End Mass Research Articles

Vibration characteristics of flexible manipulator based on EVO trajectory effect by the constraints and parameters variation

This paper studies the vibration control effect for manipulators with both flexible link and flexible joint according to the energy-vibration-optimal (EVO) trajectory planning method effect by the constraint conditions and structure parameters. First, a dynamic model of the flexible joint-flexible link arm is established following the assumed modal method and Lagrange principle. The optimization model is then proposed and discretized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) trajectory planning method and the trajectory optimization of discrete result algorithm, taking into account both residual oscillation and energy consumption. Following that, the numerical trajectory optimization results and their vibration suppression effect analysis by different constraint conditions, such as driving constraints, time constraints, and joint stiffness, are compared and discussed. The results show that the optimization velocity trajectory tends to a S-shaped trajectory and a convex trajectory respectively with the increase of driving velocity constraint and acceleration constraint respectively, while the sufficient planning time can make the less energy consumption. The parameter variations of length, cross-sectional area and next link lumped mass of have a significant impact on the residual oscillation of the flexible arm, with length having the most influence, whereas joint stiffness has little influence on the residual oscillation of the flexible link. The processing accuracy of length, cross-sectional area and end quality parameters must be ensured, while joint stiffness accuracy requirements can be slightly relaxed during the actual processing. Finally, experiments show that the optimization method is effective at vibration suppression. While the small variations of the end mass have significant influence on the vibration suppression effect, the residual vibrations of the parameter variation ones are all larger than the original parameter one. Meanwhile, as the mass of the manipulator increases, so does its energy consumption.

Comparison of Tethered Post-Capture System Models for Space Debris Removal

The space debris problem poses a huge threat to operational satellites and has to be addressed. Multiple removal methods have been proposed to keep Earth’s orbit stable. Flexible connection capturing methods, such as the harpoon system, tether–gripper system and the net system, are potential candidate methods for space debris removal in the future. However, the tethered system is usually assumed as a dumbbell model where two end masses are connected by a rigid bar. This traditional model is not accurate enough to predict the motion of the target, neither the whole system. In this paper, three models, namely the modified dumbbell model, lumped-mass model and the ANCF model, to describe a tethered post-capture system for space debris removal are described and compared. Moreover, modal analysis of the tethered system is performed, and an analytical solution of the system’s natural frequency is derived. In addition, two configurations of the tethered system, namely the single tether configuration and the sub-tether configuration are simulated and compared based on three models, respectively. Finally, the influence on the chaser satellite by the initial angular velocity of the target is analyzed.

Abstract 10622: Z Scores in Pediatric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Reclassification of Smaller, Younger Hearts with Novel Calculator

Introduction: The use of z scores to describe growth of normal structures is necessary in the management of pediatric cardiac disorders, particularly in babies and toddlers. Z score calculators for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) have traditionally relied on a convenience sample given complexity of the test. A recently published, novel z score calculator from prospectively-imaged, awake, healthy children ages 0-12 years may add value to assessments of ventricular size compared to traditional calculators. Hypothesis: A novel z score calculator (“Olivieri et al”) with robust prediction in younger, smaller children may reclassify right and left ventricular end diastolic volumes and mass (RVEDV, LVEDV, LVM) compared to the traditional calculator (“Buechel et al”). Methods: A retrospective cohort of subjects less than 12 years of age who underwent clinical CMR imaging on a 1.5T scanner (n=96; median age 5.5 years (IQR 3.7-7.6 years); 42% female) was studied. Z scores were calculated using both novel and traditional models for RVEDV, LVEDV and LVM. Subjects were categorized into the agreement group (both calculators agree) or disagreement groups, where novel calculator reclassified to normal (z< ± 2) or abnormal (z> ±2). Reclassified subject characteristics were compared with ANOVA and t-test. Results: Novel and traditional z scores agreed for 77%, 58% and 62% of cases for RVEDV, LVEDV and LVM, respectively. Amongst disagreements, subjects reclassified from abnormal to normal by the novel calculator had significantly lower age, BSA and RV size (Table 1). Reclassified subjects showed no association with specific diagnoses. Conclusion: The novel z score calculator reclassifies younger, smaller children away from severe z scores into more normal z scores. Ventricular volume assessment is highly relevant to critical decision-making in the first years of life in borderline lesions.

