Encryption Process Research Articles

Hybrid Encryption of Cloud Processing With IOT Devices Using DNA And RSA Cryptography

The research paper titled "Hybrid Data Encryption as well as Decryption Using Hybrid RSA and DNA" develops a hybrid cryptosystem by combining the usefulness of such an asymmetric-key (public-key) cryptosystem with the efficacy of a symmetric-key (private-key) cryptosystem. These two types of cryptosystems use different types of keys. The method addresses concerns regarding the users' right to privacy, authentication, and accuracy by utilizing a data encryption process that is secure in both directions. Both the process of encrypting data and the process of decrypting data, which are both utilized by the system, are two different encryption methods. It has been suggested that a hybrid encryption algorithm, which combines DNA and RSA, be used for file encryption in order to address the issues with efficiency and security. The results of the testing show that the RSA and DNA hybrid encryption algorithm is suitable for use. In this particular research project's hybrid encryption and decoding for cloud processing with IOT devices, the DNA and RSA algorithms were used.

A Break Of Barrier To Classical Differential Fault Attack On The Nonce-Based Authenticated Encryption Algorithm

Abstract It had always been believed that there was an inherent barrier to Differential Fault Attack (DFA) on the nonce-based authenticated encryption algorithm. At CHES 2016, Saha et al. proposed an Internal Differential Fault Attack on a parallelizable counter-mode algorithm. They induce the attack to classical DFA at the expense of one more fault injection in every encryption process. In this paper, we propose the DFA on HYENA, which is a nonce-based authenticated encryption mode for GIFT-128. Our work is the first pure classical DFA on a nonce-based authenticated encryption algorithm with only one fault injected in every decryption process. Firstly, we give the DFA on GIFT-128 with a fault injected into the 39th-round input. Based on this work, we inject a fault in the underlying GIFT-128 of a HYENA decryption process and make this decryption process still generate the correct tag and output plaintext. This makes the necessary conditions of DFA satisfied. Experiments show that at most 56 key bits of HYENA can be recovered with only a few faulty ciphertexts. In addition, our fault injection is easier to achieve than most other work about fault attack, because the injection location is relatively random and the fault type can be arbitrary. It should be noted that the left 72 key bits cannot be recovered in this way.

Bi2O3 Layer‐Integrated, Double‐Sided Responsive, Waveband‐Discriminated Perovskite Photodetector for Encrypted Optical Communication

AbstractEncrypted optical communication is a critical technology in numerous fields, including remote sensing, environmental monitoring, and homeland defense. As a core of wireless interconnect systems, the conventional photodetectors generally receive optical signals from a single direction and fail to distinguish between various wavebands, severely undermining the potential for data transfer and protection. Herein, a Bi2O3 layer‐integrated waveband‐discriminated perovskite photodetector is presented. By rational design of energy band and device architecture, the novel photodetector is self‐powered, double‐sided responsive, and recognizable to the short or long‐wave UV, as well as visible optical signals. Without external bias, the device exhibits a high performance with peak responsivities of 42.1 and 72.3 mA W−1 in frontal and reverse incidence, respectively. Benefiting from these advantages, the photodetector is applicable to optical communication and encryption. In reverse incidence, reversible message delivery is achieved through the conversion and decoding of illumination patterns and binary digits. For a further step, the encrypted processing is fulfilled in frontal incidence. By virtue of the eight irradiation combinations, a secret key containing ten‐bit commands will generate over a billion encryption methods. This work realizes a new mode of communication and encryption that entirely relies on optical signals, offering new insights into wireless communication.

Hybrid Cryptosystem Analysis RSA Algorithm And Triple DES Algorithm

Data security is needed in terms of communication. To guarantee data security, a technique is needed to make data and information called Critography. This study aims to analyze the process of Super Encryption in symmetric and asymmetric criterias using the Triple DES Algorithm and the RSA Algorithm. This can improve data security so that data is more confidential. The method used in Triple DES which is also called the symmetric algorithm is the OFB (Output feeback) method, and the RSA Algorithm (Riverst - Shamir-Adleman) which is an asymmetric algorithm using a random number system so that when these two algorithms are combined in the Super Encryption process the more accurate the data security. Super DES Triple Encryption and RSA algorithm analysis shows that the data created by text will be encrypted into ciphertext using both methods and re-described, so that the security of the data is relatively safe. Super Encryption on the two methods Algorithm is done because the level of complexity is difficult to make Cryptanalysts to steal data and the Encryption process becomes slow but data security becomes safer and not easy to attack Cryptanalysts. The problem in this research is how to increase encryption security and speed up the encryption process by combining the RSA and Triple DES methods.

