Consequentialist Research Articles

The Qur’an: An Oral Transmitted Tradition Forming Muslims Habitus

This paper examines the relationship between religious practices and the forming of moral dispositions in light of the Qur’an. Using Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, this paper explains the way religious practices mentioned in the Qur’an can form moral dispositions for Muslims. The question that this research aims to answer is whether being a Muslim has anything to do with how he/she is expected to behave in society. It also investigates how central the Qur’an is in Muslims’ lives. Moreover, it discusses how and why Muslims act the way they do and what guides their practices and actions. This paper aims to clarify the ethical, moral and spiritual consequences of embodying religious practices. For example, practices like prayer and charity may give Muslims moral direction and help them be good citizens.

The Concept of Love in Islamic Thought: Between Spirituality and Human Relations

This study explores the concept of love in Islam, emphasizes its spiritual dimension, and relates it to a broader impact on human life. With an in-depth analysis of relevant literary sources, it was found that love in Islamic thought is not only concerned with the relationship with Allah but also includes how love affects social interactions and relationships between people. This concept of love carries a deep spiritual dimension and inspires living life. Philosophical and theological approaches affirm the essential role of love in giving meaning to life, with deep ethical consequences. The harmony between the spiritual and social dimensions of love produces positive impacts in various aspects of life, including interreligious relations, social services, education, and many other areas. Through this understanding, individuals and communities are directed to live life with deep love, which connects spirituality with social responsibility, forms ethical and caring individuals, and contributes to creating a better world.

ВІД HOMO SACER ДО ПУЛЬЧІНЕЛЛИ: «КОМІЧНА ПОЛІТИКА» ДЖОРДЖО АГАМБЕНА В КОНТЕКСТІ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

The article discusses the critical views of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben on the ethical and political consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic in a retrospective review of his political theory. First of all, it is about empirical confirmation in times of pandemic of theoretical hypotheses proposed by the Italian philosopher in the famous series of books by the Homo Sacer project. The comparative analysis shows how the concept of «bare life» (which in the first books of the project is personified by Agamben in the paradigmatic figure of Roman law homo sacer) is transformed into the definition of «asymptomatic patient» during the pandemic, and the sovereign power turns into an «administrative Leviathan» that keeps people in the «noose» of decrees and regulations. The way out of this crisis situation seems possible primarily through a change in the optics of seeing the paradigmatic figure of the bare life. Namely, through the transition from the tragic figure of Roman law, homo sacer, whom anyone could kill with impunity, to the figure of Pulcinella's commedia dell'arte, who cannot be killed. Contrary to the conventional view of Agamben's philosophy as a negative statement of crisis situations without suggesting possible solutions, the author seeks to show the positive nature of the Italian philosopher's thought, which offers a way out of political contradictions by turning to the non-political, in this case, to comedy.

Sharing names and information: Incidental similarities between CEOs and analysts can lead to favoritism in information disclosure.

When two people coincidentally have something in common (such as a name or birthday), they tend to like each other more and are thus more likely to offer help and comply with requests. This dynamic can have important legal and ethical consequences whenever these incidental similarities give rise to unfair favoritism. Using a large-scale, longitudinal natural experiment, covering nearly 200,000 annual earnings forecasts over more than 25 y, we show that when a CEO and a securities analyst share a first name, the analyst's financial forecast is more accurate. We offer evidence that name matching improves forecast accuracy due to CEOs privately sharing pertinent information with name-matched analysts. Additionally, we show that this effect is especially pronounced among CEO-analyst pairs who share an uncommon first name. Our research thus demonstrates how incidental similarities can give way to special treatment. Whereas most investigations of the effects of similarity consider only one-shot interactions, we use a longitudinal dataset to show that the effect of name matching diminishes over time with more interactions between CEOs and analysts. We also point to the findings of an experiment suggesting that favoritism born of sharing a name may evade straightforward regulation in part due to people's perception that name similarity would exert little influence on them. Taken together, our work offers insight into when private disclosures are likely to be made. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of regulatory policies can be significantly impacted by psychological factors shaping the context in which they are implemented.

Trustworthy AI: AI made in Germany and Europe?

AbstractAs the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) continue to expand, concerns are also growing about the ethical and social consequences of unregulated development and, above all, use of AI systems in a wide range of social areas. It is therefore indisputable that the application of AI requires social standardization and regulation. For years, innovation policy measures and the most diverse activities of European and German institutions have been directed toward this goal. Under the label “Trustworthy AI” (TAI), a promise is formulated, according to which AI can meet criteria of transparency, legality, privacy, non-discrimination, and reliability. In this article, we ask what significance and scope the politically initiated concepts of TAI occupy in the current process of AI dynamics and to what extent they can stand for an independent, unique European or German development path of this technology.

