End-use Energy Research Articles

End-use energy indicator approach to improve energy performance at the National University of Colombia Bogotá, under the parameters of the ISO 50001 standard

The university belongs to the services sector, which is why it cannot implement traditional industry indicators such as energy consumption per unit produced. For this reason, we propose indicators for the final use of energy. The indicators were developed through an energy review process of the information in the database of advanced energy meters with the support of the Specialist in Geographic Information Systems of the Environmental Management Office (EMO). Additionally, we considered several existing reports that characterized the final use of energy for some buildings and essential data for defining the percentages each final use will have within the conglomerate of loads registered. Continuity was also given to this process by collecting face-to-face information with the support of each building’s environmental manager. This article shows the behavior of two buildings of the National University Bogotá, the Uriel Gutiérrez building and the Roberto Franco Station, to propose an indicator of final energy use. This approach enabled determining in which end-use the load has the highest consumption, taking into account that this may contribute to the management system energy of the university. This article uses the guidelines implemented in the ISO 50001 standard.

Energy Efficiency First in the power sector: incentivising consumers and network companies

Energy Efficiency First (EE1st) is an important concept that, if implemented, will minimise the cost of the energy transition by exploiting the end-use energy efficiency and demand response potential of end users. The power sector is particularly relevant for the application of the EE1st principle as it needs to be decarbonised early, demand is to grow due to the electrification, and due to the increasing value on demand flexibility to maintain system balance. In this paper we show that consumers need to be considered as multiple resources for the power system and examine key regulatory tools to mobilise consumers to offer their flexibility and DSOs to use this flexibility to reduce the need for network asset investment. The pricing of energy and network is key in delivering demand-side flexibility. At the same time DSOs need to consider them in their network planning by law, and regulators are encouraged to incentivise them to integrate the consumers in network operation innovatively. The European regulation provides an appropriate framework for the implementation of the principle in the power sector. It is now the tasks of national regulators to implement them effectively.

Evaluating and Enhancing the Energy Efficiency of Representative Residential Buildings by Applying National and International Standards Using BIM

Due to the chronic shortage of energy-related analytical data and disintegration of building energy regulations, numerous existing residential buildings in Petra (Jordan) and many cities worldwide suffer from poor building energy design. This paper aims at investigating the potential of applying energy-saving standards in order to improve the whole-building energy consumption of low-rise residential buildings in mild and dry climate zones. Representative buildings were selected based on a field survey. Proposed strategies focused on applicable solutions such as envelope components, and energy-related systems were set. The models were created using Autodesk Revit, and then the results were generated by the EnergyPlus engine. The findings showed that the application of building energy standards greatly impacts the overall energy end-use, where up to 30% reduction can be achieved by applying the Jordanian code, and up to 45% by applying the American standard. This work provides guidance for the residential building industry and policymakers in Jordan and many other countries with similar building characteristics and climate zones.

Optimal energy performance of dynamic sliding and insulated shades for residential buildings

The paper evaluates the potential energy efficiency benefits for dynamic sliding exterior shades suitable for windows of both new and existing buildings. In particular, the analysis outlined in the paper summarizes the energy performance of dynamic sliding shades when applied to windows for apartment units located in various US climates. A series of sensitivity analyses is performed using a detailed whole-building simulation coupled with modeling techniques of dynamic envelope systems to determine the optimal positions for the dynamic sliding shades to minimize the annual demand for US housing units. Several operation strategies are evaluated using continuous and stepped settings of the positions for the dynamic sliding shades using monthly, daily, and hourly adjustment frequencies. The results of the analyses indicate that the dynamic shades have significant energy efficiency potential for all US climates and design conditions with annual savings in HVAC energy end-use of over 50% especially in hot and mild climates. The performance of the dynamic shades is even higher for large and single-pane windows indicating that these systems can serve as retrofit alternatives to window replacements.

