Encryption System Research Articles

Context-Aware Adaptive Encryption: Integrating Sensitive Data Detection and Network intrusion detection for Dynamic Data Security and Encryption

In today's digital landscape, ensuring the security of sensitive data and protecting against network intrusions are critical challenges. This research project develops and evaluates a novel context-aware adaptive encryption system that integrates sensitive data detection, network intrusion detection, and dynamic encryption techniques to enhance data security. The proposed system employs deep learning models to identify sensitive information and machine learning algorithms to monitor network activity for potential intrusions. Upon detecting sensitive data or a security threat, the system automatically applies encryption with adjustable strength based on the context, increasing protection in high-risk situations. This approach minimizes unnecessary overhead in low-risk scenarios while maintaining robust security measures. Through simulations using real-world data, the system's effectiveness in accurately detecting sensitive information and network intrusions, as well as its capability to adapt encryption dynamically, is evaluated. The results demonstrate the potential of combining machine learning with adaptive security measures to create a responsive and efficient data protection system.

Unlocking Complexity: D-Wave\'s Role in Quantum Computing Breakthroughs

In this new era of Quantum Computing, a transformative paradigm is emerging for the enhancement of Cyber Security using the special-purpose systems like D-Wave's quantum annealers which helps the encryption system become more resilient. As quantum computing evolves, it provides new paradigms for breaking the traditional encryption methods, as the recent breakthroughs is accomplished by researchers from Shanghai University that uses D-Wave's quantum annealing capabilities in providing the researchers to successfully demonstrated the potential to compromise widely used encryption systems, including RSA and AES. The usage of quantum annealing (QA) that makes the D-Wave’s a specialized quantum system which enables an efficient computation in tackling cryptographic problems, demonstrates the implications for the data security and privacy by applying the quantum-classical hybrid architectures. This research aims to get attention on the urgent need for developing a new security measures in response to the vulnerabilities exposed by the quantum advancements which emphasizes the crucial role of D-Wave's in unlocking the complexities of quantum computing and its implications for the future of cybersecurity.

Optimizing Security and Cost Efficiency in N-Level Cascaded Chaotic-Based Secure Communication System

In recent years, chaos-based secure communication systems have garnered significant attention for their unique attributes, including sensitivity to initial conditions and periodic orbit density. However, existing systems face challenges in balancing encryption strength with practical implementation, especially for multiple levels. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a novel N-level cascaded chaotic-based secure communication system for voice encryption, leveraging the four-dimensional unified hyperchaotic system. Performance evaluation is conducted using various security metrics, including Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Percent Residual Deviation (PRD), and correlation coefficient, as well as Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) resource metrics. A new Value-Based Performance Metrics (VBPM) framework is also introduced, focusing on both security and efficiency. Simulation results reveal that the system achieves optimal performance at N = 4 levels, demonstrating significant improvements in both security and FPGA resource utilization compared to existing approaches. This research offers a scalable and cost-efficient solution for secure communication systems, with broader implications for real-time encryption in practical applications.

Multiple Color Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Digital/Optical Techniques and Assisted by 18D Memristive Chaos

Multiple Color Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Digital/Optical Techniques and Assisted by 18D Memristive Chaos

Hardware Implementation of a 2D Chaotic Map-Based Audio Encryption System Using S-Box

This paper presents a hardware-based audio encryption system using a 2D chaotic map and dynamic S-box design implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA platform. Three distinct chaotic maps—logistic–fraction (2D-LF), logistic–sine (2D-LS), and fraction–sine (2D-FS)—were investigated and implemented on an FPGA. The 2D-LF map was employed in the encryption system for its throughput and power efficiency performance. The proposed encryption system benefits from the randomness of chaotic sequences for block permutation and S-box substitution to enhance the diffusion and confusion properties of the encrypted speech signal. The system’s encryption strength is validated through performance evaluations, using the mean squared error (MSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), correlation coefficients, and NIST randomness tests, which confirm the unpredictability of the encrypted speech signal. The hardware implementation results show a throughput of 2880 Mbps and power consumption of 0.13 W.

