Parental Encouragement Research Articles

Anak Jalanan di Kota Medan

Street children are essentially victims and phenomena that arise as a side effect of mistakes or inaccuracies in the selection of a development model that has so far placed too much emphasis on growth aspects and regional development bias which has been too concentrated in big cities. The city of Medan, like other big cities in Indonesia, faces the problem of many street children. According to the Raperda for Child Protection, the Medan Government that the number of street children in 2022 will reach 550 souls. Seeing the increasing number of street children in the city of Medan and the many factors that cause them to become street children, the purpose of this research is to find out the background of street children choosing to work on the streets, the social relations of street children and the physical health of street children. The method used is descriptive research, quantitative meaning this research describes a situation according to events as they are that can be interviewed, observed and studied documentation. Quantitative descriptive method is defined as a research method in the form of a description with numbers. From several locations in Medan City that were used as places for children to make money in this study, there were three points used as research locations, namely Pasar Raya MMTC, Terminal Aksara and Alfamidi in Medan City. The results showed that poverty, parental encouragement, social environment, low education and wanting to have their own money were the factors behind street children in Medan City. By working as street children, the social relations of street children are closed, they don't care, and they are lazy. The physical health of street children, which the researchers have observed, is that most of the street children experience skin irritation and thin bodies due to unhealthy eating patterns.
 Keywords: Street Children, Causative Factors, Social Relations, Physical Health

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN OF SENIOR PRESCHOOL AGE IN THE INTERACTION OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTION AND FAMILY

Rapid socio-political changes in the life of modern society make it necessary to prepare children for the development of social relations and various types of behavior in society from an early age. Such qualities as the ability to manage their behavior and ways of communication, the ability to choose appropriate behavior, orientation in new circumstances, a sense of their place among other people is the sphere of social development of the child, which contributes to their social well-being. The effectiveness of the implementation of the outlined tasks of social development of preschoolers is largely determined by the establishment of interaction between preschool education institutions and families of pupils. Only close relations of the preschool education institution on the basis of cooperation with the family provide conditions for the full process of socialization of the preschool child. Our research allowed us to find out the existing problems in socialization of the majority of children of senior preschool age, in particular: unformed ideas about "approved", "acceptable" and "unacceptable" forms of behavior; inability to establish and maintain positive relationships with others; short-term and unstable relationships with peers; unformed positive attitude to society and themselves; inability to solve problem situations. Purpose of article is to substantiate the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the socialization of the personality of a child of senior preschool age in the process of interaction between the family and the institution of preschool education. To achieve this goal, a number of theoretical and empirical methods were used: theoretical: analysis, systematization, and generalization of theoretical data presented in the psychological and pedagogical literature; empirical: a survey of educators using the method of T. Repina (2004), sociometric study "Birthday", observation of children's behavior in joint activities and games. In the process of organizing the work, the following methods and techniques have proved their effectiveness: organization of positive communication between parents, educators and children; involvement of parents in assessing the child's progress, forecasting the prospects for the child's development; encouraging parents to participate in joint work with the child and the teacher, the staff of the preschool institution; active listening to parents, trying to understand their problems, to help make a well-grounded pedagogical decision; building friendly, optimistic, cordial relations with parents.

INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL CARE ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT IN KWARA STATE

The study examined the influence of parental care on the academic achievement of students with physical impairment in Kwara state. The study adopted a descriptive survey of a correlational type. All students with a physical impairment in Kwara State were the population of this study while 185 students with a physical impairment who were selected through snowball and purposive sampling techniques constituted a sample for this study. A researcher-designed instrument titled: “Influence of Parental Care on Academic Achievement Questionnaire” (IPCAAQ) was used to collect data from the respondents. The data collected were analysed using percentages for demography data and main research questions, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPPC) statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed that the majority (87.6%) of the students with physical impairment experienced positive parental care and that more than half of the students with physical impaired have high and average levels of academic performance. A significant correlation between parental care and academic achievement of students with physical impairment in Kwara state. In addition, a significant relationship was found between the parental care and academic achievement of male and female students with physical impairment irrespective of their age group. Based on the finding, it was recommended that counsellors should intensify efforts on encouraging parents to show caring for their children with any form of disability in order for them to have good academic achievement.