Texas electricity service crisis through an energy justice lens

The ongoing energy transition, including the rapid electrification of energy services, reinforces the importance of secure and reliable electricity infrastructure. Electricity as a critical energy carrier cuts across sectoral boundaries, including but not limited to public health, national security, education, and transportation. Electricity markets treat electricity as a commodity bought and sold in the different restructured markets of the United States and are a critical feature of power systems shaping the energy transition. However, current electricity market developments primarily rely on techno-economic indicators and fall short of incorporating ethical considerations to spur energy transition towards 100% renewable electricity as end-use energy. Even though electricity markets are designed based on the assumption that they are socially valuable, they essentially go unmeasured based on social and ethical parameters and are largely measured using technical and economic tools and criteria. These inadequacies in the development of electricity markets fail to provide energy and other allied services, particularly during and in the aftermath of a disaster, to the people who need them the most. This paper aims to provide an analytical framework using the foundational approach of energy justice for looking at the electricity market development. The paper utilizes the case of the Texas electricity market and its role in dealing with the electricity crisis in Texas during the winter storm of 2021 from the critical lens of energy justice. The paper shows that using the foundational approach of energy justice, the electricity market can be designed more ethically by considering electricity as means rather than only a market commodity.

Simplified Weather-Related Building Energy Disaggregation and Change-Point Regression: Heating and Cooling Energy Use Perspective

End-use consumption provides more detailed information than total consumption and reveals the mechanism of energy flow through a given building. Specifically, for weather-sensitive energy end-uses, it enables the prioritization and selection of heating and cooling areas requiring investigation and actions. One of the major barriers to acquiring such heating and cooling information for small- and medium-sized buildings or low-income households is the high cost related to submetering and maintenance. The end-use data, especially for heating and cooling end-uses, of such-sized buildings are a national blind spot. In this study, to alleviate this measurement cost problem, two weather-sensitive energy disaggregation methods were examined: the simplified weather-related energy disaggregation (SED) and change-point regression (CPR) methods. The first is a nonparametric approach based on heuristics, whereas the second is a parametric approach. A comparative analysis (one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and individual comparison) was performed to explore the disaggregation results regarding heating and cooling energy perspectives using a measurement dataset (MEA) from eleven office buildings. The ANOVA results revealed that there was no significant difference between the three groups (SED, CPR, and MEA); rather strong correlation was observed (r > 0.95). Furthermore, an analysis of the building-level comparison showed that the more distinct the seasonal usage in the monthly consumption pattern, the lower the estimation error. Thus, the two approaches appropriately estimated the amount of heating and cooling used compared with the measurement dataset and demonstrated the possibility of mutual complements.

Two-Dimensional Model of a High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Pump for Efficient, Single-Stage Separation of Fuel Cell Quality Hydrogen Gas from Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas

A key component of the emerging hydrogen energy economy is the distribution system which facilitates the movement of hydrogen energy between production and end-use. There is interest in valorization of existing gas systems, which today are dedicated to natural gas movement, to facilitate the co-transportation of hydrogen via blending of hydrogen gas into these gas systems at concentrations up to 20% H2 by volume [1]. Fuel cell quality hydrogen, at a purity of 99.97%> H2, is required for the most valuable energy end-uses of hydrogen gas and thus the ability to efficiently extract H2 gas at such high purity is critical to the adoption of natural gas infrastructure as a means of co-transportation and distribution.Electrochemical hydrogen pump (EHP) utilizes a proton conducting membrane to separate hydrogen from mixtures by driving the electrochemical process of oxidation of hydrogen at an anode and subsequent evolution of hydrogen gas at a cathode, while other gaseous impurities are ideally unable to permeate through the membrane. HT-PEM EHP based on polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes doped with phosphoric acid exhibit high proton conductivities at temperatures in the range of 160C Celsius while also exhibiting characteristics that are complimentary to their application in gas separation processes. These characteristics include a limited tolerance to common sources of platinum catalyst inhibition such as CO [1] and the presence of an aqueous phosphoric acid phase inhibits gas cross-over, providing better product purity although at the cost of performance in the form of catalyst inhibition.A two-dimensional model based on an HT-PEM system employing a phosphoric acid doped PBI membrane and free phosphoric acid as the proton conducting phase of the catalyst layer is developed to better understand the underlying processes governing the performance of the EHP. The model is validated with experimental measurements with mixtures as low as 2% H2 by volume in methane. In-operando micro-CT imaging of an HT-PEM EHP cell taken at the LBNL Advanced Light Source (ALS) is used to further validate physical parameters and assumptions of the model.The influence of differential pressure, relative humidity of the feed, and concentration of feed gases on separation performance are investigated. Losses due to back-permeation of hydrogen under pressure are accounted for. Power-loss voltage breakdown analysis indicates appreciable losses due to proton transport in the relatively thick catalyst layer, and the dependence of these losses on the volume fraction of acid present (Figure 1). The influence of CO2 as a catalyst inhibiting contaminant as was previously observed in low temperature EHP [3] is examined. The model and experiments show that a specific energy of separation of 5.1 kWh/kg H2 at a hydrogen recovery factor (HRF) of 50% can be achieved in a single stage with the EHP, producing 99.995% > H2 from a 2% H2 in CH4 blend, while pressurizing the product H2 at a product pressure ratio of 1.3 relative to feed pressure. Bibliography [1] C. J. Quarton and S. Samsatli, "Power-to-gas for injection into the gas grid: What can we learn from real-life projects, economic assessments and systems modelling?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 98, pp. 302-316, 2018. [2] K. Perry and B. B. Eisman G.A., "Electrochemical hydrogen pumping using a high-temperature polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane," Journal of Power Sources, pp. 478-484, 2008. [3] N. e. al., "Effect of CO2 on the performance of an electrochemical hydrogen compressor," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 329, 2020. Figure 1

