End Destination Research Articles

Peace and Friendship: An Alternative History of the American West by Stephen Aron (review)

Reviewed by: Peace and Friendship: An Alternative History of the American West by Stephen Aron Eran Zelnik (bio) Keywords Western history, Alternative history, Daniel Boone, Indigenous people, Lewis and Clark, Oregon Trail, Dodge City Peace and Friendship: An Alternative History of the American West. By Stephen Aron. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. 320. Cloth, $29.95.) Alternative histories of the west that attempt to complicate, or flat out contradict, declension narratives have been at a premium for several decades [End Page 349] now. Perhaps most famously, after Richard White wrote The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment and Social Change among Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983), in his next book he sought to frustrate this account of Native American decline, and the result was one of the most influential histories of the west, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (New York, 1991). In recent decades, perhaps the most noteworthy histories in this vein were Pekka Hämäläinen's Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT, 2009) and Kathleen DuVal's The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in the Heart of the Continent (Philadelphia, 2006), which related narratives of indigenous strength and dominance over European and other Native adversaries. In Peace and Friendship: An Alternative History of the American West, Stephen Aron brings his deep familiarity with western history to tell a story that differs markedly from traditional narratives of "bloody ethnic cleansings and even genocides" (4). Yet, this study is something of an inversion of DuVal and Hämäläinen's stories of Native power. Instead, Aron "seeks out sites and situations in which colonialism wore a different face and relations between Indians, settlers, and states deviated (for a time) from the monolithic logic of elimination" (4). Even as it attempts to retrieve episodes that challenge the violent framing of most western histories, Peace and Friendship also steers clear of "wishtories": fictionalized "stories about the past" that "cater to contemporary yearnings," such as Disney's Pocahontas or any other "'kumbaya' version of colonialism" (6), for that matter. To do so, Aron takes us on a stroll across the continent that begins with Daniel Boone; Chapter 1 takes place in Revolutionary Kentucky, while Chapter 2 follows Boone down the Ohio River to the region surrounding Apple Creek. Here around the turn of the eighteenth century, Shawnees and Anglo settlers like Boone led something of a peaceful coexistence. This is probably Aron's strongest chapter, in which he provides a good amount of compelling and relatively less familiar evidence regarding the genial relationships fostered between Anglos and Shawnees under Spanish auspices. In Chapter 4, however, we learn that these relationships soured by the War of 1812. Chapter 3 follows Lewis and Clark's famous Corps of Discovery expedition that set out from St. Louis in 1804, while Chapter 5 examines the relationships between Great Plains Indians and settlers on the so-called Oregon Trail from the 1820s through the 1850s. In both cases, Aron sorts [End Page 350] out myth from reality, contending, for example, with the legacy of the famous computer game The Oregon Trail in shaping the memory of the period. Lastly, Chapter 6 explores the history of Dodge City during its heyday in the second half of the nineteenth century, first as a depot for Buffalo hunters, and later as the end destination of cowboys driving cattle up from Texas. As before, Aron contends that violence, in this supposedly notorious hub of gunslingers, was not as ubiquitous as mythologies of the west would have us believe. Aron's study is an intriguing proposition, while his deep familiarity with the materials and his easy and nimble prose make the book an engrossing read. However, by prioritizing narrative flow and a cast of familiar characters and episodes from American history, the book runs into two considerable shortcomings. First—and this is a pitfall many historians (including myself) often fall into—too much of the narrative conveys the historical context in which such fleeting moments of "peace and friendship" first emerged and then disappeared. As a result, far too little of the book relates episodes and evidence of peace and...