Secure and Privacy in Healthcare Data Using Quaternion-based Neural Network Cryptography with the Blockchain Mechanism

In the healthcare industry, security and privacy are major concerns. For effective diagnosis the medical practitioners need to access the healthcare data of the patient and similarly, the patient also needs to access the data. Sharing such a sensitive health data needs to be secured and privacy-preserving is ensured. Before uploading and downloading private health data, the data should be secured. To ensure security and privacy-preserving of health data stored in the cloud by implementing the improved Quaternion-based neural network with the blockchain mechanism. Improved Quaternion neural network cryptography is executed for encrypting the shared health data. Encrypted data’s secret key is stored by utilizing blockchain which is converted into blocks and the SHA algorithm is employed for identifying key events in the blocks which are stored in cloud storage. The modified genetic algorithm is used to generate a key which would be used for encryption and decryption. The authorized patient or physician can access the medical data by using the secret key to decrypt and download the medical data. The proposed network is evaluated in terms of time taken and cost and compared with the existing study. The results show that the time taken for the encryption and decryption process and the transaction and execution cost are reduced compared with the existing study.

Membangun Super Enkripsi untuk Mengamankan Pesan

The issue of message security or an information is very important. A science that studies aboutsecuring the confidentiality of messages using passwords is called cryptography. To enhance security, twoalgorithmsarecombinedtosecuremessages.Superencryptionisaconceptthatusesacombinationoftwoormoresubstitutionandpermutation(transposition)cryptographytechniquestoobtainanalgorithmthatis more difficult to crack. The first thing to do is to encrypt the message using a substitution technique(Cipher Substitution), then re-encrypt it using a permutation technique (Cipher Transposition). In thisstudy, two cryptographic algorithms will be combined to build super encryption using the Vigenere Cipherand Bifid Cipher algorithms to secure messages. The message encryption process is using the VigenereCipher algorithm for the first encryption process, then continued using the Bifid Cipher algorithm for thesecondencryptionprocess.Theencryptionprocessisdonetheotherwayaround,startingfromthebackoftheencryptionprocess.Thecombinationofthesetwoalgorithmsresultsinmoresecuremessagesecurity.

Image Encryption Using New Non-Linear Stream Cipher Cryptosystem

In this paper, we designed a new efficient stream cipher cryptosystem that depends on a chaotic map to encrypt (decrypt) different types of digital images. The designed encryption system passed all basic efficiency criteria (like Randomness, MSE, PSNR, Histogram Analysis, and Key Space) that were applied to the key extracted from the random generator as well as to the digital images after completing the encryption process.

An Overview of Parallel Symmetric Cipher of Messages

Background:
 Despite significant developments in communications and technology, data protection has established itself as one of the biggest concerns. The data must be encrypted in order to link securely, quickly through web-based technological data transmission. Transforming plain text into ciphered text that cannot be read or changed by malicious people is the process of encryption.
 Materials and Methods:
 In order to maintain the required degree of security, both the cryptanalysis and decryption operations took a significant amount of time. However, in order to cut down on the amount of time required for the encryption and decryption operations to be completed, several researchers implemented the cryptography method in a parallel fashion. The research that has been done on the problem has uncovered several potential answers. Researchers used parallelism to improve the throughput of their algorithms, which allowed them to achieve higher performance levels on the encryption algorithm.
 Results:
 Recent research on parallel encryption techniques has shown that graphics processing units (GPUs) perform better than other parallel platforms when comparing their levels of encryption performance.
 Conclusion:
 To carry out comparison research on the most significant parallel crypto algorithms in terms of data security efficacy, key length, cost, and speed, among other things. This paper reviews various significant parallel algorithms used for data encryption and decryption in all disciplines. However, other criteria must be considered in order to show the trustworthiness of any encryption. Randomness tests are very important to discover and are highlighted in this study.

Software Agent Systems Serving the E-Commerce System a Comparative Study

Abstract— Providing security for each online consumer over the internet is a critical issue that may cause a time consuming problem that may cause big load on the website server especially for the large websites at the rush time. This process may generate a variety of issues, including response time delays, client orders being lost, and system crash or deadlock, all of which decrease system performance. This work intends to present a new multi-agent system prototype structure that solves the challenge of security while avoiding issues that might degrade system performance. This is accomplished by installing a software agent on the client's device that handles the purchase and encryption processes without the need for the user to intervene. The suggested agent evades the problems of stalemate (i.e., failure) and request loss, ensuring that information exchanged between all entities is protected. The use of a software agent to manage buying and encrypting operations improves system performance by 10% and increases the reaction time of the system by 30.5 percent (response time, page loading time, transaction processing speed, orders per second) according to test results. Index Term—Software agent, multi agent, e-commerce security, encryption management, PEAS.