Energy Pricing and Management for the Integrated Energy Service Provider: A Stochastic Stackelberg Game Approach

As a retailer between the energy suppliers and end users, the integrated energy service provider (IESP) can effectively coordinate the energy supply end and the energy use end by setting energy prices and energy management. Because most of the current research focuses on the pricing of electricity retailers, there are few studies on IESP energy pricing and management, which are still at the initial stage. At the same time, the existing research often does not consider the impact of demand response (DR) and uncertainties, such as natural gas and electricity wholesale prices, on the pricing of IESP. It is necessary to model the DR and uncertainties in the integrated energy system. Aiming at the inadequacy of the existing research and to address the energy pricing and management of IESP, this paper develops a two-stage stochastic hierarchical framework, which comprehensively considers the DR strategy of the user end, characteristics of the electricity/gas/heat storage and the uncertainties of electricity and gas wholesale prices. The proposed hierarchical model for energy pricing and management is a two-layer model: the upper layer is the problem of maximizing the benefits of IESP, and the lower layer is the problem of minimizing the energy cost of user agents. Through the complementary transformation, the linearization method and the strong duality principle in the optimization theory, the model is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) problem, which can be easily solved by the off-shelf commercial solver. Finally, the simulation results are provided to demonstrate the interactive operation between the IESP and user agent through energy prices setting, DR strategy and energy management.

Locked in flat tariffs? An analysis of electricity retailers’ dynamic price offerings and attitudes to consumer engagement in demand response

Matching electricity supply and demand is crucial for deploying renewable energy sources. Tools such as dynamic and market-based pricing help engage energy end-users in this effort and enable demand response. Moving away from a predominant focus on the technical aspects of demand response, in this article, we explore dynamic pricing offerings in the light of energy democracy and retailers’ views on making electricity provision less inconspicuous. To this end, we examine the market offers of 59 Finnish electricity retailers, including their customer segmentation and understanding of the barriers to broader uptake of dynamic pricing. Our findings indicate that markets are in ferment; the electricity retailers are innovating and trialling new electricity products, but there are also significant concerns over vulnerable energy end-users. We also find evidence that a move towards more dynamic pricing is not a general trend. On the contrary, electricity retailers have diverse portfolios, and an increasing number of them promote products such as 'super-flat' tariffs, in which prices are detached from both the timing and volume of consumption. Dynamic pricing and transparency in energy balancing can contribute to increased energy literacy and energy democracy. However, current market offerings are not organised, and they are not developing in ways that would be conducive to the broad utilisation of these demand response tools among domestic end-users of electricity.