Secondary school teachers' perception of quality management practices in Ethiopia: Implications for quality education for all

Background: Most children in low-income countries complete their elementary education with low competency in essential reading, writing, and arithmetic skills. Besides, about 250 million students are not learning the basics, most of whom have spent at least four years in school, and this failure is coined the global learning crisis. This study aimed to examine educational quality management practices perceived by secondary school teachers. Methods: The study employed a multilevel mixed-method design. Employing a simple random sampling technique, the researcher selected 251 teachers from 10 secondary schools in the research regions. He collected data through a researcher-designed questionnaire, school standards, and student achievement records from November 2018 to March 2019. He analyzed data from a questionnaire using frequency, percentage, mean, Pearson correlation, and exploratory factor analysis. The document review concerning quality management was analyzed using content analysis to triangulate the quantitative findings. Results: At the school level, the study revealed the impracticality of laboratories. Besides, incompetent and unmotivated teachers and students ran the education business from the input side. At the same level, principals' management practices on staff development and encouraging parents to support their schools were low. The principals' management practices in the teaching-learning process were also undesirable at the classroom level. Overall, the study revealed incredibly insufficient input, process, and output management in the study context. Conclusion: Hence, the study concluded that it is difficult to achieve the very objectives of producing creative, critical, and problem-solving individuals through this type of educational provision and its management. Due to this, it is not easy to achieve quality education for all goals.

Secondary school teachers' perception of quality management practices in Ethiopia: implications for quality education for all

Background: Most children in low-income countries complete their elementary education with low competency in essential reading, writing, and arithmetic skills. Besides, about 250 million students are not learning the basics, most of whom have spent at least four years in school, and this failure is coined the global learning crisis. This study aimed to examine educational quality management practices perceived by secondary school teachers. Methods: The study employed a multilevel mixed-method design. Employing a simple random sampling technique, the researcher selected 251 teachers from 10 secondary schools in the research regions. He collected data through a researcher-designed questionnaire, school standards, and student achievement records from November 2018 to March 2019. He analyzed data from a questionnaire using frequency, percentage, mean, Pearson correlation, and exploratory factor analysis. The document review concerning quality management was analyzed using content analysis to triangulate the quantitative findings. Results: At the school level, the study revealed the impracticality of laboratories. Besides, incompetent and unmotivated teachers and students ran the education business from the input side. At the same level, principals' management practices on staff development and encouraging parents to support their schools were low. The principals' management practices in the teaching-learning process were also undesirable at the classroom level. Overall, the study revealed incredibly insufficient input, process, and output management in the study context. Conclusion: Hence, the study concluded that it is difficult to achieve the very objectives of producing creative, critical, and problem-solving individuals through this type of educational provision and its management. Due to this, it is not easy to achieve quality education for all goals.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Influenza Vaccination among Parents of Children with Asthma: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. Exacerbation is a significant problem for asthmatic patients, and viral infections remain the most frequent triggers of asthma exacerbations. This study explored knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of parents of asthmatic children towards providing influenza vaccine to their children. This cross-sectional study enrolled parents of asthmatic children who visited the outpatient respiratory clinics of two Jordanian hospitals. The present study enrolled 667 parents of asthmatic children (62.8% female). The median age of the participants' children was 7 years. The results showed that 60.4% of the children with asthma never received a flu vaccine. Most of those who had received the flu vaccine reported that the side effects were mild (62.7%). Asthma duration was positively and significantly associated with increased vaccine hesitancy/rejection (OR = 1.093, 95% CI = (1.004-1.190), p = 0.04; and OR = 1.092, 95% CI = (1.002-1.189), p = 0.044, respectively). As the attitude towards flu vaccine score increases, odds of vaccination hesitancy/rejection decreased (OR = 0.735, 95% CI = (0.676-0.800), p < 0.001; and OR = 0.571, 95% CI = (0.514-0.634), p < 0.001, respectively). The main reasons for vaccination hesitancy/refusal included "I don't think my child needs it" (22.3%) followed by "I forget it" (19.5%). The rate of vaccination among children was low and emphasized the necessity of encouraging parents with asthmatic children to vaccinate their children by conducting health awareness campaigns and also emphasized the role of doctors and other healthcare professionals.