Research and Modeling of Interior Temperature Regimes of City Electric Minibuses, which Use a Heating System with Thermal Batteries

Electric buses running on city routes have different thermal conditions than long-distance intercity buses. The main difference is the frequent stops every 0.5–1 minutes and the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, which causes heat loss. On the other hand, such routes offer the possibility to recharge heating batteries with contactless or non-contact wireless charging systems during stops. In order not to reduce the driving distance of the bus by consuming energy from electric batteries for heating, one option is to use heating batteries. As the total duration of routes from one final destination to another varies from half an hour to an hour depending on the city, but the duration of parking at the end destination is 10–15 minutes, heating batteries must provide cabin heating for one full journey using fast charging while standing at the final stops. This is the main condition for choosing the energy capacity of heating batteries. In the research there was developed and in the article there is described a simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink, which allows modelling different heating power and temperature regimes by varying the bus cabin microclimate influencing factors, such as outside temperature, door opening duration, the heat emitted by passengers, etc. Recommendations are given for levelling the temperature in the cabin, which, according to the measurement data, is markedly uneven.

A scheduling framework for performing resource slicing with guarantees in 6G RIS-enabled smart radio environments

Smart Radio Environments (SRE) transform the wireless propagation phenomenon in a programmable process. Leveraging multiple Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), the wireless waves emitted by a device can be almost freely routed and manipulated, reaching their end destination via improbable paths, with minimized fading and path losses. This work begins with the observation that each such wireless communication customization occupies a certain number of RIS units, e.g., to form a wireless path with consecutive customized reflections. Therefore, SREs can be modeled as a resource of constrained capacity, which needs to be sliced among interested clients. This work provides a foundational model of SRE-as-a-resource, defining Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Service Level Objectives (SLOs) for the SRE client requests. Employing this model, we study a class of negative drift dynamic weighted round robin policies, that is able to guarantee specific SRE resource shares to competing user requests. We provide a general mathematical framework where the class of policies map ping user requests to resources does not require statistical knowledge regarding the arrival distribution or the duration of each user communication. We study the meaning of work conserving and non-work conserving modes of SRE operation, and also study the convergence properties of our scheduling framework for both cases. Finally, we perform the feasibility space analysis for our framework and we validate our analysis through extensive simulations.

Additive Manufacturing for Fabrication of Point-of-Care Therapies in Austere Environments.

Known as the "golden hour," survival of most critically injured patients is highly dependent on providing the required treatment within the first hour of injury. Recent technological advances in additive manufacturing (also known as three-dimensional [3D] printing) allow for austere deployment and point-of-care rapid fabrication of a variety of medical supplies, including human tissues and bioactive bandages, in prolonged field care scenarios. In this pilot project, our aim was to investigate the ability to 3D print a range of potential biomedical supplies and solutions in an austere field environment. We specifically designed and fabricated novel surgical tools, bioactive bandages, objects (screw and anatomic models), and human meniscal tissue in an austere African desert environment. A total of seven packages were sent using a commercial carrier directly to the end destination. A multi-tool ruggedized 3D printer was used as the manufacturing platform for all objects fabricated downrange. Human mesenchymal stem cells were shipped for 3D bioprinting of human menisci and bioactive bandages. Design and fabrication for all 3D-printed products utilized computer-aided design (CAD) tools. Initial shipment from a single U.S. site to the sub-Saharan Africa location was relatively prompt, taking an average of 4.7 days to deliver three test packages. However, the actual delivery of the seven packages from Orlando, FL, to the same sub-Saharan Africa site took an average of 16 days (range 7-23 days). The ruggedized printer successfully fabricated relevant medical supplies using biocompatible filament, bioink hydrogels, and stem cell-loaded bioinks. This prototype did not, however, have the capacity to provide a sterile environment. A multi-material complete bandage was 3D printed using polyamide polyolefin and cellulose, live cells, neomycin salve, and adhesive. The bandage, wound covering backing, and adhesive backing print took under 2 min to 3D print. Surgical instrument CAD files were based on commercially available medical-grade stainless-steel instruments. The screw CAD file was downloaded from the NIH 3D Print Exchange website. The prints of the two surgical tools and screw using thermoplastic material were successful. Menisci, relatively complex forms of the cartilage, were 3D bioprinted with a gel that held their form well after printing and were then solidified slightly using a cross-linking solution. After 2 min of solidification, it was possible to remove and handle the menisci. The current and future challenges of prolonged field care need to be addressed with new techniques, training, and technology. Ruggedized, deployable 3D printers allow for the direct fabrication of medical tools, supplies, and biological solutions for austere use. Delivery of packages can vary, and attention to routes and location is key, especially for transit of time-sensitive perishable supplies such as live cells. The significance of this study provides the real possibility to 3D print "just-in-time" medical solutions tailored to the need of an individual service member in any environment. This is a potentially exciting opportunity to bring critical products to the war front.