Cloud Computing Security

Cloud computing has transformed the IT landscape by providing scalable resources and services over the internet. However, this paradigm shift raises important security issues that need to be addressed to ensure data integrity, privacy and availability. This summary provides an overview of the primary security challenges in cloud computing, including data breaches, unauthorized access rights, and shared infrastructure vulnerabilities. It examines the various strategies and technologies used to mitigate these risks, such as encryption, multi-factor authentication and robust monitoring systems. In addition, he examines the role of compliance and standards in improving cloud security. By reviewing the theoretical and practical aspects of cloud security, this summary aims to highlight current efforts and future directions in fortifying cloud computing environments against emerging threats. Keywords — Cloud Computing, scalable, security issues, shared infrastructure, data breaches.

Coexistence of hidden attractors in memristive chaotic system

In this paper, a charge controlled memristor model is introduced into the Sprott-A system equation to construct a new memristor chaotic system and the calculation of this new system satisfies the characteristics of no equilibrium points. The periodic function is added to the new constructed memristor chaotic system, and the coexistence of attractors in memristor chaotic system without equilibrium points is obtained by adjusting the control parameters. Through different analytical methods to explore the characteristics of the new system. The dynamic behaviors of the system before and after the periodic transformation are compared and analyzed. In the end, DSP simulation is used to verify the feasibility of the theoretical model. The coexistence of attractors in memristor chaotic systems can improve the flexibility and security of chaotic encryption systems. Further research on this kind of phenomena can meet the needs of higher encryption.

Lantern-Shaped Structure Induced by Racemic Ligands in Red-Light-Emitting Metal Halide with Near 100 % Quantum Yield and Multiple-Stimulus Response.

Organic-inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have become a research hotspot in recent years due to their excellent luminescent properties and tunable emission wavelengths. However, the development of efficient red-light-emitting OIMHs remains a significant challenge. This work reports three Mn-based OIMHs derived from 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrobromide: racemic one (Rac-TBM) and chiral ones (R-TBM and S-TBM). As a result of the synergism of chiral organic ligands inducing a unique lantern-shaped hybrid structure containing both tetrahedra and octahedra, Rac-TBM exhibits red-light emission with near-unity luminescence quantum yield. In comparison, the chiral counterparts R/S-TBM display strong green emission and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a glum value up to ±2.5×10-2. Interestingly, a mixture of R- and S-TBM can transform into Rac-TBM, successfully achieving a sensitive and reversible switch between red light of octahedra and green light of tetrahedra under external stimuli. The outstanding luminescent properties allow Rac-TBM to be utilized not only for X-ray radioluminescence with a detection limit down to 46.29 nGys-1, but also for advanced information encryption systems to achieve leak-proof decryption.

Lantern‐Shaped Structure Induced by Racemic Ligands in Red‐Light‐Emitting Metal Halide with Near 100 % Quantum Yield and Multiple‐Stimulus Response

AbstractOrganic‐inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have become a research hotspot in recent years due to their excellent luminescent properties and tunable emission wavelengths. However, the development of efficient red‐light‐emitting OIMHs remains a significant challenge. This work reports three Mn‐based OIMHs derived from 1‐methyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrobromide: racemic one (Rac‐TBM) and chiral ones (R‐TBM and S‐TBM). As a result of the synergism of chiral organic ligands inducing a unique lantern‐shaped hybrid structure containing both tetrahedra and octahedra, Rac‐TBM exhibits red‐light emission with near‐unity luminescence quantum yield. In comparison, the chiral counterparts R/S‐TBM display strong green emission and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a glum value up to ±2.5×10−2. Interestingly, a mixture of R‐ and S‐TBM can transform into Rac‐TBM, successfully achieving a sensitive and reversible switch between red light of octahedra and green light of tetrahedra under external stimuli. The outstanding luminescent properties allow Rac‐TBM to be utilized not only for X‐ray radioluminescence with a detection limit down to 46.29 nGys−1, but also for advanced information encryption systems to achieve leak‐proof decryption.