Barns berättelser i rörelse och förflyttning: Actionkameror i förskolans undervisning

Digital tools in preschool teaching are often presented as something threatening in the public debate, often in relation to health risks, such as sedentary behaviour. This article finds new ways to discuss this through an investigation of what conditions the use of mobile documentation technology in relation to both storytelling and movement in preschool education. We discuss how the physical and the digital can relate to each other in preschool teaching. With a particular focus on bodily aspects and storytelling, we explore new ways of approaching children’s perspectives with a point of departure in mobile digital documentation. Based on data material consisting of children's documentation of their immediate environment with the help of action cameras (that is, small digital film cameras that are applied to the body with the help of a helmet or harness). The bodily, pedagogical, and ethical consequences of combining the physical and the digital in preschool education are discussed. The data is analyzed with inspiration from a social anthropological perspective with a focus on the epistemological couplet emic/etic. The analyzes are characterized by what could be called an "epic" approach to the child filming and to each other during their movements in the surroundings of the preschool. The study offers an example of how movement can be staged in preschool education. To this end, the combination of physical and digital elements is deemed to be meritorious.

The Animal within Creation: Thoughts from Christian Theology

The article’s topic is animal in Christian religion and concept of creation. It describes how Christian theology has reflected the status and significance of animals in the historical development, which positions it has created or preferred in this matter and how they have changed from biblical times until our post-modern present age. Methodically this cross-section through history means that each period is conveyed in its basic features and presented through selected authors, works or texts of the given time. Along with the historical line, the text also follows the principal question of the nature of the relation between human and animal from a theological viewpoint. The object of reflection is thus also the theoretical basis for a morally justifiable relation of post-modern people to other living creatures. The text mainly deals with the following key aspects: a) anthropocentrism and its difficulties in relation to the position of animals in the western, traditionally Christian culture, b) possible ethical perspectives and consequences of the theological concept of creation for the status of animal today.

Political Self-Cultivation for Humane Government: Yi I’s Defense of the Way of the Hegemon in Neo-Confucian Korea

As ardent followers of Mencius and Zhu Xi, virtually all Korean Neo-Confucians during the Chosŏn dynasty rejected the Way of the Hegemon by understanding it as directly opposed to the Kingly Way, a humane government allegedly conducted by ancient sage-kings. However, Yi I [Formula: see text]珥 (1536–1584), a prominent Neo-Confucian scholar-official in sixteenth-century Korea, endorsed the Way of the Hegemon as compatible with the Kingly Way by reconceptualizing it, otherwise predicated on strong consequentialist ethics, in a way consistent with Confucianism’s deepest concern with the well-being of the people. In Confucianizing the Way of the Hegemon through the creative re-reading of the Book of Rites from a Xunzian standpoint, Yi I proposed a new method of moral self-cultivation specifically tailored for a Confucian ruler—called political self-cultivation in this paper—that combined the traditional Neo-Confucian recovery model of self-cultivation with a strong sense of political responsibility.

The Ethical Consequences, Contestations, and Possibilities of Designs in Educational Systems

The Ethical Consequences, Contestations, and Possibilities of Designs in Educational Systems

Virtue Ethics and the Morality System

Virtue ethics is frequently billed as a remedy to the problems of deontological and consequentialist ethics that Bernard Williams identified in his critique of “the morality system.” But how far can virtue ethics be relied upon to avoid these problems? What does Williams’s critique of the morality system mean for virtue ethics? To answer this question, we offer a more principled characterisation of the defining features of the morality system in terms of its organising ambition—to shelter life against luck. This reveals the system to be multiply realisable: the same function can be served by substantively different but functionally equivalent ideas. After identifying four requirements that ethical thought must meet to function as a morality system, we show that they can also be met by certain constellations of virtue-ethical ideas, including notably Stoicism. We thereby demonstrate the possibility of virtue-ethical morality systems raising problems analogous to those besetting their deontological and consequentialist counterparts. This not only widens the scope of Williams’s critique and brings out the cautionary aspect of his legacy for virtue ethics; it also offers contemporary virtue ethicists a more principled understanding of the functional features that mark out morality systems and lie at the root of their problems, thereby helping them avoid or overcome these problems.

A practical framework for ethics assessment in wildlife management decision‐making

AbstractWildlife professionals lack a framework and process for incorporating ethical considerations in a systematic and transparent way, along with ecological and social science, to support wildlife management decision‐making. We provide such a framework and process based on 3 of the major theoretical branches ethicists have developed in Western culture: consequentialist moral theory, which focuses on consequences and outcomes; principle‐ and rule‐based approaches that deal with what is considered right or wrong; and virtue ethical theory, which considers factors such as character, virtue, and aesthetics. The framework can be used to anticipate the ethical consequences of alternative courses of action or taking no action. If wildlife professionals use this framework as an assessment tool to provide input into decision‐making, resulting decisions will be more transparent, better understood by stakeholders, and more consistent with public trust responsibilities.