A NOVEL APPROACH IN HILL CIPHER CRYPTOGRAPHY

Cryptography plays a vital role in securing sensitive information in various domains. Hill cipher, a classic encryption technique, has been widely used for its simplicity and effectiveness. However, the original Hill cipher is susceptible to certain attacks due to its limited key space and vulnerable characteristics. In this study, we propose an enhanced version of the Hill cipher called the “Block Hill Cipher” that overcomes the limitations of the original algorithm while preserving its fundamental principles. To increase the safety and effectiveness of the encryption process, the Block Hill Cipher offers a number of unique ideas. The Block Hill Cipher encrypts blocks of characters rather than single4 characters, making it possible to encrypt longer sequences at once. By expanding the key space and making the cipher more resistant to statistical attacks, this method greatly enhances the cipher’s overall security. In light drawbacks the present paper deals with a fresh strategy in which our algorithm by incorporating while upholding the Hill cipher’s fundamental ideas. Hence on the findings of the study may be useful cryptographic tool ranging from communication systems to data storage and transmission in modern digital environments.

A Smart Image Encryption Technology via Applying Personal Information and Speaker-Verification System

In this paper, a framework for authorization and personal image protection that applies user accounts, passwords, and personal I-vectors as the keys for ciphering the image content was developed and connected. There were two main systems in this framework. The first involved a speaker verification system, wherein the user entered their account information and password to log into the system and provided a short voice sample for identification, and then the algorithm transferred the user’s voice (biometric) features, along with their account and password details, to a second image encryption system. For the image encryption process, the account name and password presented by the user were applied to produce the initial conditions for hyper-chaotic systems to generate private keys for image-shuffling and ciphering. In the final stage, the biometric features were also applied to protect the content of the image, so the encryption technology would be more robust. The final results of the encryption system were acceptable, as a lower correlation was obtained in the cipher images. The voice database we applied was the Pitch Tracking Database from the Graz University of Technology (PTDB-TUG), which provided the microphone and laryngoscope signals of 20 native English speakers. For image processing, four standard testing images from the University of Southern California–Signal and Image Processing Institute (USC-SIPI), including Lena, F-16, Mandrill, and Peppers, were presented to further demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the smart image encryption algorithm.

A Novel Color Visual Cryptography Approach Based on Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm

Hundreds of millions of people worldwide use computing devices and services, including smartphones, laptops, and messaging apps. Visual cryptography (VC) is one of the most secure encryption methods for image encryption in many applications, such as voting security, online transaction security, and privacy protection. An essential step in VC is encrypting secret images into multiple digital shares to hide them with the intention of successfully reverting them to their original form. Hence, a single share cannot reveal information about the secret image. Issues including pixel enlargement, high processing costs, and low decryption quality influence the current state of VC. We address these issues by introducing a novel technique based on (2, 2) secret sharing and the algorithm of Harris hawks optimization (HHO) for color photos. For the encryption process, the appropriate color levels are determined using the HHO algorithm. Consequently, images are decrypted with improved quality and a small impact on the overall processing complexity. The suggested scheme is also non-expandable due to the equal size of the initial secret image and the shared images. This results in lower memory requirements and improved image quality. The approach is applied to a set of well-known benchmark images. Moreover, a set of standard metrics is used to assess the robustness of the proposed scheme, including its capability in defending against cryptanalytic attacks, a correlation, a histogram, and the quality of encryption. According to the findings, the proposed solution provides better reconstructed image quality, time-efficient encryption, and nearly optimal statistical properties compared to previous approaches.

Combined image encryption and steganography technique for enhanced security using multiple chaotic maps

This paper proposes a novel security algorithm which combines the concepts of Cryptography and Steganography to provide enhanced security to digital images. The proposed algorithm, named CIEST, enciphers the secret image (cryptography) which is hidden into the cover image (steganography) for secured transfer of information. A two-stage encryption process, with one of the stages being DNA encoding is used here. The cover image is also modified before the data embedding phase to improve the effectiveness of the algorithm. Multiple Combined Chaotic maps are utilised in the encryption and embedding stages to improve the randomness of the algorithm. The use of chaotic maps also makes the algorithm more robust to different types of attacks. The CIEST scheme is shown to be robust, offering high embedding capacity with high sensitivity with a near zero correlation value, information entropy value of 7.9972, maximum SSIM of 0.9992, and a maximum PSNR of 56.1071. The experimental results presented establish the immunity of the proposed method against attacks along with the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm in real time.