Territorial Conflict, Domestic Crisis, and the Covid-19 Pandemic in the South Caucasus. Explaining Variegated EU Responses.

Territorial Conflict, Domestic Crisis, and the Covid-19 Pandemic in the South Caucasus. Explaining Variegated EU Responses.

Lumped Parameter Evaluation Model Analysis and Load Coupling Modeling of Piezoelectric Composite Cantilever Beam

In order to study the working mechanism of piezoelectric composite cantilever beam and improve the ability of predicting the power generation performance of piezoelectric composite cantilever vibration energy harvester (CVEH), the simple and high-precision analysis models of equivalent mass and equivalent stiffness of CVEH are proposed. The natural frequency method is used to compare the calculation results of the evaluation model, Rayleigh Ritz method and finite element simulation, and the results show that the consistency (Ω) between the evaluation model and the finite element simulation is more than 95%. The influence of the mass ratio (α) between the end mass of the beam and the weight of the beam itself on Ω is analyzed by using the proposed evaluation model, which shows that Ω increases with the increase of α, and the increase is more significant in the range of 0<α<4. The analysis of the influence of α on the natural frequency of the beam () shows that decreases with the increase of α, and the decrease is more obvious in the range of 0<α<2. According to the evaluation model, the electromechanical conversion analysis models of CVEH and its control equation with coupling of standard energy harvesting (SEH) interface circuit and Double synchronous switch harvesting (DSSH) interface circuit are established respectively, and the mathematical models of its output voltage are derived. The power generation experiment of CVEH is carried out, and the results show that the proposed models are in good agreement with the experimental results.

The Performance of Immunoassays to Measure Antibodies to the Chlamydia trachomatis Antigen Pgp3 in Different Epidemiological Settings for Trachoma.

ABSTRACT.Programs to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem use prevalence of the clinical sign trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in 1- to 9-year-olds in endemic districts to make decisions to begin or end mass drug administration with azithromycin. Trachomatous inflammation—follicular is used as a proxy for transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Long-term monitoring of previously endemic districts for recrudescence of ocular C. trachomatis infection would benefit from a simple blood test that could be integrated with other public health programs. In this study, we evaluated multiple tests to measure antibodies against the C. trachomatis antigen Pgp3—a multiplex bead assay (MBA), an ELISA, and two versions of a lateral flow assay (LFA)—in four districts of the Amhara region of Ethiopia with varying levels of TF. Seroprevalence and seroconversion rate (SCR) results were proportional to TF prevalence by district for most tests, with the notable exception of the LFA using colloidal gold as the developing reagent. Changing the test developing reagent to black latex improved agreement between serological measures and TF prevalence and in inter-rater agreement. Seroconversion rate estimates using data derived from the LFA-gold assay were inconsistent with the shape of the age-seroprevalence curve, which did not increase in older ages. These data revealed potential complications with using SCR that will need further evaluation. Data from MBA, ELISA, and LFA with the black test line showed good agreement with each other and proportionality to TF estimates, providing further data that serology has potential utility for trachoma surveillance.

The Illegality of ‘Genuine’ Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention

Abstract The activation of the crime of aggression at the International Criminal Court has renewed interest in one of the oldest and most fraught questions of the jus ad bellum: whether a state is entitled to unilaterally use force on the territory of another state for humanitarian purposes. Scholars who support unilateral humanitarian intervention (UHI) generally make two interrelated claims. The first is positivist: that unilateral intervention is lawful if it is genuinely intended to end mass atrocity. The second is normative: that genuinely humanitarian unilateral intervention should be lawful because, in the right circumstances, it can serve as an effective mechanism for protecting civilians from harm. In this article, I criticize both claims. I begin by arguing that, from a positivist perspective, even genuinely humanitarian unilateral intervention violates the prohibition of the use of force and qualifies as a criminal act of aggression. I then argue that the historical record undermines the normative attractiveness of UHI because it is extremely difficult to find an actual example of a unilateral intervention motivated primarily by humanitarian concerns, especially one that improved the humanitarian situation in the territorial state. Finally, I conclude by arguing that the basic effect of insisting on the legality of UHI is to weaken one of the few clear prohibitions in international law for no discernible benefit, making the desire to decriminalize such intervention a well-meaning equivalent to the notorious ticking time-bomb scenario.