The first, private and unknown small anatomical Ruijsch collection of Peter the Great

The anatomical collection of Frederik Ruijsch (1638–1731) concerning injected dry and wet preparations attracted the attention and interest of several generations of scientists and other admirers, including Tsar Peter the Great of Russia (1672–1725). Even today, this interest has not weakened since its manufacture more than three hundred years ago. The main collection of the famous Dutchman was purchased by Tsar Peter the Great in 1717 for his Kunstkamera, now Peter the Great’s Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Saint Petersburg. In books and articles, first written by A. I. Tarenetsky, later by M. A. Tikotin, and again by V. V. Ginzburg was pointed out that several dozens of preparations of Frederik Ruijsch are located in the anatomical museum of the Military Medical Academy named S. M. Kirov in St. Petersburg. This collection is called “the small collection” and was acquired by Peter the Great in 1697–1698 as a private collection. This collection was intended for educational purposes and is nowadays almost unknown in, and outside the scientific world. We set ourselves the task to study the history of the acquisition of this small collection, to find out its journey to the end destination by researching early published or unpublished sources. The small collection paved the way for other botanical, zoological, and anatomical collections and has significant historical importance.

Gelatin Nanoparticles for Complexation and Enhanced Cellular Delivery of mRNA.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is increasingly gaining interest as a modality in vaccination and protein replacement therapy. In regenerative medicine, the mRNA-mediated expression of growth factors has shown promising results. In contrast to protein delivery, successful mRNA delivery requires a vector to induce cellular uptake and subsequent endosomal escape to reach its end destination, the ribosome. Current non-viral vectors such as lipid- or polymer-based nanoparticles have been successfully used to express mRNA-encoded proteins. However, to advance the use of mRNA in regenerative medicine, it is required to assess the compatibility of mRNA with biomaterials that are typically applied in this field. Herein, we investigated the complexation, cellular uptake and maintenance of the integrity of mRNA complexed with gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs). To this end, GNPs with positive, neutral or negative surface charge were synthesized to assess their ability to bind and transport mRNA into cells. Positively charged GNPs exhibited the highest binding affinity and transported substantial amounts of mRNA into pre-osteoblastic cells, as assessed by confocal microscopy using fluorescently labeled mRNA. Furthermore, the GNP-bound mRNA remained stable. However, no expression of mRNA-encoded protein was detected, which is likely related to insufficient endosomal escape and/or mRNA release from the GNPs. Our results indicate that gelatin-based nanomaterials interact with mRNA in a charge-dependent manner and also mediate cellular uptake. These results create the basis for the incorporation of further functionality to yield endosomal release.

Success by Undesirable Means: Differences in Trust Following Successful (Yet Deviant) Flight Path Adherence

The success or failure of a system can impact one's trust in that system. User trust can also be affected by system behavior (e.g., type of movement, how social it is, human-likeness). However, there remains a gap in understanding the relationship between these two influences. Additionally, few studies have examined trust following differences in the behavior of systems with consistently successful results across behaviors. Therefore, the degree to which the behavior of a system in the pursuit of a successful outcome can influence user trust is unknown. In one experiment, participants were tasked with plotting a path for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to fly. The UAV deviated from the path by different amounts, between subjects. Despite no differences in measures of performance (the success of the UAV reaching the end destination, time to complete the task, end score, or how far participants had to draw the routes), nor other cognitive constructs (i.e., workload), differences in trust were reported. These results indicate that it is not simply if a system accomplishes a task, but also the way it does that influences trust.