A Secure Data-Sharing Scheme for Privacy-Preserving Supporting Node–Edge–Cloud Collaborative Computation

The node–edge–cloud collaborative computation paradigm has introduced new security challenges to data sharing. Existing data-sharing schemes suffer from limitations such as low efficiency and inflexibility and are not easily integrated with the node–edge–cloud environment. Additionally, they do not provide hierarchical access control or dynamic changes to access policies for data privacy preservation, leading to a poor user experience and lower security. To address these issues, we propose a data-sharing scheme using attribute-based encryption (ABE) that supports node–edge–cloud collaborative computation (DS-ABE-CC). Our scheme incorporates access policies into ciphertext, achieving fine-grained access control and data privacy preservation. Firstly, considering node–edge–cloud collaborative computation, it outsources the significant computational overhead of data sharing from the owner and user to the edge nodes and the cloud. Secondly, integrating deeply with the “node–edge–cloud” scenario, the key distribution and agreement between all entities embedded in the encryption and decryption process, with a data privacy-preserving mechanism, improve the efficiency and security. Finally, our scheme supports flexible and dynamic access control policies and realizes hierarchical access control, thereby enhancing the user experience of data sharing. The theoretical analysis confirmed the security of our scheme, while the comparison experiments with other schemes demonstrated the practical feasibility and efficiency of our approach in node–edge–cloud collaborative computation.

Enhancing Security in ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks: A New Approach and Mutual Authentication Scheme for D2D Communication.

The latest version of ZigBee offers improvements in various aspects, including its low power consumption, flexibility, and cost-effective deployment. However, the challenges persist, as the upgraded protocol continues to suffer from a wide range of security weaknesses. Constrained wireless sensor network devices cannot use standard security protocols such as asymmetric cryptography mechanisms, which are resource-intensive and unsuitable for wireless sensor networks. ZigBee uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is the best recommended symmetric key block cipher for securing data of sensitive networks and applications. However, AES is expected to be vulnerable to some attacks in the near future. Moreover, symmetric cryptosystems have key management and authentication issues. To address these concerns in wireless sensor networks, particularly in ZigBee communications, in this paper, we propose a mutual authentication scheme that can dynamically update the secret key value of device-to-trust center (D2TC) and device-to-device (D2D) communications. In addition, the suggested solution improves the cryptographic strength of ZigBee communications by improving the encryption process of a regular AES without the need for asymmetric cryptography. To achieve that, we use a secure one-way hash function operation when D2TC and D2D mutually authenticate each other, along with bitwise exclusive OR operations to enhance cryptography. Once authentication is accomplished, the ZigBee-based participants can mutually agree upon a shared session key and exchange a secure value. This secure value is then integrated with the sensed data from the devices and utilized as input for regular AES encryption. By adopting this technique, the encrypted data gains robust protection against potential cryptanalysis attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to illustrate how the proposed scheme effectively maintains efficiency in comparison to eight competitive schemes. This analysis evaluates the scheme's performance across various factors, including security features, communication, and computational cost.

Securing Databases: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Implementing SSL on MySQL 8.0.33

The increasing reliance on online communication and data storage has made protecting sensitive information a top priority for businesses and individuals. This study investigates the effectiveness of different security protocols in safeguarding databases from external threats. By comparing the performance of databases that use SSL and those that do not, this project provided valuable insights into the importance of securing data in transit and the impact of security protocols on database performance. The results of this research could be helpful for companies and individuals looking to improve the security of their databases and protect sensitive information. These research findings demonstrate that enabling SSL encryption leads to longer average execution times for database operations. This latency can be attributed to the computational workload associated with SSL's encryption and decryption processes. However, the trade-off between performance and security is essential to safeguarding data in transit.