Multiple Populations in Low-mass Globular Clusters: Palomar 13

Abstract Since the discovery of chemically peculiar stars in globular clusters in the last century, the study of multiple populations has become increasingly important, given that chemical inhomogeneity is found in almost all globular clusters. Despite various proposed theories attempting to explain this phenomenon, fitting all the observational evidence in globular clusters with one single theory remains notoriously difficult and currently unsuccessful. In order to improve existing models and motivate new ones, we are observing globular clusters at critical conditions, e.g., metal-rich end, metal-poor end, and low mass end. In this paper, we present our first attempt to investigate multiple populations in low mass globular clusters. We obtained low-resolution spectra around 4000 Å of 30 members of the globular cluster Palomar 13 using OSIRIS/Multi-object spectrograph mounted at the Gran Telescopio Canarias. The membership of red giant branch stars is confirmed by the latest proper motions from Gaia DR2 and literature velocities. After comparing the measured CN and CH spectral indices with those of the stellar models, we found a clear sign of nitrogen variation among the red giant branch stars. Palomar 13 may be the lowest mass globular cluster showing multiple populations.

From Stigma to Dignity? Transforming Workfare with Universal Basic Income and a Federal Job Guarantee

As the COVID-19 pandemic takes a catastrophic toll on lives and livelihoods across the United States, the harshest impact of the unpredictable virus has disproportionately fallen with foreseeable accuracy on Black, immigrant, poor, and elderly people, who are most likely to live and work in close contact with others and to have less access to health care or emergency savings. The speed and severity of the viral contagion has rendered devastatingly, undeniably visible the vast, racial gap between those with reliable health care, child care, housing, nutrition, household wealth, and income and those without, but that gap was already widening well before the pandemic amid accelerating economic inequality, racial disparity, and precarity for those fortunate enough to find paid work. By the summer of 2020, pandemic isolation gave way to mass protests supporting the Movement for Black Lives with calls to end anti-Black police brutality and mass incarceration, but also seeking to end exploitation of Black essential workers and increase attention to longstanding economic devastation of divestment from communities of color. With physical health and safety linked inextricably to material deprivation came heightened public demands for racial, social, and economic justice to help marginalized communities not just survive in times of crisis, but thrive every day. This Article examines reinvigorated proposals for universal basic income (UBI) and a federal job guarantee (JG) to reduce poverty, income inequality, and the widening racial wealth gap. It examines the potential of such reforms to put more money into the hands of those most likely to use it while ending involuntary unemployment and boosting labor conditions for all, but especially Blacks and people of color with less access to generational wealth, higher education, and protection against employment discrimination. It concludes that both UBI and JG are necessary but each insufficient on its own to achieve greater economic security and mobility, with dignified work for all. Crucially, a universal minimum income untethered to any form of work requirement is essential to break the racialized and gendered stigma that frames economic need as welfare dependency; equally important is the guarantee of public employment at a living wage to those who voluntarily choose to avoid gaps in earned income and employment history but have historically been excluded from the best work-life options. Together, UBI and JG form vital pillars of social support for withstanding future crises, large or small, and for creating the future society we want.