A Plaintext-Related and Ciphertext Feedback Mechanism for Medical Image Encryption Based on a New One-Dimensional Chaotic System

Abstract In recent years, Plaintext-Related Image Encryption (PRIE) algorithms have been introduced, demonstrating a commendable level of plaintext sensitivity to resist chosen plaintext attack (CPA). However, these approaches suffer from several drawbacks, including inability to fully reconstruct the original image, limited practical value and excessive computational demands etc.. Moreover, the exponential expansion of medical data necessitates the formulation of more secure and efficient encryption algorithms. In this paper, firstly, a novel one-dimensional chaotic map, designated as 1D-SAM, which strikes an excellent balance between structural complexity and chaotic performance is proposed. The 1D-SAM achieve a larger chaotic range and an elevated Lyapunov exponent, signifying enhanced dynamical complexity. Subsequently, we devise a lightweight medical image encryption system leveraging the 1D-SAM and an innovative diffusion architecture, termed the plaintext-related and ciphertext feedback mechanism(PRCFM). This encryption system is a symmetric-key cryptosystem, eliminating the need for transmitting supplementary data beyond the secret keys to the recipient. Notably, the encrypted image maintains identical dimensions to its original counterpart and is fully recoverable. Complete simulation experiments were conducted on a personal computer equipped with MATLAB R2021a, OS Windows 11, 2.60GHz CPU and 16GB RAM. The experimental results indicate that our encryption system, employing a single permutation-diffusion round, efficiently encrypts a 512×512 image in approximately 0.2854 seconds. Leveraging the advantages of the PRCFM, our approach demonstrates superior plaintext sensitivity, achieving an average number of pixels changing rate (NPCR) of 99.6051 and a unified average changed intensity (UACI) of 33.4452. In summary, our work addresses key limitations of contemporary encryption frameworks, exhibiting acceptable performance in both encryption speed and security strength.

Secure authentication and encryption via diffraction imaging-based encoding and vector decomposition

Abstract Traditional optical encryption systems have security risks due to their linearity and usually encounter problems such as the heavy burden of key transmission and storage. This paper proposes a novel security-enhanced optical image authentication and encryption framework that combines diffractive imaging-based encryption with the vector decomposition algorithm (VDA). Chaotic random phase masks (CRPMs) are used to encrypt data for authentication via VDA, and a pair of complementary binary matrix keys are utilized to extract information from the encrypted data to generate ciphertext. During the authentication and decryption processes, a sparse reference image is reconstructed from the ciphertext for verification. If the authentication is successful, image decryption can be executed using a key-assisted phase retrieval algorithm. The employment of nonlinear VDA, an additional layer of authentication, and the use of CRPMs and binary matrix keys enhance security and address key burden concerns. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness, and security of the scheme.

Digital Image Security Analysis using Hill Cipher and AES Algorithm

In today's digital era, digital image exchange has become very common in various industries, but this also increases security risks such as counterfeiting, image manipulation, and information theft. To protect the confidentiality of information in digital images, encryption is a fairly effective method. Hill Cipher, as a classic cryptographic method, offers matrix-based encryption, while Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is known for its high level of security and efficiency. By combining Hill Cipher and AES, encryption systems can leverage the strengths of classic and modern cryptography together, providing an additional layer of protection that strengthens the security of digital data and reduces vulnerabilities that may exist in each method separately. This approach provides a more comprehensive solution for maintaining the confidentiality of digital images in the context of evolving security threats.

Ultra‐Low BER Encrypted Communication Based on Self‐Powered Bipolar Photoresponse Ultraviolet Photodetector

AbstractUnderwater visible light communication often faces risks such as susceptibility to external light source interference, signal distortion, and information leakage. The cuprous oxide modified gallium oxide nanorod arrays detector prepared in this study can generate bipolar photocurrents under dual‐wavelength ultraviolet light without external bias voltage. Based on it, the constructed self‐powered ultraviolet ASCII code communication system not only reduce power consumption but also significantly enhance anti‐interference capability. Furthermore, the developed solar‐blind ultraviolet AMI and HDB3 ternary code communication systems can realize non‐visible light secure communication and automatic error correction. Notably, the encrypted communication system assembled using the additive property of bipolar photocurrents can also significantly improve communication security and reliability, whose bit error rate is only 0.26‰. This achievement contributes to technical advancements in underwater channel encryption and provides valuable insights for the further application of encrypted communication coding techniques.