AB ÜYESİ ÜLKELERDEKİ AİLE YARDIMI UYGULAMALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

According to the ILO Convention No. 102, family benefits are a social security branch established to compensate for the increase in the expenditure of those protected due to the expenses necessary for the care of the children, they are responsible for, and to protect the level of life they have reached before the child's existence. Nevertheless, family benefits can make contributions in many such areas as increasing the fertility and population of the country, reducing poverty, preventing child poverty, extending the country's welfare level to the whole society, and raising physically and mentally healthier individuals. In this respect, countries develop various practices of family benefits depending on their social policies and welfare levels. Demographic structures and economic development levels of countries are generally taken into account in determining family benefits. Minimum standards of family benefits may be higher in economically developed countries. In this study, current practices in EU member countries are examined on the basis of minimum standards of family benefits under the Convention No. 102 and a comparative analysis of these practices is presented. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there is a child benefit application, which is a periodic payment aid, in all EU member states although there is no obligation to make periodic payments within the scope of family benefits in the Convention No. 102. In addition, it has been observed that many types of family benefits that can contribute to goals such as increasing birth rates and encouraging parents, especially women, to stay in employment are widely applied in EU member states.

Peranan Pendidikan Islam dalam Wawasan Parenting Berbasis Monitoring Psikologis Anak (Childrens’s Psychology)

This study contains a discussion of the role of Islamic education in parenting perspectives associated with the main domain of the stages of child development and their psychology. The rise of news about children's behavior that is not commendable and the behavior of children who tend to oppose parental advice is also caused by several crucial factors, especially for Muslims, one of which is the lack of application of Islamic religious education as a guide in raising children. If parents forbid it correctly, the child will also apply commendable behavior in his life, not only limited to behavior but can be embedded in the child's psychology both from the way children communicate, think, and also in making their own decisions (deciding for themselves). Researchers raise this issue with the aim of encouraging parents to be able to apply Islamic education in parenting and link it to the child's psychological stages, namely (a) social and emotional children, (b) children's language/communication, (c) children's movement/physical development , and (d) cognitive (learning, thinking, solving problems). While the research method used in this study is the method of interviewing through several trusted sources which is carried out through voice notes with the WhatsApp application, chat room, or telephone. Based on these interviews it was found that the scientific theories (child psychologically) presented by our sources are directly proportional to parenting taught by Islam.

Relationship between Post-Divorce Parental Alienation and Adolescents’ Meaning in Selected High Schools in Kiambu County, Kenya

Recent evidence stipulates that various parental contributions, such as parental warmth, empathetic parenting, encouragement, and parental involvement in general, are positively associated with adolescent flourishing. In this regard, post-divorce parental alienation creates an unfavourable environment that may disorganize adolescents from adaptive living. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between post-divorce parental alienation and adolescents' meaning/purpose in selected high schools in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study was anchored on PERMA well-being theory. The study employed a descriptive survey design using a mixed methods approach. Multistage sampling, inclusion, and exclusion criteria aided by cluster sampling were used to select 240 adolescents from a population of 3776. Purposive sampling was employed in the selection of 32 respondents in the FGD. Qualitative data were collected via audio-tapes recordings and field notes. Verbatim data were transcribed. Quantitative data were collected using Baker strategy questionnaire (BSQ) and the PERMA-Profiler. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, and percentages, while Chi-square analysis was used to test for the hypotheses. The computer software SPSS version 25 aided in the analysis. The findings revealed that post-divorce parental alienation affects adolescents’ meaning /purpose. The study recommends that intervention measures be implemented in consideration of factors as follows. The implications of this research suggest the need for Family lawyers working with children of a divorced parents to carry out thorough investigations before awarding child custody to parents. Marriage and family therapists working with children of divorced families could profit from these results, which clearly show the negative effects of PA on adolescents' well-being. The study suggests that these professionals use the findings of the study to understand commonly employed PA tactics and how they affect those alienated in order to help them cope. Further, the study suggests these professionals use the BSQ to assess PA in this population.