ETHICAL ORGANIZATIONAL: IS IT JUST A DISPLAY?

The purpose of this research is to find out what are the antecedents and consequences of organizational ethics in the era of Society 5.0 so that they can assist practitioners in making decisions and academics in conducting research related to organizational ethics. This study used a systematic literature review method of 6 articles from the Scopus database relevant to the research problem's formulation. The results show that two factors can influence ethical organizational existence in the era of Society 5.0 i.e. transformational leadership and servant leadership. Meanwhile, the impact of ethical organizational in the organizational system includes moral agency, promotion focus, authentic leadership, work-related stress, employee well-being, creating an ethical organizational, unethical behavior, and job satisfaction. However, this research is still limited to one database and many other things are important to research. So the researcher suggests further research.
 Keywords: Organizational Ethics; Organizational Behavior; Era of Society 5.0

A Guide to AI in epidemiology: ChatGPT and the STROBE checklist for observational studies

Abstract Background Chat-Generative Pre-training Transformer (ChatGPT) is a recently developed Artificial Intelligence (AI) model capable of generating high-quality scientific text and answering complex tasks. This study aims at investigating how AI-based transformers can support public health researchers in designing and conducting epidemiological studies. To accomplish this, we used ChatGPT to reformulate the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations for observational studies into a list of questions to be answered by the transformer itself. We then qualitatively evaluated the coherence and relevance of the transformer's outputs. Methods We first chose a study to be used as a basis for the simulation. We then used ChatGPT to transform each STROBE checklist's item into specific prompts. Each answer was evaluated by independent researchers in terms of coherence and relevance. Results The mean scores assigned to each prompt were heterogeneous. On average, for the coherence domain, the overall mean score was 3.6 out of 5.0, and for relevance it was 3.3 out of 5.0. The lowest scores were assigned to items belonging to the Methods section of the checklist. Conclusions ChatGPT can be considered as a valuable support for researchers in conducting an epidemiological study, following internationally recognized guidelines. It is crucial for the users to have knowledge on the subject and a critical mindset when evaluating its outputs. The potential benefits of AI in scientific research are undeniable, but it is crucial to address the risks, and the ethical and legal consequences associated with its use. Key messages • Our analysis showed the ability of AI-based transformers to generate answers and human-like text, which could potentially be used to conduct epidemiological studies or write research articles. • We advocate the necessity for taking a proactive stance towards this evolving context, in order to ensure a careful governance of this inevitable process.

AIsmosis and the pas de deux of human-AI interaction: Exploring the communicative dance between society and artificial intelligence

As the global influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in our daily lives and the looming advent of artificial general intelligence (AGI) become increasingly apparent, the need for a sophisticated interpretive framework intensifies. This paper introduces ‘AIsmosis’–a term that captures AI’s gradual, nuanced integration into society, and akin to the biological process of osmosis. AI’s integration dynamics are examined through the lens of three pivotal theories: social construction of technology, technological determinism, and diffusion of innovations. These theories collectively elucidate the sociocultural influences on AI, the potential repercussions of unchecked technological growth, and the factors driving the adoption of novel technologies. Building upon these explorations, the ‘controlled AIsmosis’ conceptual framework emerges, emphasizing ethically conscious development, active stakeholder communication, and democratic dialogue in the context of AI technology adoption. Rooted in communicative action theory, this framework illuminates AI’s transformative impact on society. It calls for a comprehensive evaluation of systems that steer AI diffusion and their potential impacts, acknowledging the pervasive influence of AI and transcending traditional disciplinary boundaries. This work underscores the need for a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in investigating the complex AI-society interplay and understanding the ethical and societal consequences of AIsmosis.

ChatGPT: The potential is clear, but what are the risks?

ChatGPT is everywhere and organisations are frantically searching for ways to get on the bandwagon. And the technology has great potential for transforming business processes. But like so many technological innovations, this one is a two-edged sword. And that's because it also offers similar benefits to people with malicious intent. And being so new, the security weaknesses and ethical consequences of the technology have yet to be fully explored.

