a person grew older, he was increasingly likely to live separately from an own adult child. This pattern changed toward the end of nineteenth century. By the close of the century, ethnic differences had disappeared, and headship position, irrespective of marital status, was strongly related to coresidence.

Changing face of electrochemistry

Over 200 years of development of modern electrochemistry was divided into five periods. Period I from the beginning up to the end of nineteenth century, Period II from 1901 to 1945, Period III from 1946 to 1965, Period IV from 1966 to 1990, and the last Period V from 1991 till the present. This division is based on (1) use of different research methods in these periods, as well as (2) different intensity and organization of research work. In each period, the main research interests were briefly characterized, followed by short discussion of the main achievements. The expected trends of future development of electrochemistry were also briefly discussed.

Due esempi di poetiche attoriali nella Recherche: Berma e Rachel

The article shows the narrative and narratological relationship between two important characters of Proustian actress: the star of Third-Republic Theatre, Berma, and the young symbolist actress Rachel. According to Girard’s theories on desire, it shows that the two characters follow two different and irreconcilable ways: Berma represents the purification of desire, whereas Rachel represents the degradation of desire in the society life of the salons. The article makes the narrative analysis in relationship with the current historical poetics of actor’s art at the end of Nineteenth Century and at the beginning of Twentieth Century. It results an historical evaluation by Proust who appreciates the classical style of Berma and devalues the symbolist experimentations in the context of a critical conception of the temporality in art.

Literary Impressionism and Finland: A Critical Digest

THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE is to bring into focus concept of Literary within context of Swedish literature Finland. The attempt is to show to what extent critical debate demonstrated an awareness of idea of in literary writing and what aspects of phenomenon this understanding encapsulated. This has been done by undertaking a survey of use of term in literary criticism present in Finsk tidskrift and in Finnish newspapers published in Swedish from approximately 1870 to 1910. (1) By examining critical attitudes toward literary in Finland, I hope to add a piece to greater Scandinavian mosaic that is still being shaped by contributions of scholars who have tried to clarify impact of on Danish, Norwegian, and, even if only partly, Swedish literature. (2) No effort to assess role of in Swedish literature of Finland has so far, to my knowledge, been made. The point of departure is fact that numerous heterodox mannerisms gathered under common heading of impressionist tendencies are part of narrative tradition of nineteenth century. Therefore, discussion here is limited to what Arnold Hauser defined as the age of impressionism (178), that is, years in which impressionist movement was born, bloomed, and spread worldwide. Within context of Swedish literature in Finland, emphasis then is on years 1880-1910. Thus, fixing term in a historical context does not deny fact that can also be seen as an a historical phenomenon present long before anal long after high point of impressionist pictorial movement. Glimpses of a similar approach are evident in journalism that has been taken into account for this article and is also present (at times with what seems to be a provocative intent) within larger context of Scandinavian literary criticism. (3) The choice of anchoring investigation to end of century is dependent upon wish to discover whether writers and critics in Finland shared their Scandinavian colleagues' preoccupation with a concept peculiar to their day, which had been introduced into literary criticism by Ferdinand Brunetiere in 1879 in his famous article L'Impressionnisme dans le roman. The debate had proved vivacious in Norway and in Denmark and, as we will see, included Swedish voices in 1880s arguing in favor of an break-up with academic tradition. Reports from Scandinavian literary scene were frequent in Finnish press at end of nineteenth century. Relevant to this field of research is fact that journalists followed scandal aroused by Christian Krohg's novel Albertine in Norway and reported on foundation and proceedings of Krohg and Hans Jaeger's literary review Impressionisten, on pages of which a singular, bohemian interpretation of literary as a subjective naturalism was proclaimed. (4) The Scandinavian tour of Danish writer Herman Bang, who openly expressed his dissatisfaction with shortcomings of naturalism, reached Helsinki and Turku in 1885 and was covered by press. (5) In material taken into consideration, there is one example of a journalist reporting from Russia on a lecture given by P. Gnedich on subject of in literature. (6) Not surprisingly, however, it was mainly through mediation of Sweden that idea of an impressionistic break with tradition was introduced to literary circles in Swedish Finland. One of Swedish writers capable of articulating impressionistic experience was Gustaf af Geijerstam (1858-1909). (7) The use of concept of in his literary criticism has not, to my knowledge, previously been examined. As Hans Lund points out, Swedish literary historian Nils Erdmann labeled Gustaf af Geijerstam's own writing impressionistic in his study Modern realism, published in 1884, in order to highlight Geijerstam's manner of transmitting ogonblicksintryck (instantaneous impressions) and his use of point of view (49). …