Accessing mental health services for a child living with anxiety: Parents' lived experience and recommendations.

Little research attention has been given to understanding the lived experience of parents who access mental health services in the context of child anxiety disorders. This paper reports on findings specific to parents' lived experience of accessing services for their child living with anxiety and the recommendations they provided for improving access. We used the qualitative research approach of hermeneutic phenomenology. The sample included 54 Canadian parents of youth living with an anxiety disorder. Parents took part in one semi-structured and one open-ended interview. We used a 4 staged data analysis process informed by van Manen's approach and Levesque and colleagues' framework of access to healthcare. The majority of parents reported being female (85%), white (74%), and single parents (39%). Parents' ability to seek and obtain services was affected by not knowing when or where to access services, having to learn to navigate the system, limited availability of services, lack of timely services and interim supports, limited financial resources, and clinicians' dismissal of parental concerns and knowledge. Provider (ability to listen), parent (willingness to participate in therapy), child (same race/ethnicity as provider), and service characteristics (cultural sensitivity) influenced whether parents perceived services as approachable, acceptable, and appropriate. Parents' recommendations focused on: (1) improving the availability, timeliness, and coordination of services, (2) providing supports for parents and the child to facilitate obtaining care (education, interim supports), (3) improving communication with and among healthcare professionals, (4) the need to recognize parents' experience-based knowledge, and (5) encouraging parents to take care of themselves and advocate for their child. Our findings point to possible avenues (parents' ability, service characteristics) that can be targeted to improve service access. As experts on their situation, parents' recommendations highlight priority needs of relevance to health care professionals and policymakers.

Does the Implementation of Multidisciplinary Developmental Care Rounds Increase the Utilization of Developmental Caregiving Interventions in the Neonatal Unit?

The aims of this project were to improve the utilization of developmental care practices in the neonatal unit and to increase opportunities for parental involvement in the planning and provision of caregiving. This implementation project was conducted in a 79-bed neonatal tertiary referral unit in Australia. A pre/postimplementation survey design was utilized. A preimplementation survey was conducted to collect data on staff's perceived perception of developmental care practices. Following analysis of the data, a process for multidisciplinary developmental care rounds was developed and then implemented across the neonatal unit. A postimplementation survey was then conducted to evaluate whether staff perceived any changes in developmental care practices. The project was conducted over 8 months. A total of 97 surveys (pre: n = 46/post: n = 51) were received. Differences were demonstrated in staff's perceived perception of developmental care practices between the pre- and postimplementation periods in 6 themes of developmental care practice. Identified areas of improvement included the use of the 5-step dialogue, encouragement of parents to contribute to care planning, availability of a well-defined care plan for parents to visualize and document caregiving activities, increased use of swaddled bathing, side-lying position for nappy changes, consideration of infants sleep state before caregiving, and increased use of skin-to-skin therapy for management of procedural pain. Despite the majority of staff members who participated in both surveys acknowledging the importance of family-centered developmental care practice on neonatal outcomes, their use in clinical care is not always considered or practiced. Although it is reassuring to see improvements in several areas of developmental care postimplementation of the developmental care rounds, continued awareness and reinforcement of developmental neuroprotective caregiving strategies through initiatives such as a multidisciplinary care rounds are warranted.

Adolescents' Hormonal Responses to Social Stress and Associations with Adolescent Social Anxiety and Maternal Comfort: A Preliminary Study.