A Dynamic Hybrid Cryptosystem Using Chaos and Diffie–Hellman Protocol: An Image Encryption Application

Images with sensitive content require encryption for storage and transmission. Symmetric schemes can cipher them, while an asymmetric cryptosystem can distribute the secret key safely. For this reason, we propose a dynamic hybrid cryptosystem, which ciphers images and transfers its private keys. It has a symmetric algorithm that applies the Lorenz equations for generating different boxes and permutations in every encryption process and round. Since the secret key concatenates two private numbers, an asymmetric algorithm is included for its key distribution. The proposal uses the Diffie–Hellman protocol with ElGamal for obtaining a seed and building 128 strings. Then, the SHA-512 is applied in each of them a number of times associated with the secret key value in its blockchain representation. The resultant strings are concatenated to conform to the public key. Finally, the tests indicate that the cryptosystem resists differential, linear, algebraic, and brute-force attacks. Its cipher quality is high according to the entropy, correlation, DFT, NPCR, UACI, AC, texture analysis, and goodness of fit test. Additionally, occlusion, additive, multiplicative, and the proposed χ2 noise attacks are simulated on encrypted images. Finally, the sharpness loss is measured with the Similarity Parameter and improved with a filter 5 × 5.

Implementation Of Affine Cipher Combination And Merkle Hellman On The Process Digital Image Security

The use of image media information has several weaknesses, one of which is the ease with which it can be manipulated by irresponsible people. Efforts made in increasing the security of this image is cryptography, namely the science and art of maintaining the security and confidentiality of images. Cryptography is used so that the confidentiality of the image can be maintained, so that it is not known by others. In general, there are 2 (two) techniques for carrying out cryptographic processes, namely encryption and decryption. In this study, the encryption process was first carried out using the Affine Cipher algorithm and then continued with the Merkle Hellman algorithm, while the decryption was carried out first by Merkle Hellman and then decrypted again with the Affine Cipher. The results of this study indicate that applying the Affine Cipher and Merkle Hellman algorithms can secure images. At the end of this system is an image that is in the form of blur so that it is not known and not understood by others. That way people who are not entitled cannot understand from the image.

Efficient and secure image encryption using key substitution process with discrete wavelet transform

Over the past few years, there has been a rise in the utilization of chaotic encryption algorithms for securing images. The majority of chaos-based encryption algorithms adhere to the conventional model of confusion and diffusion, which typically involves either implementing multiple encryption rounds or employing a single round of intricate encryption to guarantee robust security. However, such kind of approaches reduces the computational efficiency of the encryption process but compromises security. There is a trade-off between security and computational efficiency. Prioritizing security may require high computational processes. To overcome this issue, a key substitution encryption process with discrete wavelet transform (KSP-DWT) is developed in the proposed image encryption technique (IET). Based on KSP-DWT and IET, the abbreviation of the proposed work is used in this paper as KSP-DWT-IET. The proposed KSP-DWT algorithm employs a key scheming technique to update the initial keys and uses a novel substitution method to encrypt digital images of different sizes. Additionally, the integration of DWT can result in the compression of frequency sub-bands of the source image, leading to lower computational overheads without compromising the security of the encryption. The KSP-DWT-IET performs a single encryption round and is highly secure and efficient. The simulation results and security analysis conducted on KSP-DWT-IET confirm its effectiveness in ensuring high-security image encryption while minimizing computational overhead. The proposed encryption technique undergoes various security analyses, including entropy, contrast, correlation, energy, NPCR (Number of Pixel Changes Rate), UACI (Unified Average Change Intensity) and computational complexity. The statistical values obtained for such parameters are 7.9991, 10.9889, 0.0001, 0.0152, 33.6767, and 33.6899, respectively, which indicate that the encryption technique performs very well in terms of security and computational efficiency. The proposed encryption scheme is also analyzed for its computational time in addition to its security. The analysis shows that the scheme can efficiently encrypt images of varying sizes with a high level of security in a short amount of time (i.e., 2 ms). Therefore, it is feasible to use this encryption scheme in real-time applications without causing any significant delays. Moreover, the key space of the proposed encryption scheme is large enough (i.e. Keyspace >2100) to resist the brute force attack.

A Combination Of A Rail Fence Cipher And Merkle Hellman Algorithm For Digital Image Security

Image is a combination of planes, points, lines and colors to create a physical or human object. Images can be in the form of 2-dimensional images, such as photographs and paintings. 3-dimensional image like a statue. The use of image media information has several weaknesses, one of which is the ease with which it can be manipulated by certain parties with the help of increasingly developing technology. In this study, the Rail Fence Cipher and Merkle Hellman methods were applied which aimed to obtain a stronger cipher by utilizing two key levels where an asymmetric algorithm was used to protect the symmetric key. The asymmetric algorithm used is Merkle Hellman and the symmetrical algorithm used is Rail Fence Cipher. The results of this study indicate that applying the Rail Fence Cipher and Merkle Hellman algorithms can secure image files and secure keys for data integrity. Encryption and description processing time is affected by the size and resolution of the image file.