Exploring the challenges of residential space heating electrification in China: A case study in Jinan and Qingdao

De-carbonization actions, represented by the electrification of end-use energy sources, have been strongly promoted, while space heating in residential buildings is an important aspect. In this paper, Jinan and Qingdao in northern China are selected to explore the challenges that electrification of heating will bring. The electricity demand for heating of different types of buildings is simulated, with the assumption that all heating loads are provided by electric heat pumps. Then the comparison of heating electricity demand with current electricity consumption in various social sectors has been analyzed to investigate the impact of the newly added electrical load on the power grid. The annual dynamic power supply under the currently installed wind turbines and photovoltaic modules is calculated to explore the interrelationship between the power supply potential of the available renewable energy and the heating electricity demand. The results show that the implementation of heating electrification will bring a strong impact on the existing grid, with photovoltaic generation almost negligible during the heating period and wind generation severely affected by intermittency. In the future, the deployment of installed renewable energy needs to continue to be promoted, while the layout of energy storage facilities needs to be strengthened.

China’s commercial building carbon emissions toward 2060: An integrated dynamic emission assessment model

Carbon-mitigation in the commercial building sector is critical to carbon peaking and carbon neutral commitment. However, there has been little scientific focus on long-term evolutionary trajectories and peak path in this sector. This study innovatively develops an integrated dynamic emission assessment model (IDEAM) by combining the system dynamics model with the bottom-up end-use energy model. Moreover, the IDEAM is combined with the scenario analysis approach to model the dynamic evolution of Chinese commercial building carbon emissions toward 2060. The results show that commercial building carbon emissions will peak at 1.28 Gigatons (Gt) of CO2 in 2037 under the baseline scenario and will advance toward 2029 with an emissions peak of 0.98 Gt CO2 under the low-carbon scenario. Cooling and lighting are the two end-uses that contribute most to the growth of carbon emissions at over 70%. These two end-uses indicate different carbon-abatement potentials across climate zones. Sensitivity analysis reveals that promoting technological progress, increasing the share of clean energy, and improving low-carbon awareness are major ways to facilitate the early realization of carbon peaks and carbon neutrality. This study provides a deeper understanding of possible emission pathways and could assist policy-makers in devising scientific carbon mitigation plans.

A Prosumer-Oriented, Interoperable, Modular and Secure Smart Home Energy Management System Architecture

As prices on renewable energy electricity generation and storage technologies decrease, previous standard home energy end-users are also becoming producers (prosumers). Together with the increase of Smart Home automation and the need to manage the energy-related interaction between home energy consumers and Smart Grid through different Demand Response approaches, home energy management becomes a complex and multi-faceted problem, calling for an extensible, interoperable and secure solution. This work proposes a modular architecture for building a Smart Home Energy Management System, integrable with existing Home Automation Systems, that considers the use of standard interfaces for data communication, the implementation of security measures for the integration of the different components, as well as the use of semantic web technologies to integrate knowledge and build on it. Our proposal is finally validated through implementation in one real smart home test-bed, evaluating the system from a functional standpoint to demonstrate its ability to support our goals.

Funding of the Energy Transition by Monetary Sovereign Countries

If global energy consumption returns to its pre-pandemic growth rate, it will be almost impossible to transition to a zero-emission or net-zero-emission energy system by 2050 in the absence of large-scale CO2 removal. Since relying on unproven technologies for CO2 removal is speculative and risky, this paper considers an energy descent scenario for reaching zero greenhouse gas emissions from energy by 2050. To drive the rapid transition from fossil fuels to carbon-free energy sources and ensure demand reduction, funding is needed urgently in order to implement four strategies: (i) technology change, i.e., implementing the growth of zero-carbon energy production, end-use energy efficiency and ‘green’ energy carriers, together with ongoing R&D on CO2 removal; (ii) reducing climate impacts; (iii) reducing energy consumption by social and behavioural changes; and (iv) improving human wellbeing while increasing social justice. Modern monetary theory explains how monetary sovereign governments, with their own fiat currencies, can create the necessary funding without financial constraints, although constraints do result from the productive capacities of their economies. The energy transition could be part-funded by a significant transfer of resources from monetary sovereign countries of the global North to the global South, financed by currency issuance.