The well-trodden path of national international humanitarian law committees

AbstractThe road towards effective implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL) is a continuous process where important milestones will be reached at each step. As part of such a process, national committees and similar entities on IHL have played a key driving role. As with most long-haul road trips, one tends to start with an idea of the roads that will be taken and what the end destination will look like. In this case, the common destination is better respect for IHL. While the destination never changes, the different roads to be travelled can multiply, creating new opportunities through events that arise, and actors encountered along the way. Likewise, when the first national IHL committees were formed in the 1970s to advise and assist their States on the domestic implementation of IHL, they undoubtedly followed different roadmaps from those followed today. As IHL has evolved to keep pace with new realities of warfare, so too has the work of national IHL committees. New treaties have been adopted, new interpretations have been agreed upon, requiring new domestic laws and measures. This article will begin by pinpointing where exactly the journey started for national IHL committees, highlighting that the creation of these bodies coincided with important developments across the international landscape which would come to reinforce domestic implementation of IHL. In the second section, the authors will provide a detailed mapping of the roads generally travelled by these entities, with the intention to showcase the multi-faceted nature of their work and the innumerable milestones achieved along the way. The final section will explore the material, political and structural road bumps which are slowing down the work of some national IHL committees and will provide recommendations on how these entities may overcome these hurdles.

DC nanogrid for Buildings: Study based on experimental investigation of load performance and Annual energy consumption

Considering that most end-use electrical equipments are DC-driven, a thorough examination of the energy delivery system for buildings has become essential. Since alternate energy sources are majorly DC-based, using a DC distribution system instead of a conventional AC distribution system reduces the number of AC/DC conversion stages. This work focuses on the experimental verification of the difference in power consumption between an energy-efficient AC load and its equivalent energy-efficient DC load. Separate case studies are done for two different buildings, comprising mainly of light and fan applications. Since the consumption is majorly for light and fan applications for buildings, 48 V Extra Low Voltage DC (ELVDC) supply is most suited for DC nanogrid. The savings from DC appliances are highlighted, with a focus on actual outputs like illuminance for lights and effective wind speed for fans rather than rpm (the common practice). The energy savings and associated reduction in Green House Gas(GHG) emissions are calculated for buildings of different occupancies. If all the driving forces, viz. renewable energy agenda, loss avoidance in the distribution system and the opportunistic switch to energy-efficient appliances are clubbed together, the benefits are enormous when looked upon with the end destination as a cleaner green planet.

Long-Horizon Informative Path Planning with Obstacles and Time Constraints

We apply non-myopic informative path planning in a simulated river plume case study with several constraints on our agent. A cost valley philosophy is proposed to guide the agent through the field. The purpose of this path planner is to reveal the river plume front with the long-horizon while safely returning home in time. Among others, we employ RRT*, a variant of RRT (rapidly-exploring random trees), as the path planner to determine the least-cost path between locations. The distance budget from start to end destination, the obstacle constraint, and directional change are penalties, whereas the reduced variance of the field and an excursion set are the two rewards. The cost valley is then computed by superimposing those five fields. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of such a strategy. They show that the suggested approach balances exploitation and exploration while bearing in mind the go-home constraint.

Design and field testing of a polygonal paddy infield path planner for unmanned tillage operations

Path commands, obtained through a traveling route strategy for auto-steering control in a test field, are essential for the operation of an autonomous tractor from a given starting point to an end destination. Planning an agricultural field operation can increase the work rate and quality of field tilling, particularly in complex fields, minimizing the time loss and non-working traveling costs. With the diversification of farming products and environments, it is critical to seek feasible paths that have a good balance between time efficiency and path length, with the consideration for irregularities of field boundaries. However, the existing field path planning algorithms do not guarantee global optimality because traditional planners generate paths in rectangular fields and not in all the possible geometrical route generation for infield and headland turning found in polygonal fields. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents a novel and practical infield path planner that can generate infield coverage routes and headland turnings for polygonal paddy fields. An infield route-planning program was developed to automatically generate an X-type turning, pattern-based coverage path map that provides guidance lines for autonomous tillage tractors executing efficient operations in polygonal fields. The planning parameters related to the equipment characteristics of the tractor and implement variables, waypoint-setting variables, and field boundaries entered into the developed infield route-planning program can provide useful information to users in terms of selecting the most appropriate solution based on all related field operational capacities such as field traveled distance, field time, and field efficiency. A small-scale prototype of an autonomous tillage tractor equipped with the proposed infield path planner and a slip estimation-based path-tracking algorithm was built and tested in Korean paddy fields with two different shapes of farm-field boundaries. The field tests performed using the autonomous tractor in a trapezoidal field and an L-shaped field showed tracking errors of 14.9 and 21.8 cm, respectively; field efficiencies of 62.1–70.6%; and ratios of effective operation areas of 91.4–92.7%. These measurement data were similar to those obtained from a human-operated tillage method, implying that the infield path planner developed here and the slip estimation-based path-tracking controller can lead a tractor with acceptable accuracy and performance.