Enclosing the Sea

At the end of nineteenth century, the city of Naples, Italy was hit by a cholera epidemic that affected the fishers' neighborhoods that lined the seaboard with special intensity. As a consequence of the epidemic, the area was transformed from a poor neighborhood inhabited by fishers into a residential and leisure area for the upper-middle class. Fishers were forced to leave the area, thereby cutting the socio-ecological connections between this urban community and “their” sea, that is, a very special urban commons. This article examines how the sanitization project demolished not only fishers' homes and infrastructures but also the very idea that work could coexist with nature in the same space. The dichotomist vision counterpoising nature to work also implicitly opposed fishers' common use of space and natural resources. Nevertheless, “sanitization” did not occur without resistance. Whereas supporters of sanitization saw privatization and gentrification as the only means to preserve the beauty of the waterfront, other narratives used the picturesque as a common ground between nature and work. According to those narratives, the picturesque included the traces of work and daily life; the beauty of the Neapolitan waterfront was not in spite of fishers' presence in the landscape, rather it was considered the by-product of the combination of nature and fishers' ways of living and producing.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes y las enfermedades infecciosas

Besides a pleasant author of best sellers, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a medical doctor, writing excellent short stories about the exercise of his profession in England. However, even he mentions The British Medical Journal and The Lancet in the Sherlock Holmes's stories, when in the plot introduces infectious diseases, Conan Doyle ignores important discoveries in the field of tetanus. Anyway, the appearing of infectious diseases in the adventures of the detective are rare: one mention of tetanus, another of leprosy and- the most analyzed in medical literature a case of murder by inoculation of bacteria, probably the agent of melioidosis. Also he makes his hero discovers the toxic actions of a medusa and a transplant of solid organ. Little for a physician and less for an author who also wrote science fiction: it seems that the history of the great medical discoveries at the end of nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth has passed by his side.., and he just couldn't see it.

Climate-induced mountain tree-line evolution in southern Siberia

The elevational tree-line change within the transitional zone between boreal forest and Mongolian steppes was quantified for the last millennium. The basic approach included studies along transects and measurements of tree-line positions to identify current, historical, refugee and regeneration tree lines. Tree mortality and natality were determined based on dendrochronology analysis. Tree mortality in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries coincided with the Little Ice Age, while tree establishment was stimulated by warming at the end of nineteenth century. Downward shifts in tree line varied by an order of magnitude. The current tree-line position reoccupied the historical tree line in some transects, and was below or above the historical line in others. The regeneration line surpassed the historical tree line by 91±46 m (mean± SD). Such a heterogeneous response was attributed to local topoclimatic conditions and sapling recruitment efficiency. A mean annual 1°C increase in temperature was associated with an upward shift of the tree line by about 70 m. The upward migration rate of the current tree line was about 0.8 m year−1 during the last century. The regeneration migration rate was about 2.3 m year−1 over the past three decades. Finally, the transformation of krummholz forms of larch and Siberian pine into arborescent form was documented.