Evaluation of the total exergy and energy consumptions in residential sector in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

Economic crises face a new foe worldwide, along with the fact that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is facing problems to sustain its role in international energy prospects due to unavoidable domestic challenges caused by a fast-growing population. The challenges are unemployment for the youngsters, two-thirds of the total population, and emerging demand for energy consumption at the domestic level at unsustainably high rates. Besides this, KSA spends a considerable amount, around 9% of the GDP, to subsidize the energy sectors (oil products and electricity). All these aspects call for a selective study to pinpoint the factors which can directly or indirectly influence to sustain the Saudi economy in the long run.To help cater to the growing demand for rigorous study on areas for energy rationalization in the Qassim region, the objectives of this work are to perform a thorough study of energy and exergy analysis of various electrical household appliances and exergy analysis of the residential sector (RS). In this study, an independent survey of 100 dwellings was conducted to collect data related to essential parameters of residential energy consumption. The collected data has been analyzed to determine energy consumption indicators and perform exergy analysis. The average monthly and yearly energy consumption per dwelling was between 30,832 to 36,166, and 1500 to 4500kWh, respectively. The average hourly electrical energy consumption during the working days was 4.12kWh, and during the curfew due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) 4kWh. The breakdown of this end-use of residential energy is mainly distributed for air conditioning, water heating, lighting, and all other domestic appliances with 67.34%, 9.31%, 8.18%, and 15.17%, respectively. The calculated total energy efficiency of 142.9% for KSA in this study showed a significant discrepancy compared to the previously reported value of 77.52%. Calculated total exergy efficiency falls between 11.13% and 11.38% for the Qassim region. Energy policymakers can use clear energy consumption indicators and exergy efficiency present in this study. They can help to establish energy efficiency standards to be used for various economic sectors.

Platform of Intelligent Control of Indoor Lighting integrated into LVDC Distribution System: A Case Study in the Technical University of Ambato

Currently, inefficient use of electricity in homes, businesses, schools, and industries requires the implementation of policies, mechanisms, and technological innovations of rational use of energy. In this sense, the implementation of new distribution systems, low-voltage direct current, LVDC, is presented as a technological solution for energy saving as well as for the efficiency for end users and for energy distribution companies’ power. The emergent of new distribution systems such as LVDC has encouraged the development of innovative methods and components for power to low voltage DC, which are applied to lighting systems, datacenters, and interior spaces. Existing experience about LVDC distribution systems have shown that reducing energy loss is proportional to increased levels of DC voltage. In addition, conversion AC/DC systems have higher losses than conversion DC/DC ones. Therefore, the implementation of LVDC systems is comparatively more efficient than traditional distribution methods of alternating current. The massive integration of LVDC distribution systems will significantly reduce energy losses and increase the efficiency of energy end users. In this article, the implementation of a cloud platform control and management of an isolated distribution system that feeds LVDC lighting loads is described. Also, the conceptual development of integration of LVDC system with a renewable generation, which supplies current to the lighting system is presented.

What is the value of peer-to-peer energy trading? A discrete choice experiment with residential electricity users in Colombia

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is the electricity exchange between end-users with distributed energy resources, mainly photovoltaic panels. In P2P exchanges, electricity supply options can be differentiated by new energy attributes traced with smart meters and digital applications. Given the new range of supply options, energy users' preferences are crucial for designing P2P energy trading business models that engage consumers and advance the energy transition. This work identifies the preferences of a Colombian energy users' segment towards energy attributes in P2P trading. Contributing to a substantial evidence gap in the application of P2P energy trading in Latin America, we conducted a choice experiment with 1101 residential energy end-users in the Aburrá Valley (Medellín, Colombia). We evaluated the following energy attributes: generation source, ownership, location, and destination of profits. The results confirm a differentiated valuation of energy attributes among respondents across population segments. The perceived value of each attribute is represented as marginal willingness-to-pay over the usual energy bill—calculated by analysing choice data with a Mixed Logit Model. The average respondent is willing to pay the most for getting 100 % solar power, followed by a power supply where generation profits go to a social cause. Next in order of importance are energy from cooperative ownership, regional location, and neighbourhood location. Respondents would be willing to pay less for energy owned by an anonymous individual. This article contributes to understanding end-users' values around P2P energy trading and unveiling a potential market segment and preference structure. The results intend to pave the way for further research and the development of P2P energy models, especially in the Global South.