Both social support and social stress can impact adolescent physiology including hormonal responses during the sensitive transition to adolescence. Social support from parents continues to play an important role in socioemotional development during adolescence. Sources of social support and stress may be particularly impactful for adolescents with social anxiety symptoms. The goal of the current study was to examine whether adolescent social anxiety symptoms and maternal comfort moderated adolescents' hormonal response to social stress and support. We evaluated 47 emotionally healthy 11- to 14-year-old adolescents' cortisol and oxytocin reactivity to social stress and support using a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test for Adolescents that included a maternal comfort paradigm. Findings demonstrated that adolescents showed significant increases in cortisol and significant decreases in oxytocin following the social stress task. Subsequently, we found that adolescents showed significant decreases in cortisol and increases in oxytocin following the maternal comfort paradigm. Adolescents with greater social anxiety symptoms showed higher levels of cortisol at baseline but greater declines in cortisol response following maternal social support. Social anxiety symptoms were unrelated to oxytocin response to social stress or support. Our findings provide further evidence that mothers play a key role in adolescent regulation of physiological response, particularly if the stressor is consistent with adolescents' anxiety. More specifically, our findings suggest that adolescents with higher social anxiety symptoms show greater sensitivity to maternal social support following social stressors. Encouraging parents to continue to serve as a supportive presence during adolescent distress may be helpful for promoting stress recovery during the vulnerable transition to adolescence.

ANALISA TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA PASANGAN MENIKAH USIA DINI KANTOR URUSAN AGAMA (KUA) KECAMATAN BAKI

Marriage is a phenomenon that is always interesting to discuss in society. Marriage is an important thing for human life, especially in social life in society and survival for the next generation of humans. The phenomenon of early marriage in Baki District has recently been increasing over the last three years. This study aims to analyze what factors influence the occurrence of early marriage and analyze the level of household welfare in couples rising at an early age Religious AffairsOffice in the Baki District.This research is a qualitative descriptive study aimed at getting an overview of the factors that lead to early marriage and the level of family welfare of couples who marry at an early age in the Baki District area. Data collection techniques in this study used direct surveys, interviews and documentation studies. The data analysis technique used in this study uses interactive descriptive analysis.The results of this study draw the conclusion that the main cause of underage marriages in the Baki District area is due to pregnancy out of wedlock which is influenced by the presence of promiscuity factors, educational factors, economic factors and parental encouragement factors. The welfare level of early age couples in the Baki District is included in the pre-prosperous level.

Association between Soccer Participation and Liking or Being Proficient in It: A Survey Study of 38,258 Children and Adolescents in China.

Soccer participation among children and adolescents is low in China. To achieve a coordinated development of soccer in all regions and to promote the physical health of children and adolescents, this study aims to identify the influencing factors regarding the participation of children and adolescents in soccer programs through a cross-sectional analysis of the "soccer population" of children and adolescents. A total of 38,258 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years were included in this study. In addition, the analysis was conducted by dividing the regions where the children and adolescents live into three parts according to socioeconomic status, and by incorporating five dimensions, including environment, family, school, community, and individual levels to find the influencing factors of children and adolescents' participation in soccer. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and one-way logistic regression analyses were used. The results showed that the area (r = 0.487) and the average annual precipitation (r = -0.367) were associated with the participation of children and adolescents in soccer programs. Moreover, the percentage of children and adolescents who participated in soccer programs (24.5%) was higher than those who liked soccer or were proficient in it (14.4%). Meanwhile, parental encouragement and support (OR = 0.627; 95% CI, 1.102-3.179), as well as the accessibility (OR = 0.558; 95% CI, 1.418-2.155), availability (OR = 1.419; 95% CI, 1.179-1.707), and safety of sports facilities (OR = 0.316; 95% CI, 0.614-0.865), influence children and adolescents' participation in soccer programs.