Racial Politics in Central Kentucky during the Post–Reconstruction Era: Bourbon County, 1877–1899

Race was a major factor in shaping politics in the postbellum s outh during the late nineteenth century, and it has continued to shape the politics of the region until the present day. From the creation of biracial governance during the Reconstruction era, to Redemption and the rise of the white democratic Party in the 1870s and 1880s, to disfranchisement at the end of nineteenth century in the early twentieth century and the creation of the one-party system, and to reenfranchisement with the Voting Rights act (1965) and the rise of Republican hegemony in our own time, race has been a major factor in shaping southern politics. Partisan alignments and election outcomes, the style of political campaigning, and both the formal and informal electoral rules of various southern states cannot be understood apart from patterns of racial stratification. t he importance of race in shaping past and present southern politics is beyond question. By contrast, historians and political analysts have generally downplayed the historical importance of race as politically consequential in Kentucky and in other border states. t he fact that white Kentuckians often embraced a

A instrução pública primária nos regulamentos provinciais da Parahyba do Norte na década de 1840: a constituição do Estado Nacional

In searches conducted on the history of Imperial Brazil, especially in the fi rst half of nineteenth century, there are two visions of denying the achievements on primary public education. Both refer to the clash in which education was considered a strong ally to the political dispute, which was performed by the Republicans, at the end of nineteenth century, and the reformers, especially Fernando de Azevedo, from 1920 to 1930. Furthernore, maybe because of these views there are few studies that deal with that period and specifi c subject. In despite of these positions, it is possible to see some initiatives as part of a process of historiography renewal, from the 1980s, seeking to contradict this approach. This article is part of this movement. The narrative, constructed by the documentation, searches the governmental initiatives in education. The legislation on public education, and, in particular, the regulations from January 15th and 20th 1849, which were compared, in sequence, with reports from presidents of the province in 1849 were analyzed. The narrative, referencing the work of EP Thompson, was erected from the actors who gradually formed a public education in Parahyba. Thus the analysis of the actions of provincial authorities in the field of education aimed to understand school practices involving teachers and students in this incipient birth of primary public education, institutionalized by the nascent Nation State. Key words: Parahyba, province, educational legislation, National State, primary schools.

A instrução pública primária nos regulamentos provinciais da Parahyba do Norte na década de 1840: a constituição do Estado Nacional

In searches conducted on the history of Imperial Brazil, especially in the fi rst half of nineteenth century, there are two visions of denying the achievements on primary public education. Both refer to the clash in which education was considered a strong ally to the political dispute, which was performed by the Republicans, at the end of nineteenth century, and the reformers, especially Fernando de Azevedo, from 1920 to 1930. Furthernore, maybe because of these views there are few studies that deal with that period and specifi c subject. In despite of these positions, it is possible to see some initiatives as part of a process of historiography renewal, from the 1980s, seeking to contradict this approach. This article is part of this movement. The narrative, constructed by the documentation, searches the governmental initiatives in education. The legislation on public education, and, in particular, the regulations from January 15th and 20th 1849, which were compared, in sequence, with reports from presidents of the province in 1849 were analyzed. The narrative, referencing the work of EP Thompson, was erected from the actors who gradually formed a public education in Parahyba. Thus the analysis of the actions of provincial authorities in the field of education aimed to understand school practices involving teachers and students in this incipient birth of primary public education, institutionalized by the nascent Nation State.Key words: Parahyba, province, educational legislation, National State, primary schools.

A Stranger in My Own Land: Sofía Casanova, a Spanish Writer in the European Fin de Siècle (review)