The Application of Business Impact Analysis Due to Electricity Disruption in a Container Terminal

A container terminal is a facility used to collect containers from the hinterland and ports for distribution to the end destination. Based on these essential functions, container terminals often reflect the economic conditions in a country. Many studies have recently examined the use of business impact analysis (BIA) when disruption happens at a container terminal. In sustainability and business impact research, the economy is one of the prioritized aspects of impact analysis. The impact related to the economic aspect is generally caused by disruptions resulting from natural disasters, pandemics, and human activities (terrorists, labor issues, and lockouts). Until this article was conducted, there was still little literature explaining the business impact analysis procedures with case studies of disruptions in container terminals related to operational constraints. This paper aims to provide a perspective in deepening and adapting the BIA procedure initially general into an analysis that can be applied to the container terminal business. This paper takes a case study of BIA in a container terminal caused by electrical disruption. Based on the research, six categories of disruption became a concern when the port’s electricity supply stopped, i.e., decreased productivity, economic loss, reduced employee productivity, decreased numbers of customers, a decline in company reputation, and wasted energy.

VANET routing Protocols :Implementation and Analysis Using NS3 and SUMO

The emerging new form of mobile adhoc network VANETNetwork is exemplifiedby fast and drastic changes in topology over a shorter period of time. These two features have a significant impact on the efficiency ofrouting protocols used in these networks. The evaluation of various VANET routing protocols provides great feedback on the efficiency of the network. The efficacy of AODV, OLSR, DSDV and DSR protocols is evaluated in this analysis, within the VANET intersection. The movement patterns of vehicles are generated with SUMO and the simulator is NS3.Considering VANET's high velocity, frequent disassociation and highly evolving topology, the major challenge is to create a routing protocol that is more appropriate to efficiently routing packet to their end destination. System of measurementsuch as power consumption, packet distribution factor, average performance as well as maximum end-to-end delay being calculated

Biotechnology for the mitigation of plastic waste from the oceans

In contemporary times, the term “plastic” represents a family of polymers that are synthetically developed and have the property of being deformed without breaking. Since the beginning of its manufacturing at industrial levels, the amount of the world’s plastic production has already risen over 20,000%. Most of the produced plastic ends up having the sea as the end destination and it is known that there are toxic compounds associated with its decomposition that can cause serious problems to the ecosystem and to marine fauna. Biotechnology, as an area of study that integrates several areas of science, is committing to develop methods that may be useful in reversing the impacts that improper disposal of plastic can cause in the environment. The development of biodegradable materials and faster degradation tests with selected microorganisms have been the most effective biotechnological techniques, although they do not yet have a major impact on existing pollution mitigation. This paper will discuss the current accumulation of plastic in the oceans, as well as some of the biotechnological alternatives adopted to reverse the amount of plastic material discarded annually which ends up in the sea.