315 Ethical Consequences of Disagreements Between Clinicians and Artificial Intelligence Recommendations: A Scoping Review

315 Ethical Consequences of Disagreements Between Clinicians and Artificial Intelligence Recommendations: A Scoping Review

The Dark Side of Innovation: Understanding Research Misconduct with Chat GPT in Nonformal Education Studies at Universitas Negeri Surabaya

This research investigates the potential of research misconduct involving the use of Chat GPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) among senior students of the Nonformal Education Studies program at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. In the digital era and technological advancements, Chat GPT has become a popular tool that aids in research and writing, but it also poses risks related to ethics and academic integrity. The study aims to comprehend and identify possible forms of research misconduct involving Chat GPT usage within the Nonformal Education Studies program at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Additionally, this research seeks methods to detect and prevent such misconduct. Employing a qualitative approach, this study conducted a survey among senior students of the Nonformal Education Studies program. The survey included questions related to the utilization of Chat GPT in research and understanding academic ethics. Data obtained were analyzed thematically to identify patterns and trends related to research misconduct. The findings reveal that the usage of Chat GPT in research among senior students of the Nonformal Education Studies program at Universitas Negeri Surabaya presents risks of academic misconduct. Students tend to rely on Chat GPT to generate research content without realizing the ethical consequences involved. This research provides insights into the potential of research misconduct induced by Chat GPT usage within the academic environment. These findings contribute to raising awareness of the significance of research ethics and the policies necessary to prevent such misconduct. In the face of technological innovation, it is crucial for universities and educational institutions to enhance students' understanding of academic integrity and the associated risks of Chat GPT usage in research. Stricter policies and preventive approaches should be implemented to ensure research integrity and uphold honesty within the academic community.

The Implications of Human Identity Chips

In an era characterized by rapid technological advancements, the concept of implanting identity chips in humans has emerged as a topic of significant interest and debate. This abstract provides an overview of the multifaceted implications associated with the implementation of human identity chips. These chips, embedded under the skin, are designed to securely store personal and biometric data, ultimately offering a seamless and secure means of verifying one’s identity. While proponents argue that this technology could enhance security, streamline transactions, and revolutionize healthcare, critics raise concerns about privacy, surveillance, and potential misuse. This paper explores the various dimensions of human identity chips, from their technical aspects to their ethical, legal, and societal consequences. It aims to shed light on the potential benefits and risks associated with this technology, offering a foundation for informed discussions and policy decisions in an increasingly digital and interconnected world. Key Words: Identity chips, Biometric data, Implantable technology, Security, Privacy, Surveillance, Ethical concerns, Legal implications, Society, Technology adoption, Healthcare, Data protection, Human augmentation, Authentication, Biotechnology, Social impact, Personal data, Regulatory framework, Information security, Technological ethics.

The reputational and ethical consequences of deceptive chatbot use

The use of chatbots is becoming widespread as they offer significant economic opportunities. At the same time, however, customers seem to prefer interacting with human operators when making inquiries and as a result are not as cooperative with chatbots when their use is known. This specific situation creates an incentive for organizations to use chatbots without disclosing this to customers. Will this deceptive practice harm the reputation of the organization, and the employees who work for them? Across four experimental studies, we demonstrate that prospective customers, who interact with an organization using chatbots, perceive the organization to be less ethical if the organization does not disclose the information about the chatbot to their customers (Study 1). Moreover, employees that work for an organization which requires them to facilitate the deceptive use of a chatbot exhibit greater turnover intentions (Study 2) and receive worse job opportunities from recruiters in both a hypothetical experimental setting (Study 3) and from professional job recruiters in the field (Study 4). These results highlight that using chatbots deceptively has far reaching negative effects, which begin with the organization and ultimately impact their customers and the employees that work for them.

Patients' lived experiences of self-injectable diabetes treatment: A phenomenological study.

A diabetes diagnosis has significant implications and affects the individual's health and social opportunities; it may also carry ethical and cultural consequences, especially when self-injectable treatment is involved. Therefore, it is important to understand lived experiences of patients on self-injectable diabetes treatment to establish initiatives and develop coping mechanisms that may reduce disease morbidity. This study explored and described patients' lived experiences of self-injectable treatment for diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2. The study was conducted in the Rundu health district, Kavango east region, Namibia. A phenomenological qualitative design was used. The sample consisted of 10 purposively selected patients on self-injectable treatment and data were collected through unstructured individual interviews. Data analysis followed an interpretative phenomenological approach. Ethical principles were adhered to, including respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice and ethical clearance was obtained. Self-injectable treatment is cost-effective, promotes self-care, and relieves the burden on nurses and doctors. But it is a lonely journey, causing uncertainty about the future and self-stigmatisation. Moreover, unfamiliarity with injection techniques, challenges in storing medication, and disposing of used needles and other waste were revealed. Patients on self-injectable diabetes treatment have positive and negative lived experiences. It is recommended that family members provide adequate support and that healthcare workers reinforce education on diabetes for these individuals. The findings can be used to develop patients' education and training packages, guide the development and implementation of diabetes coping mechanisms, and initiate intersectoral collaboration to assist patients undergoing injectable treatment.