hooper, KiRSTY. A Stranger in My Own Land: Sofia Casanova, a Spanish Writer in European Fin de Siecle. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt UP, 2008. 235 pp.Female writers and female have always been topics of interest for critics and scholars alike. It appears, however, that Spanish female writers and their works, especially those of fin de siglo period, have not captured enough interest and attention. Kirsty Hooper's A Stranger in My Own Land stands on its own merit by offering an intellectually stimulating study of one of those less-studied authors: Sofia Casanova. In her book, Hooper sets out to examine place of Galician- born writer's authorship within both Spanish and Galician tradition at turn of nineteenth century, as well as biographical, social, political, and cultural contexts of her early narrative. In doing this, Hooper attempts to show the dispar- ity between evidence of active participation in fin de siglo social, cultural and political debates by women such as Casanova and their absence from historical record (8).In her famous speech La mujer espanola en el extranjero, given at Ateneo de Madrid in 1910, Casanova complained that Spanish women had been erased from European intellectual map cual Atlantida que devoro el mar (1). Up until now, Casanova's complaint has become a self-prophecy, since there have been no scholarly studies about her works. With this book, however, Hooper makes sure that Casanova's radical and poignant representations of gender, social class, race, national identity, and contemporary politics find their way to His- panists and Galleguistas alike. Although her book offers what some would consider close readings of literary texts, Hooper's distinctive and clever readings of Casano- va's early fictional writings are contextualized within personal, social, and political climate of their production. The truth is, as Hooper points out, it is very difficult for those who are interested in lesser-known female authors like Casanova, Concha Espina, and Blanca de los Rios, or even more mainstream writers such as Emilia Pardo Bazan and Carmen de Burgos, to find adequate models of criticism and interpretation, since they have been developed in response to a limited range of narrative modes and narrative voices from which women writers are, by default, excluded (172).The introductory chapter, taking quote from Casanova's speech as its title, situates author in her sociohistorical context as it also analyzes conditions of female writers in Spain and Galicia at fin de siglo. In other words, Hooper attempts to find a place for Casanova both within Spanish and Galician letras at end of nineteenth century with objective to challenge familiar narrative with alternative ways to seeing, reading and understanding fin de siglo, a goal that can be achieved only through serious and searching analysis of writings of women who contributed so critically to this crucial period in formation of modern Iberian identities (22). However, Hooper's text also allows readers to see relevance of this type of study for present; her purpose is not necessarily to reconstruct fragmented history of women's writing (11) in Spain or Galicia, but to demonstrate that accurate bio-bibliographical and textual details (12) allow scholars to properly evaluate great literary and narrative histories taking into consideration contemporary female writers.In chapter 2, Hooper explores Casanova's novel El doctor Wolski (1894) within traditional readings of female literature (considered as an autobiographical text about a female character and her marriage to a Polish doctor), but she also makes an argument, following Gillian Rose's critical approach, about role of paradoxical space. According to Hooper, Rose's concept is as intrinsic to novel's plot as it is emblematic of Casanova as a writer, since Casanova moves between her desire for public recognition of authorship and what Hooper calls the need to maintain 'feminine' respectability (26). …

Les savoirs autour de l’Education Nouvelle

New Education is a term which refers to a multitude of educational changes from the end of nineteenth century to date. The different movements in different regions and countries of the world where New Education has arisen and evolved shows this multi‐polarity of New Education. It is based on different “national”, ideological and religious traditions of institutionalisation in the educational field, in different state‐building processes and different religious and confessional embeddings – and therefore also on different concepts of knowledge. Thus, basing learning on knowledge or changing that grounding by redefining education according to concepts of New Education means different things in relation to specific forms of the institutionalisation of knowledge as a social and ideological reference system. In that regard the differences between language‐area or culture‐historical specific forms of New Education, Éducation Nouvelle, Reformpädagogik, Attivismo, etc. could be described as emerging historical figurations of social and cultural factors changing different things in a different way throughout the twentieth century. New Education movements in the first decades of the twentieth century emerged in a small number of countries of the European occident as roughly similar but differently accentuated. Its core elements spread to an ever growing number of countries in all of the other world regions, as part of evolving and changing figurations, yet maintaining a set of similar or even identical principals and orientations. So what could bring out such a difference‐oriented approach of New Education to elaborate and propose a comprehensive representation of educational movements which could be understood and interpreted all over the world as a change of the forms of education in changing societies? In that perspective the following questions will be discussed: (1) Educational reform movements from the end of nineteenth up to the first decades of twentieth century are very different with regard to their scientific and ideological references and their sociopolitical embeddings and outcomes. Is there a common grounding mainstream which could be identified as a unique cause of these movements in the industrialised countries of the old occident? (2) In this case: what are the specific ways these tendencies took to come out in institutional, political and ideological (scientific) changes? Which social and historical conditions of representing changes in a society would interfere in these processes and what is the relation between the specificity of interfering processes and their specific outcomes? What is the role of knowledge in such processes and under such conditions? Different types of New Education suggest different answers concerning the role of knowledge‐concepts in the history of these societies. These differences in knowledge concepts imply – on a secondary level of conceptions – different interpretations of New Education and their institutionalisation. Trying to understand these different relationships implies the danger of misunderstandings and debatable attributions concerning historical educational developments.