An Interview with Luis Rodríguez by Frederick Luis Aldama

An Interview with Luis Rodríguez by Frederick Luis Aldama Frederick Luis Aldama and Luis Rodríguez Luis Rodríguez needs no introduction, of course. His life and work have touched and actively shaped all aspects of our Latinx culture — our world. El Paso-born and East LA grown, Luis found his way to poetry and then literally wrote his way out of la vida loca of gang life and addiction. Luis is a journalist, critic, publisher, and award-winning memoirist, children’s book author, and poet. Some of his published works include: Poems Across the Pavement (1989), The Concrete River (1991), Always Running: La Vida Loca, Gang Days in L.A. (1993), Trochemoche (1998), América Is Her Name (1998), It Calls You Back: An Odyssey Through Love, Addiction, Revolutions, and Healing (2011), and From Our Land to Our Land: Essays, Journeys, and Imaginings from a Native Xicanx Writer (2020). In 2014, Luis was appointed the poet laureate of Los Angeles. I had the great pleasure of conversing with and learning from Luis Rodriguez. Frederick Luis Aldama: Luis, how do you see From Our Land to Our Land and your work generally intellectually, creatively, spiritually intervening in the world today? Luis Rodríguez: I seek to intervene on all these levels, especially through my writing and speaking. It’s these language arts that have been developing all these years as my way of impacting the world. FLA: You’ve also created Tía Chucha Press and the Tía Chucha Cultural Center. LR: I wanted to form an extensive base of operations for community across all the arts. Tía Chucha’s presently serves around twenty thousand people in the community, and much more nationally and internationally. It’s this community in the northeast San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles that allows me to connect with many other communities and indigenous spaces. FLA: You ran for governor of California? LR: It was another way to impact the world. I traveled up and down the state connecting with people everywhere, meeting a lot of people hungry for a new voice, vision, and plan to end poverty and mass incarceration — the broken system as we know it — and to bring a message of peace at home and the world. FLA: You began with journalism in the 1980s, moved into poetry, fiction, then memoir. Today, you turn again to nonfiction writing with the publication of the essays that make up From Our Land to Our Land? LR: In a way, I’ve come full circle. There is a lot of fact checking in the essays. But there’s also my perspective, opinion, and the stories of others. I wanted to publish my experiences teaching in prisons, as poet laureate, running for governor, schooling, and living as a Chicano in those parts of LA most people don’t talk about. I hope that coming full circle will open more doors for me to write and speak in new ways about other experiences. FLA: With so much division and uncertainty for our Latinx brothers and sisters today, do you feel more pulled to writing nonfiction today? LR: I actually want to get back into poetry and short story writing, including speculative fiction. But the chaos and social unrest of our world today pulls me strongly into nonfiction as a way to be anchored in the reality we are living. FLA: In From Our Land to Our Land, you write: “Latinx heritage is US heritage.” What do you mean by this? LR: In the process of making the US there was the push to homogenize and force us to have one identity. It doesn’t work this way. We are powerful as a nation because of our many cultures, languages, histories, and identities. As Chicano/x and Latino/x we are part and parcel of all of this — and histories of discrimination, deportations, and racial barriers set up against us. “Latinx heritage is US heritage” is a way to declare that we should not be seen as marginalized, but integral to what this country is and should be. FLA: You also dash to the ground how machista ways of thinking and behaving plague our Latinx...

Can Prosecutors End Mass Incarceration?

A Review of Charged: The New Movement to Transform American Prosecution and End Mass Incarceration. by Emily Bazelon.

Dignity and its discontents: Towards an abolitionist rethinking of dignity

As we approach the decade anniversary of the US Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Plata (2011), it is perhaps a good time to take stock of some of the optimism expressed by this author (Simon, 2014) that the landmark prisoners’ rights decision, with its stark condemnation of the toxic combination of chronic illness, medical neglect, and overcrowding so typical of American prison systems in the era of mass incarceration, and its rhetorical invigoration of ‘dignity’ as a constitutional value, could play a role in taming mass incarceration in the United States. In doing so, part of the inquiry is juridical and jurisprudential. Did the opinion move the court system towards more protection of human rights for prisoners? The second aspect of the question is cultural and political. At a time of unprecedented public interest in reforming the criminal legal system in the United States, has the language or rhetoric of ‘human dignity,’ along with the problems of illness and overcrowding that the Plata case called national attention to, played a role in the foment? The Black Lives Matter movement, a major force in the street protests against policing in the summer of 2020, emerged just two years after Plata and, completely independently, has revitalized abolition discourse in the United States, leading to popular calls to ‘defund’ the police. To what extent should abolition and other goals of the movement for racial justice, supplant human dignity, with its liberal legal genealogy, as a meaningful lodestar for legal and political efforts to end mass incarceration? As an essay in normative sociological jurisprudence, my answers will be both descriptive and prescriptive.

Hopf-Hopf interactions in a spring-supported pipe conveying fluid

A cantilevered pipe conveying fluid with a spring support has long been an object of discussion. The linear and nonlinear dynamics of this system have been investigated by numerous researchers, and this problem has been studied extensively. This is because the additional spring support makes the cantilevered pipe dynamically rich, and the modified system shows a sequence of bifurcations, such as double Hopf bifurcation and doubly degenerate pitchfork and Hopf bifurcations, resulting in two- or three-dimensional complex motions. Moreover, an additional mass on the system can induce complex bifurcating motions. In the present paper, we investigate the dynamics of a pipe with a spring support and an end mass. In particular, we focus on Hopf-Hopf interactions and conduct nonlinear analyses to clarify the evolutions of the amplitudes of two unstable modes. In a certain range of the parameters, there are mixed-mode self-excited vibrations, which are produced by the Hopf-Hopf interactions. Experiments were also conducted in order to verify the theoretical predictions. Moreover, preliminary experiments were extensively conducted to capture the three-dimensional pipe motions for a future study.