Optimal Fuzzy-Based Energy Management Strategy to Maximize Self-Consumption of PV Systems in the Residential Sector in Ecuador

This paper proposes a fuzzy-based energy management strategy (EMS) to maximize the self-consumption from a PV installation with an energy storage system (ESS) for the residential sector adapted to the Ecuadorian electricity market. The EMS includes two control levels: Energy management at the end-user level (Fuzzy-based EMS and optimized by genetic Algorithm) and Energy management at the distribution grid level (Fuzzy-based EMS). Both strategies aim to maximize the use of the energy generated at home (taking into account the local solar generation profile), fulfilling the loads’ demand and injecting the energy surplus into the main grid to be economically compensated. Additionally, this paper presents economical modeling according to the electricity market in Ecuador. The main results showed a cost reduction in the electricity bill up to 83.64% from the base case (residential consumption without a PV system). In the scenario of a community electricity market (still not contemplated under the Ecuadorian electricity law), the potential economic savings may be more than double compared to the exact case but only with a self-consumption system.

The diversity penalty: Domestic energy injustice and ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

This paper examines the relationships between ethnicity and end-use energy injustices in the United Kingdom, focusing on the drivers and experiences of fuel poverty and energy vulnerability among ethnic minorities. In response to a systematic lack of research, evidence and debate, we use evidence from a combination of sources: online open-ended interviews with professionals in the energy and housing sectors, the Ethnicity Boost survey on energy market engagement undertaken by Citizens Advice, and secondary data from think tanks and government bodies in the energy and housing sectors. Building on conceptual approaches from energy justice scholarship – in terms of recognition, spatial, procedural and distributional aspects – we provide insights into how inequalities are manifested, how they persist, and how place-based patterns of deprivation arise through practices of marginalization, precarization and exclusion. We find evidence to suggest that Black African communities, in particular, are affected across multiple axes of vulnerability. We propose directions for future research and policy, foregrounding the need for considering differentiated, intersectional and compounding energy vulnerabilities among ethnic minorities in the UK.

An Integration of IoT, IoC, and IoE towards Building a Green Society

Energy waste altogether adds to expanded expenses in the car fabricating industry, which is liable to energy use limitations and tax assessment from national and global strategy creators and confinements and charges from national energy suppliers. This checking is essential for energy sparing since it empowers organizations to roll out operational improvements to diminish energy utilization and expenses. The primary test to energy observation is the need to incorporate assembling and energy checking and control gadgets that help diverse correspondence conventions and are generally dispersed over a wide region. One of the most significant challenges in the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has been the powering of billions of connected devices. Evaluation of digital services considering an energy impression of the Internet normally requires models of the energy intensity of the Internet. A typical way to deal with the display of the energy intensity is to consolidate assessments of market studies of introduced gadgets on a national or worldwide scale and their related power utilization with the aggregate information volume transported at a similar scale. Energy sources are a fundamental part of society development, and a steady power supply is essential for today’s progress. End-use energy is transferred to various consumers via power transmission and circulation networks after being transformed to optional energy as electricity by various power facilities. The power grid serves as the physical stage for both wide-area electric power sharing and display exchanges, and it is at the heart of auxiliary energy sources. In this manner, it attempts to connect the part of a center point between essential energy and end-use energy. With the bidirectional power stream given by the Energy Internet, different techniques are elevated to enhance and increase the energy usage between Energy Internet and Main-Grid. Energy proficiency and, in addition, quick information transmission are fundamental to green correspondences-based applications for IoT. Here, we are trying to provide a state-of-the-art survey over various Internet of Energy techniques along with IoT.

Development of a dual digital signal processor based cyber-physical system model for a multi-carrier energy system

Multi-energy systems are under exploration for a variety of benefits that can provide multi-energy demands with combined electricity, heat and gas, the most widespread energy demands, to end-users. To satisfy such requirements, this paper integrates a multi-carrier energy system (MCES), including electricity, heat and hydrogen with the cyber-physical system (CPS) model to establish a novel energy CPS. Firstly, the finite state machine (FSM) and the time series method are used to establish a unified CPS architecture of energy nodes. Simultaneously, the embedded architecture of the dual digital signal processor (DSP) system at the energy node level is proposed to implement external control and internal self-control for the energy CPS. Secondly, the CPS modeling method in MCES is conducted by analyzing multi-class energy nodes including energy source nodes, energy conversion nodes, energy storage nodes and energy end-user nodes. Subsequently, the physical system, information system and control system of a reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) node and the dynamic operation of MCES are analyzed and simulated by introducing the CPS model, where the controllability and interactivity of the designed energy CPS model are further demonstrated.