Exceptional bone density DXA values of the rostrum of a deep-diving marine mammal: a new technical insight in the adaptation of bone to aquatic life

The use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral density (BMD) has been applied to several animal species to examine bone and body composition in longitudinal studies. Although the rat is the most frequently used mammal in DXA-based investigations, the BMD of several species of larger-sized nonhuman mammals has already been reported [1]. Studies on a single specific bone or total body BMD have been performed on nonhuman primates [2, 3], sheep [4], bovine calves [5, 6], horses [7], pigs [8], dogs [9, 10], cats [11], and striped [12] and bottlenose dolphins [13]. All BMD values (expressed as g/cm) obtained from the species listed above ranged between 0.463 (canine III metacarpal bone) and 2.12 (pig skull). Other values to consider for reference are 1.1 (dolphin arm) and 1.85 (equine III metacarpal bone). In terrestrial mammals, the most important intraspecific factors affecting BMD are body weight and age, whereas in aquatic mammals, the arm and forearm BMD correlated to body dimensions and age of the animal [10–13]. For the first time, we radiographed the whole skull and scanned by means of a DXA device (Hologic QDR1000, Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) the rostrum of a male Blainville’s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817). This specimen was found stranded by Lamberto Loria in Papua New Guinea (ex British New Guinea) at the end of nineteenth century and is now preserved at the “G. Doria” Civic Museum of Natural History in Genova (Italy) with the number MSNG 16. The rostrum of M. densirostris is made up by maxillary and premaxillary bones, pterygoids, palatines, and vomer and in mature animals is supported axially by ossification of the mesorostral canal. In adult males, the mesorostral ossification is due to the gradual replacement of mesethoid cartilage with secondary bone [14]. The rostrum consists of dense Haversian tissue, the secondary osteons of which are oriented longitudinally, themselves constituted by hypermineralized parallel-fibered osseous tissue [15]. The ultrastructure of the walls of the secondary osteons is characterized by a strong volumetric reduction of the collagenous network, composed by very thin fibrils oriented longitudinally. The biomechanical behavior of the rostrum is that of an exceptionally rigid, hard but also apparently fragile material [15]. The BMD values of this bone (2.612 to 2.686 g/cm) obtained by simple measurements based on Archimedes’s principle have been reported as the highest values hitherto observed for mammalian bone and the rostral mineralization has been quantified up to 22% above that of “normal” adult mammalian bone [15]. We divided the scan of our specimen into three regions of interest (RoI) because the length of the bone exceeded the DEXA-arm motion track (approximately 70 cm). The proximal (pRoI), medium (mRoI), and distal RoI (dRoI) were then scanned in a dorsoventral projection starting from infraorbital foramina toward the foremost extremity of Skeletal Radiol (2009) 38:1123–1125 DOI 10.1007/s00256-009-0647-4