Transforming the Progressive Prosecutor Movement

It is a near universally accepted principle that prosecutors are the most powerful actors in the criminal system. In response, a new movement has emerged: its proponents argue that, by electing progressive district attorneys, we can use the power of prosecutors to end mass incarceration and bring fairness to the criminal system without changing a single law. They propose to accomplish these goals primarily by declining to prosecute certain low-level crimes, expanding diversion programs, and replacing hardline assistants with reform-minded outsiders. Academics, activists, presidential candidates, and even a Supreme Court Justice have endorsed this movement as the key to change. With little sustained scrutiny of this development, this Article takes the progressive prosecutor movement’s objectives as they are and asks whether, as currently framed, it is likely to achieve them. The conclusion is simple: no. This movement acknowledges the “breathtaking” power that prosecutors yield, then asks its candidates to use that power for good and trusts them to do so. This Article offers a more efficacious prescription: if you are a prosecutor truly committed to transforming the criminal system, relinquish your power. Do not trade the rhetorical appeal of being tough on violent crime for political capital to spend on lenience for those who commit low-level offenses. Advocate for the reallocation of funds from prosecutors’ offices—rather than the expansion of diversion programs—to social services to keep the mentally ill, substance-addicted, and poor out of the criminal system. Rather than hoping to prevent wrongful convictions and over-punitiveness by changing who works in your office, lobby for a stronger indigent defense system and more external limits on prosecutorial power. To combat racial inequities in the criminal system, support efforts to strengthen defendants’ equal protection rights, instead of simply publishing statistics. Through these shifts, we can harness this moment where criminal justice reform tops the national agenda and implement truly transformative change.

Equivalence of Energy and Atomic Gravitation

Investigated directly proportional dependence of the energy end mass of a physical object on the strength of the vortex gravitation, which created the object.

Refugia: Radical Solutions to Mass Displacement. Edited by Nicholas van Hear and Robin Cohen

Refugia provides a pragmatic utopian vision as a solution to end mass displacement for refugees and all forms of displaced people. The book suggests a design of a polity that is transnational in its entity and formation, with Refugians (citizens of Refugia) seen as creative agents who are imagining and co-building their own kind of polis. The book references the mainstream academic views of refugee and displacement politics, identity, and home-making practices as the authors frame their perspective on Refugia. With backgrounds in development studies, both authors have extensive research experience in forced migration. Refugia covers a wide range of research examples (historic and current) and practices from anthropological research, design, architecture, and planning that support and confirm the authors’ own thinking process regarding the need for unique, alternative, and novel ways of approaching the challenge of mass displacement. The book begins with an overview of Refugia 2030 (with a misspelled/grammatically wrong Arabic date) that explains the governance, economy, and overall character of this utopian vision.

Analysis of the deployment of a three-mass tethered satellite formation

Tethered satellite formation has obtained widespread attention in recent years. The main causes of the increasing study interest around tethered formation lie in its promised applications in space, such as interferometric measurements. The deployment of a tethered formation system in low Earth orbit is investigated in this paper. The orbital tethered system consists of three nanosatellites connected via tethers end-to-end, and the desired arrangement for the end masses is an equilateral triangle. For the sake of brevity, the formation system is modeled as a particle-rigid rod system, in which the elasticity of the tethers is omitted. The deployment process is carried out using tension forces and active external forces generated by low-thrust engines. The numerical results confirm that it is possible to deploy a triangular tethered system, which rotates at a given initial angular velocity, to an expected arrangement using the proposed control law of tether tensions and active forces.