Collaboration for innovative routes to market: COVID-19 and the food system

In a time of global crisis, existing systems are rigorously tested and placed under significant and abnormal strain. This paper uses Welsh case studies to explore how food producers in Wales have collaborated to protect livelihoods while also providing accessible food to the nation. Prior to the coronavirus pandemic, the food and drink supply chain in Wales contributed £22.1bn in annual turnover to the national economy and supported over 200,000 jobs. The coronavirus pandemic however has put the food and drink industry, which is considered a priority sector in Wales, at significant risk. The hospitality sector, which turned over £3 billion in 2019 and is a key end destination for Welsh produce from small businesses, faced months of near total closure, with no certainty of when the sector may be allowed to resume trading as normal. This in turn has significant and long-lasting effects on the country's food producers, facing a decimated sector they once relied upon to bring their produce to market though stable and established supply chains and procurement relationships.This paper explores how both producer-led and organisation-led producer collaboration in Wales has provided new and innovative routes to market for Wales' food producers as a result of the lockdown imposed by Welsh and British government to prevent the spread of coronavirus. The challenges faced by these newly established collaborations are discussed alongside the opportunities for longer term collaboration generated by these organisations which emerged to fill a specifically identified void in this unprecedented crisis. Two innovative, in depth, regional level case studies that have responded to this increased demand for accessible food are discussed. Users range from those choosing to buy local produce contact free, through an online click and collect service, to those most vulnerable, wholly reliant on a food box delivery scheme developed through cross sector collaboration at the outbreak of the crisis. This paper concludes that long term producer cooperation in the region is likely to be established following on from the short-term measures implemented as a direct result of the development of social capital during the Coronavirus lockdown, and further concludes that a crisis of this magnitude can stretch the current centralised and remotely controlled food system to breaking point. A number of lessons are highlighted which are pertinent for actions to integrate policy to support societal change and resilience, in order to prevent catastrophic food (in)access in the future.

Inadequacies in Hospital Waste and Sewerage Management in Chattogram, Bangladesh: Exploring Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards

Bangladesh has been grappling with the issues of improper hospital waste management. To reflect the inadequacies in existing management practices and the potential implications on the environment and health, this study evaluated the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of doctors and nurses in a private and a public hospital in Chattogram city via a structured questionnaire survey. At the public hospital, 20.4% of the doctors and 6% of the nurses had occupational illnesses, compared to 36% of the doctors and 26.5% of the nurses at the private hospital. At the public hospital, 67.8% of the nurses wore PPE during waste collection, compared to 17.7% in the private hospital. Hospital wastes and occupational safety are not properly dealt with in both hospitals. An inadequacy was observed in the knowledge of hospital waste management among healthcare workers. The route of hospital wastes from the sources to the end destination was also traced via interviews and focus group discussions, which revealed that disposal practices of the hospital solid waste were environmentally unsustainable. In attempts to show opportunities for environmental and health risks from the hospital wastewater, this study also investigated the quality of the wastewater and tested it for the presence of resistant enteric pathogens. E. coli and S. aureus from both hospitals showed resistance against some common antibiotics used in Bangladesh. The physicochemical properties of the samples were nearly compliant with the Bangladesh Water Quality Standards for hospital wastewater. While more robust sampling and water quality analysis are required, this study provides basic water quality indicators and scope for future research to understand the apparent significant negative impact on the environment and health.

Migratory status determines resource selection by American Woodcock at an important fall stopover, Cape May, New Jersey

Abstract Migration is a period of high activity and exposure during which risks and energetic demand on individuals may be greater than during nonmigratory periods. Stopover locations can help mitigate these threats by providing supplemental energy en route to the animal’s end destination. Effective conservation of migratory species therefore requires an understanding of use of space that provides resources to migratory animals at stopover sites. We conducted a radio-telemetry study of a short-distance migrant, the American Woodcock (Scolopax minor), at an important stopover site, the Cape May Peninsula, New Jersey. Our objectives were to describe land-cover types used by American Woodcock and evaluate home range habitat selection for individuals that stopover during fall migration and those that choose to overwinter. We radio-marked 271 individuals and collected 1,949 locations from these birds (0–21 points individual–1) over 4 yr (2010 to 2013) to inform resource selection functions of land-cover types and other landscape characteristics by this species. We evaluated these relationships at multiple spatial extents for (1) birds known to have ultimately left the peninsula (presumed migrants), and (2) birds known to have remained on the peninsula into the winter (presumed winter residents). We found that migrants selected deciduous wetland forest, agriculture, mixed shrub, coniferous wetland forest, and coniferous shrub, while wintering residents selected deciduous wetland forest, coniferous shrub, and deciduous shrub. We used these results to develop predictive models of potential habitat: 7.80% of the peninsula was predicted to be potential stopover habitat for American Woodcock (95% classification accuracy) and 4.96% of the peninsula was predicted to be potential wintering habitat (85% classification accuracy). Our study is the first to report habitat relationships for migratory American Woodcock in the coastal U.S. and provides important spatial tools for local and regional managers to support migratory and winter resident woodcock populations into the future.