Islamic Religious Education Teacher Management In Developing Students' Al-Qur'an Reading Culture (Case Study Of SMA Negeri 10 and Sma Yas Bandung)

One of the characteristics of religious education is the activity of reading the Qur'an, the reality in PTQ's 2013 research showed that around 65% of Indonesians have not been able to read the Qur'an, steps are needed to develop a culture of reading the Qur'an. The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of PAI teachers in developing students' Al-Quran reading culture. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that (1) Planning, with meeting activities, cultural programs for reading the Qur'an inside and outside the classroom, evaluation, facilities and infrastructure, availability of PAI teachers, and making BTQ schedules. (2) Implementation, by conducting Al-Qur'an guidance, exemplary, creating a conducive environment, communicating activities, encouraging parents and teachers to learn to read the Qur'an, habituation of students at school and outside of school, and student involvement in peer guidance (3) Evaluation, consisting of reading, writing, memorizing the Qur'an, and tajwid, (4) Supporting factors are PAI teacher commitment, student commitment, parental support, student support, students learning Al-Qur'an Qur'an to his parents and ustadz. The inhibiting factors are few PAI teachers, the level of student intelligence, limited time, parents are busy working, there is no decree to guide students and there is no incentive fund.

Identifying positive and negative deviants and factors associated with healthy dietary practices among young schoolchildren in Nepal: a mixed methods study

BackgroundSchool-based interventions have been implemented in resource-limited settings to promote healthy dietary habits, but their sustainability remains a challenge. This study identified positive deviants (PDs) and negative deviants (NDs) from the control and treatment groups in a nutrition-sensitive agricultural intervention in Nepal to identify factors associated with healthy dietary practices.MethodsThis is an explanatory mixed methods study. Quantitative data come from the endline survey of a cluster randomized controlled trial of a school and home garden intervention in Nepal. Data were analyzed from 332 and 317 schoolchildren (grades 4 and 5) in the control and treatment group, respectively. From the control group, PDs were identified as schoolchildren with a minimum dietary diversity score (DDS) ≥ 4 and coming from low wealth index households. From the treatment group, NDs were identified as schoolchildren with a DDS < 4 and coming from high wealth index households. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with PDs and NDs. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth phone interviews with nine pairs of parents and schoolchildren in each PD and ND group. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and integrated with quantitative data in the analysis.ResultsTwenty-three schoolchildren were identified as PDs, and 73 schoolchildren as NDs. Schoolchildren eating more frequently a day (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI:1.07–5.68) and whose parents had a higher agricultural knowledge level (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI:1.11–2.34) were more likely to be PDs. On the other hand, schoolchildren who consumed diverse types of vegetables (AOR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38–0.81), whose parents had higher vegetable preference (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53–0.97) and bought food more often (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56–0.88) were less likely to be NDs. Yet, schoolchildren from households with a grandmother (AOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.03–3.81) were more likely to be NDs. Integrated results identified four themes that influenced schoolchildren’s DDS: the availability of diverse food, the involvement of children in meal preparation, parental procedural knowledge, and the grandmother’s presence.ConclusionHealthy dietary habit can be promoted among schoolchildren in Nepal by encouraging parents to involve their children in meal preparation and increasing the awareness of family members.

Doctors and Parents in Children’s Wards: Tel-Hashomer Hospital’s Unrestricted Visitations in 1950s’ Israel

Summary In this paper, we explore the acceptance of parents into children’s wards in Tel-Hashomer Hospital, an important foundation of Israel’s health system. In 1953, Tel-Hashomer was the first hospital in Israel to conduct an experimental programme of minimum separation between children and their parents, influenced by the theory of British psychoanalyst and psychiatrist John Bowlby. Tel-Hashomer medical staff encouraged parents to stay long hours near the bedsides of their daughters and sons, which led to a notable change in the ward’s daily routine. Eventually, parents became an inseparable part of the ward. This tendency to embrace and welcome parents into the wards was especially surprising when one considers that many of these parents were of Mizrahi origin and suffered an orientalist, racialised stigma of unfit parenting.