Analysis on enhancing the sensing behavior of ionic polymer metal composite based sensors

In this paper, an in-depth analysis of IPMC (ionic polymer metal composite) as sensors is performed, motivated by application to flapping wing micro air vehicles. The effect of water uptake for different IPMC samples reveals a correlation between IPMC metal content and water uptake. The effect of introducing a mass to the end of High-frequency IPMC (HFI ∼ 20.9 Hz) sensor shows an improvement in the IPMC sensing behavior, whereas, for the Low-frequency IPMC (LFI ∼ 8.9 Hz) sensor, there is a reverse trend. Gold (Au) coating on an HFI sensor results in a decrease in resonant frequency. Different mass loaded on the Au coated HFI beams reveals that the pre-bending by adding end mass to HFI sensor is beneficial up to a specific mass level, after which the sensing voltage decreases. The optimized mass loading for the Au coated HFI is determined.

Study on Torsional Vibration Characteristics of Cross Shaft Universal Coupling

In this work, the ship propulsion shaft system with cruciform universal coupling is studied. First, based on the analysis of the structure and characteristics of the cross-axis universal coupling, the motion relations and expressions between the components of the universal coupling are established by using the coordinate transformation method. Second, the characteristics of the four submodels of the head mass point element, the end mass point element, the universal coupling mass point element, and other mass point elements are discussed, and the corresponding torsional vibration differential equations of the four submodels are established. On this basis, the mathematical model of the propulsion shafting system and the differential equations of torsional vibration are established by using the modularization method and lumped parameter method. Finally, the torsional vibration modes and response characteristics of the shafts are calculated and analyzed by using the system matrix method when the external load driving torques of the universal coupling, propeller, and diesel engine are considered. At the same time, the correctness of the mathematical model and calculation method is verified by the test and comparative analysis of ship propulsion shafts. It lays a theoretical foundation for further research on torsional vibration characteristics and mechanisms of the ship propulsion shafting system based on universal coupling. Introduction Universal coupling is a common connection component of mechanical shaft system transmission. It is a common mechanism that can be used to transfer motion and torque. Universal coupling has no requirement for neutrality between the two axes connected. It can be used for intersecting, parallel or staggered multiposition relations, and can still ensure the continuous rotation of the two axes connected. Compared with the belt drive and chain drive, universal coupling has the advantages of large transmission range, compact transmission, high transmission efficiency, and convenient maintenance. Therefore, it is widely used in ships, automobiles, lifting and transportation (Avrigean et al. 2015; Chang et al. 2017), engineering machinery, and other equipment. Because of the manufacturing error, assembly error, and the failure to keep synchronous rotation between the driving shaft and the driven shaft in the working process, additional inertia moment of the universal coupling is generated, which causes the vibration of the system and even leads to the fracture of the universal coupling in serious cases.

Can Prosecutors Help To End Mass Incarceration?

Emily Bazelon argues in her excellent book, Charged, that “[t]he movement to elect a new kind of prosecutor is the most promising means of reform . . . on the political landscape.” While I share Bazelon’s enthusiasm for prosecutors committed to using empirical evidence to guide their policymaking, instead of reflexively supporting the most punitive policies because those measures traditionally played well with voters, I am less optimistic this new breed of so-called progressive prosecutors will make a significant dent in mass incarceration. In this review, I explain why. Bazelon is right that prosecutors have enormous discretion to decide how criminal law will be applied, but the deference they have received in the past corresponded to their decisions to use that discretion to seek severe punishments. In this review, I document the resistance to prosecutors seeking to decarcerate. The forces pushing back come from outside and inside the office. We have seen opposition efforts from police departments, judges, other prosecutors, elected officials, the media, and line prosecutors within these offices. For this movement to be truly transformative, these prosecutors will need to do more than seek to exercise the vast discretion of their offices more wisely than their predecessors. They will need spearhead institutional changes, including changes that limit the leverage prosecutors have over defendants. This review provides a summary of what some of those checks should look like. In addition to providing a list of needed reforms, this can serve as a checklist to evaluate prosecutors who claim to be progressive. If they are not putting their full support behind these institutional changes, one should question just how progressive they are. But even if prosecutors pursue all these changes, we should recognize that they cannot dismantle mass incarceration their own. Real change is going to require shifts in police departments, the judiciary, the legislature, and governor’s offices. Most fundamentally, transforming punishment in America will require the public to change its understanding about what policies are most effective for crime control. Prosecutors have long lobbied for the get-tough approach as the way to address crime, so this new breed of prosecutor needs to take the lead in explaining why punishment is not the answer to deeper social problems that lead to crime and violence.