Class transition: a life in between

Most scholars within sociology of education focus on the reproductive function of the education system and on inequalities related to it. Rarely attention is paid to cases which don’t reproduce the class of origin. In particularly to the circumstances under which the class-crossers succeed to make an upward transition and to their life after they enter the upper class. However even P. Bourdieu has actually searched for the mechanisms that could prevent reproduction of social inequality by means of education. This topic remains relevant also in the modern time of (un)equal access to the educational institutions. The problem of reconstruction of exiting social order by educational systems has been not solved yet. It would notably contribute to the reduction of social inequality if we could reconstruct the pattern, that promote/hinder social mobility during the education path. In this article, we analyze the class transition experience of P. Bourdieu and D. Eribon based on their self-analysis and try to integrate a new non-reproduction approach of C. Jaquet in this pattern of social mobility through the education. On the basis of the autobiographical life-stories of mentioned above two sociologists we try to reconstruct the main driving force that has enabled them the way up und also to determine how the life of a class-crosser looks after they succeed the transition. After analyzing the work of P. Bourdieu named “Ein soziologischer Selbstversuch” and the work of D. Eribon named “Rückkehr nach Reim” we could confirm an assumption of C. Jaquet that ambition is the most powerful driving force for social mobility. Moreover, we can conclude that not only a person can be willing to leave the milieu of origin, but that he/she can be just displaced by the milieu. In such a situation he/she is a refugee and is forced to flee. In the most cases of escape and desire to climb up the social ladder such “negative” feelings as shame play a role of a driving force. Besides, the fact of social mobility is usually regarded as an end destination when in fact this transition is a process that never ends but transmutes in new forms.

Preparing Middle School Teachers to Develop Growth Mindsets

While research supports development of a growth mindset in middle level classrooms, it has not uncovered a single solution to developing such mindsets. This article presents a model supporting teachers on their journey to empower students to develop a growth mindset. Grounded in research on teaching and learning and coupled with best practices of middle level learning, the model structure includes three facets: connecting a growth mindset to everyday life, drawing connections to research, and highlighting teacher case studies cultivating growth mindsets. The model supports teachers as they embrace theory and implement action in their middle level classrooms. Ultimately, the goal is for teachers to support students in their ability to set challenging academic goals, understand learning as a process rather than an end destination, and accept failure as part of learning.

A STUDY ON HALAL TRANSPORTATION UPRIGHTNESS IN KONTENA NASIONAL, JOHOR

The increasing in volume of international trade using containerization lead to the fast growth of usage of containers in Malaysia. With the rapid activities of import and export, there might be a risk of contamination during the process of movement and transportation of the goods to the end destination. The objectives of this study is to determine the factors that influence Halal transportation awareness and operational uprightness in Kontena Nasional Johor and to further investigate the importance of protecting their Halal uprightness in transportation industry. The interview method of qualitative is used by the researchers in collecting the data. The study was conducted in Johor area where the Kontena Nasional Halal services takes place. This research is motivated by the lack of standardization of Halal food transportation and delivery which lead to excessive confusion and issues among customers and Halal retailers. Hence, it is hoped that this study will able to raise awareness on the importance for the LSP to have Halal certificates in transporting the cargoes since the halal certificate is compulsory and comply to the guidelines that provided by the JAKIM.