Super Encryption Feal Algorithm and Base64 Algorithm Image File Security

In the rapidly advancing digital era, image file security has become a critical issue, especially with the increasing risks of data breaches and attacks on digital files. This study aims to enhance the security of image files by implementing a combination of two cryptographic algorithms: Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm- 4 (FEAL-4) and Base64. FEAL-4 is a symmetric encryption algorithm known for its high speed and processing efficiency, while Base64 is used for encoding binary data into ASCII format to ensure safer transmission. This research develops a super encryption system that integrates these two algorithms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of image files, particularly for BMP, JPEG, and PNG formats. The implementation was carried out using the Visual Basic programming language. The results of the study show that the combination of FEAL-4 and Base64 algorithms significantly enhances the security of image files, with a high success rate in the encryption and decryption processes.

RBFNN-PSO Intelligent Synchronisation Method for Sprott B Chaotic Systems with External Noise and Its Application in an Image Encryption System.

In the past two decades, research in the field of chaotic synchronization has attracted extensive attention from scholars, and at the same time, more synchronization methods, such as chaotic master-slave synchronization, projection synchronization, sliding film synchronization, fractional-order synchronization and so on, have been proposed and applied to chaotic secure communication. In this paper, based on radial basis function neural network theory and the particle swarm optimisation algorithm, the RBFNN-PSO synchronisation method is proposed for the Sprott B chaotic system with external noise. The RBFNN controller is constructed, and its parameters are used as the particle swarm particle optimisation parameters, and the optimal values of the controller parameters are obtained by the PSO training method, which overcomes the influence of external noise and achieves the synchronisation of the master-slave system. Then, it is shown by numerical simulation and analysis that the scheme has a good performance against external noise. Because the Sprott B system has multiple chaotic attractors with richer dynamics, the synchronization system based on Sprott B chaos is applied to the image encryption system. In particular, the Zigzag disambiguation method for top corner rotation and RGB channel selection is proposed, and the master-slave chaotic system synchronisation sequences are diffused to the disambiguated data streams, respectively. Therefore, the encryption and decryption of image transmission are implemented and the numerical simulation results are given, the random distribution characteristics of encrypted images are analysed using histogram and Shannon entropy methods, and the final results achieve the expected results.

Ciphertext only attack on QR code optical encryption system with spatially incoherent illumination using a neural network

Abstract Optical encryption methods attract a lot of attention owing to their high encryption speed and bandwidth. Recently, neural networks (NNs) have been used for cryptanalysis of optical encryption techniques. In this paper, we for the first time to our knowledge applied a NN for ciphertext only attack on an optical encryption system with spatially incoherent illumination. A NN was used to extract encryption keys from ciphertexts, which can be used to decrypt the plaintext QR codes. Additionally, an optically encrypted QR code was successfully decoded after using the key extracted by the trained NN, that has been processed to account for discrepancies between the numerical model and the optical setup. The results show the vulnerability of the existing optical encryption system with incoherent light to attacks of this type, which indicates the need for improved optical encryption security.

Tandem Solid‐Solution Phase Post‐Synthetic Modification of Porous Molecular Crystals for In‐Situ Generation of Fluorophores

AbstractConventional synthetic methods of organic luminescent molecules often involve labor‐intensive solution‐phase organic synthesis, which violate the principles of atom‐economic transformation. Post‐synthetic modification (PSM) offers a promising alternative, allowing direct transformation from one fluorophore to another. Although PSM is commonly implemented in extended frameworks, its application in porous molecular crystals remains challenging. Herein, we focus on utilizing porous molecular crystals, specifically tetraphenylethylene‐cored frameworks, as versatile platforms for tandem PSM reactions to customize organic fluorophores. The tailored skeleton design ensures both the formation of porous structures and the occurrence of tandem solid‐solution phase reactions while maintaining the solid state of reactants and products in each step. The inherent non‐covalent bonding nature of the frameworks facilitates processing and characterization, offering unparalleled advantages for porous networks. The accompanying solid‐state fluorescence transition from green to blue and then to green (or yellow) enables real‐time monitoring of tandem reactions and provides intuitive mechanistic insights. This phenomenon is exploited for the facile construction of a dynamic information encryption system using fluorescent quick response codes.