Swedish agriculture during the twentieth century in relation to sustainability

This article describes the development processes of Swedish agriculture toward non-sustainability. It asserts that the challenge of agricultural sustainability can be fruitfully addressed within an analytical framework that consciously and explicitly considers agricultural development as consisting of processes of coevolution involving agriculture and the surrounding ecological and socioeconomic systems. When this framework and certain derived indicators for agricultural sustainability are applied to Swedish agricultural development during the twentieth century, the following conclusions are reached. First, the new system of traditional agriculture that had emerged towards the end of nineteenth century in relation to various interactive forces within the socioeconomic system was associated with strengthening rural–urban interaction and interconnectedness. The system was substantially improved during the first quarter of the twentieth century, becoming capable of producing a sufficient supply of food within rural–urban sphere. Second, Swedish agriculture was transformed during the second and third quarters into a modern industrial system characterized by weakening local coevolutionary processes and by various agro-ecological problems. Resource flows uncoupled from the surrounding ecological and socioeconomic systems and food consumption uncoupled from local food production. Third, agricultural sustainability was generally high and improving during the first quarter of the twentieth century, deteriorating during the second and third quarters, and low but improving during the fourth. Finally, attaining sustainable agriculture will likely entail the strengthening of coevolutionary processes at the municipality level.

Infections and Autoimmunity: A Panorama

For more than 2,000 years, it was thought that malignant spirits caused diseases. By the end of nineteenth century, these beliefs were displaced by more modern concepts of disease, namely, the formulation of the “germ theory,” which asserted that bacteria or other microorganisms caused disease. With the emergence of chronic degenerative and of autoimmune diseases in the last century, the causative role of microorganisms has been intensely debated; however, no clear explanatory models have been achieved. In this review, we examine the current available literature regarding the relationships between infections and 16 autoimmune diseases. We critically analyzed clinical, serological, and molecular associations, and reviewed experimental models of induction of and, alternatively, protection from autoimmune diseases by infection. After reviewing several studies and reports, a clinical and experimental pattern emerges: Chronic and multiple infections with viruses, such as Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and bacteria, such as H. pylori, may, in susceptible individuals, play a role in the evolvement of autoimmune diseases. As the vast majority of infections pertain to our resident microbiota and endogenous retroviruses and healthy carriage of infections is the rule, we propose to focus on understanding the mechanisms of this healthy carrier state and what changes its configurations to infectious syndromes, to the restoration of health, or to the sustaining of illness into a chronic state and/or autoimmune disease. It seems that in the development of this healthy carriage state, the infection or colonization in early stages of ontogenesis with key microorganisms, also called ‘old friends’ (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria among others), are important for the healthy living and for the protection from infectious and autoimmune syndromes.

COSMOPOLITAN SHAW AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE

In 1920, when G. B. Shaw, somewhat nostalgically, gave tribute to Vernon Lee's cosmopolitanism, contemporary readers may have wondered about implication, since World War I had radically changed meaning of term. Victorian cosmopolitanism, a product of European idealism and Kant's world at large, had become an ambivalent term under impact of British war propaganda with its emphasis on nationalism and patriotism. When Shaw applied term to Lee in 1920, international thinking had just begun to return to public sphere, but both writers' critical writing during war provides enough evidence that forms of cosmopolitan consciousness persevered at least among dissident groups even when national pressure demanded intellectual conformity. In fact, one may argue that independent public intellectuals like Shaw and Lee, despite their minority status in war, helped transform public sphere and what theorists since Kant have called the norm of publicity.1 While cosmopolitanism has recently made a comeback as a concept for rethinking global identities and attachments, nineteenth-century version of term basically meant hope for a united, cooperative Europe.2 In British literature, it could mean Anglo-European citizenship, and on Continent, Franco-German rapprochement.3 Cosmopolitanism became a contested concept at end of nineteenth century and, especially, around World War I. On one hand, term reflected anxi-

Classic Chic: Music, Fashion, and Modernism (review)