Associations of parental feeding practices with children’s eating behaviors and food preferences: a Chinese cross-sectional study

BackgroundChildhood inadequate eating behaviors contribute to the epidemic of obesity. Previous research suggests that parental feeding practices are partially associated with development of eating behaviors among children, but the results are inconsistent. The present study was to investigate whether parental feeding practices were associated with eating behaviors and food preferences among Chinese children.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 242 children (ages 7–12) in six-primary schools in Shanghai, China. A series of questionnaires including parental feeding practices and children’s eating behaviors have been validated, and were completed by one of parent who has responded for child’s daily diet and living. In addition, researchers instructed children to complete the questionnaire of food preference. After adjustment for children’s age, sex and BMI status, as well as parental education and family income, the linear regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships of parental feeding practices with children’s eating behaviors and food preferences.ResultsParents with boys had higher level of control overeating practice than those with girls. Mothers who responded to child’s daily diet and living and completed feeding practices questionnaire used a greater level of emotional feeding practices than fathers. Boys had higher levels of food responsiveness, emotional overeating, enjoyment of food and desire to drink than girls. Boys had different preferences for meat, processed meat products, fast foods, dairy foods, eggs, and snacks and starchy staples & beans from girls. In addition, scores of instrumental feeding practice and preference for meat significantly differed among children with different weight status. Furthermore, parental emotional feeding practice was positively associated with children’s emotional undereating (β 0.54, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.92). There were also positive associations of parental encouragement to eat with children’s preference for the processed meat (β 0.43, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.77). Moreover, instrumental feeding practice was negatively associated with children’s fish liking (β -0.47, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.01).ConclusionThe current findings support associations of emotional feeding practice with some children’s emotional undereating, as well as parental encouragement to eat and instrumental feeding practice related to preference for processed meat and fish, respectively. Further studies should continue to ascertain these associations using longitudinal designs, and to evaluate efficacy of parental feeding practices impacting developments of healthy eating behaviors and preferences for healthy foods among children by interventional studies.

Challenging Parenting Behaviour and Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood

Challenging parenting behaviour (CPB) refers to parental encouragement of behaviours where children push their own limits through engaging them engage in safe risks, such as rough-and-tumble play (Bögels & Phares, 2008). Preliminary evidence suggests that CPB reduces the risk of child anxiety however, little is known about the relationship between CPB and specific forms of anxiety disorders and the factors that influence this relationship. The present study aims to examine current maternal and paternal CPB in relation to symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in emerging adulthood, and to identify whether intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and cognitive avoidance (CA) sequentially mediate this relationship. A sample of 190 UK-based adults (aged 18–25) completed a battery of online self-report measures. Greater maternal CPB, but not paternal CPB, was found to predict lower symptoms of SAD, but not GAD. IU and CA did not sequentially mediate the relationship between CPB and symptoms of GAD or SAD. This study suggests that CPB may be associated with certain forms of anxiety disorders such as SAD, but further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms between CPB and anxiety in young people.

Parental Stress on Children's Appearance, Body Dissatisfaction, and Eating Behaviours in Chinese Children: A Pathway Analysis.

This study aimed to analyze the association pathways of parental stress on children's appearance, body dissatisfaction, and eating behaviours in Chinese children and adolescents. The children aged 8-15 years were selected from 2 nine-year schools using stratified cluster random sampling. The appearance-related social stress questionnaire and the body dissatisfaction subscale of EDI-1 were used to investigate parental stress on children's appearance and body dissatisfaction, respectively. The self-administered eating frequency questionnaire was used to investigate children's eating behaviours. Body dissatisfaction in girls mediated associations between BMI, parental teasing, parental injustice and ignorance, parental encouragement and healthy eating behaviour: BMI → body dissatisfaction → healthy eating behaviour, parental teasing → body dissatisfaction → healthy eating behaviour, parental injustice and ignorance → body dissatisfaction → healthy eating behaviour, parental encouragement → body dissatisfaction → healthy eating behaviour. Parental injustice and ignorance directly and negatively predicted healthy eating behaviour in girls. In boys and girls, parental teasing was a direct predictor factor of unhealthy eating behaviour. Parental teasing, parental injustice and ignorance, parental encouragement, and BMI through body dissatisfaction positively predicted healthy eating behaviour in girls, parental injustice and ignorance directly negatively predicted healthy eating behaviour in girls, and parental teasing directly positively predicted unhealthy eating behaviour in girls and boys. Therefore, parental pressure on children's appearance may pay important role in children's eating behaviours.