The Solid-State Multi-Color Fluorescence Switching from a [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based Triarylborane.

The fluorophores, the fluorescence of which can be switched between multi bright colors in the solid state, show promising applications not only in the sophisticated multicolor display but also in the advanced encryption and anti-counterfeiting systems. However, it is very challenging to obtain such fluorophores. Herein, we disclose such an example, g-BPhANMe2-Cp, which contains an electron-donating dimethylamino (NMe2) and an electron-accepting [(2-dimesitylboryl)phenyl]acetyl at the pseudo-gem position of [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton. This molecule can display tricolor mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) due to the different responses of the mechanically ground amorphous state to heating and solvent-fuming. Owing to the absence of intermolecular π-π interactions in the solid state, the fluorescence efficiency is very high irrespective of its morphological state (ΦF=0.60-0.87). Moreover, this molecule also displays reversible acidochromic luminescence (ACL) by protonation and deprotonation of NMe2 with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and triethylamine (TEA), respectively. The protonated sample fluoresces (ΦF=0.31) at much shorter wavelength due to the interruption of intramolecular charge transfer process. Therefore, with the combination of tricolor MCL and ACL properties, the solid-state emission of g-BPhANMe2-Cp can be switched among four bright fluorescence colors of yellow, green, cyan and blue via treatment with appropriate stimulus.

Expanding the Color Range of Photoresponsive Multicolor Luminescent System Through Host-Guest Interaction.

Photoresponsive multicolor luminescent systems offer interesting functions, which have led to applications in anticounterfeiting and biological imaging. However, expanding the color range of these materials remains a challenging task. Herein, a carbazole-modified dithienylethene derivative (DTE-CZ) that exhibits modulated fluorescence color changes through the photocyclization reaction and photolysis reaction is synthesized. DTE-CZ emits orange fluorescence, and it can release a fluorophore which emits blue fluorescence by the photolysis reaction, resulting in the color change. Upon complexation of DTE-CZ with cucurbit[10]uril (CB[10]), the fluorescence wavelength will have a blue shift and the photolysis reaction will be inhibited. Benefiting from the influence of CB[10] and the photolysis reaction of free guests, the color range of the photoresponsive system which is composed of free guests and host-guest complexes is further extended. White light emission along with a color shift from yellow-green to blue was achieved by adjusting the ratio of free guests to host-guest complexes. Finally, the photoresponsive multicolor systems are utilized to construct a photostimulated PVA film and an information encryption system. This work provides an alternative strategy for the preparing of photoresponsive multicolor luminescent system and modulation of its color range.

Layer multiplexing and DNA based color image encryption

Abstract A layer multiplexing-based encrypted image scheme for DNA color images is proposed. Firstly, a memristor is added to the Sprott-B chaotic system to make it a fourth-order memristorised hyper-chaotic system. The hyperchaotic system has better pseudo-randomness. The encryption system proposed generates the initial value of the system by SHA3-256 function to achieve “One image, one secret”. The chaotic sequence is generated by a memory hyperchaotic system for encrypting the image. The encryption process includes image zero complements, image chunking, DNA encryption, layer multiplexing, DNA decryption, and improved XOR diffusion. The encrypted images are analyzed by Matlab. The pixel distribution of the encrypted image is verified to be homogeneous by pixel histogram analysis. The encryption system is tested to have good resistance to shear attacks and noise attacks. The encryption system also has a good encryption effect by information entropy test. Experiments show that the encryption system proposed has a short encryption time and decryption time.