Classic Chic: Music, Fashion, and Modernism. By Mary E. Davis. (California Studies in 20th-Century Music, 6.) Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. [xix, 336 p.ISBN-10: 0- 5202-4542-3; ISBN 13: 978-0-520- 24542-6. $39.95.] Illustrations, bibliographic references, index. Mary E. Davis's dissertation examined Erik Satie's esprit gaulois, and her first book required a decade of perusing lavishly illustrated magazines at height of their haute couture alliance with music. Her suggestion in this journal last year to consider that something fun may have been going on here (review of The Composer as Intellectual: Music and Ideology in France 1914-1940, by Jane Fulcher, in Notes 63, no. 2 [December 2006]: 358-62) comes from a true expert in French musical gaiete. Musicians-Clothing-20th century is library catalog subject heading for Classic Chic, though what readers learn is not very much about musicians' clothing, but about how audiences for concerts and ballets in France before and soon after World War I were encouraged to dress. Davis contends that in early days of French modernism (ending in 1925), was art equal to music and painting, and she shows how its creators worked hand in glove, so to speak, with composers and painters (and its promoters with theatrical impresarios) to produce, for well off, encompassing style of universal participation. Nancy J. Troy's Couture Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003) linked with modern art, and Davis builds upon similar work from a variety of scholars of early modernist musical and material culture, meticulously annotating her numerous sources. Her singular exploration of nexus of and music reminds me of a book she does not mention: Bonnie Wade's Imaging Sound (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), which also studied national costumes and music. Wade looks for mutual influences of Mughal and Hindu musical cultures over several centuries of South Indian history, drawing some conclusions by noticing changes in dress. Davis focuses on cultural force of modernism as expressed in French music and in first decades of twentieth century. Both scholars use illustrative art to make their points. Mughal rulers supported workshops where artists turned out officially sanctioned depictions of court events and common social activities; French and American magazine publishers of period Davis studies commissioned highly trained artists to draw or photograph trendsetting styles that would sell. Both cultural propaganda endeavors pictured ideal, stylized worlds, larger-thanlife even in miniature. What raises these images to status of art is their continued ability to communicate the moral and aesthetic feeling of their time and place, as Davis tells us Baudelaire wrote of illustration (p. 9). From them we may draw conclusions about their underlying reality, not least of which is that sartorial beauty and music were important to both societies, not only on formal occasions, but also in daily life. Consistently documenting musical events that were instigated by or important to them, Classic Chic centers a chapter each on designers Paul Poiret, Germaine Bongard, and Coco Chanel, and magazines La gazette du bon ton, Vanity Fair, and Vogue. An introductory chapter traces link between and music (both necessary for elegant living) to French publications of seventeenth century, when fashion plates first appeared. Early French periodicals published piano pieces but by end of nineteenth century, commentary on public concerts replaced sheet music, for music now was an art ripe for consumption rather than practice (p. 13). Poiret established himself as a designer of neo-classical styles and host of musical soirees where old music was played on early instruments. Davis notes that he created a taste for such historical authenticity in music a decade before Nadia Boulanger's similar salons began. …

Apparent 14C ages of the ‘pre-bomb’ shells and correction values (R, ΔR) for Caspian and Aral Seas (Central Asia)

Pre-AD 1955 mollusc shell samples for the Caspian and Aral Seas were obtained from collections of the Paleontological Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) and Zoological Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg). They were collected at the end of nineteenth century and in the 1930–1950s. For the Caspian Sea, mean apparent 14C age of shells (R) is ca. 410 yrs and ΔR is about +5 yrs. For Aral Sea, the first study of apparent 14C age of ‘pre-bomb’ molluscs shows the R value as ca. 170 yrs and ΔR value is ca. −130 yrs. These values may be used to correct 14C data previously obtained from this region and should be used for the future research.

El ejercicio de la beneficencia. Espacio de prestigio y herramienta de control social en el centro y sur bonaerense a fines del siglo XIX

En la Argentina de fines del siglo XIX se hacía indispensable para el Estado (que se sentía amenazado por el desorden social) consolidarse, instalando un modelo de sociedad y de familia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las formas concretas en que las instituciones de beneficencia se erigieron en agentes moralizadores en algunas localidades del centro y sur bonaerense a fines del siglo XIX, así como los límites que los controles que se pretendía instalar por su intermedio encontraron en la práctica. En estas instituciones las mujeres pertenecientes a los sectores notables fueron transmisoras de valores y agentes de control sobre los sectores populares de la sociedad, al mismo tiempo que encontraron un canal para ejercer la ciudadanía a pesar de ser actores sociales a quienes sólo se les consideraba sujetos de derecho en tanto madres de ciudadanos.