Encouraging Family Research Articles

EFEKTIFITAS SENAM AEROBIC INTENSITAS SEDANG TERHADAP PERSEN LEMAK TUBUH DAN BERAT BADAN PADA MAHASISWI OVERWEIGHT DI JURUSAN GIZI POLTEKKES KEMENKES SEMARANG

Background : Communicable diseases is one of the health problems causing deaths in Indonesia. To handle the problem, the government formed Posbindu-PTM which is expected to detect as early as possible non-communicable diseases. Posbindu-PTM is expected to solve the problem but its participation is still low. The success of Posbindu-PTM is influenced by various factors such as the level of knowledge, completeness of facilities and infrastructure and family support.Objective : To determine the determinant factors of community participation in posbindu-PTM in the work area of Puskesmas Leyangan, Semarang regency. Method : A recent survey of analytic research design it is the were cross sectional .Large in the entire household sample 107 and extraction of to be sampled taking proportionate random sampling .The data were drawn their level of participation , community knowledge , the completeness of the facilities and infrastructures and family encouragement uses a questionnaire .It is anticipated that analysis data using chi-square to bivariat and the regression of the logistics simple to multivariate .Result : Active community participation on Posbindu-PTM 67,3% and less active 32,7%. Bivariate analysis of the relationship between the knowledge level of the community and the participation of p = 0,000, the relation of facilities and infrastructure with participation p = 0,021 and family support relationship with participation p = 0,000. Multivariate analysis of knowledge level p = 0,000 (p value 0,05), completeness of facility and infrastructure p = 0,483 (p value 0,05) and family support p = 0,162 (p value 0,05). Conclusion: The factors that influence community participation in Posbindu-PTM in Leyangan Puskesmas are knowledge level, completeness of facilities and infrastructure and family support and the most dominant is the level of knowledge.

Pengaruh Kurikulum, Motivasi Dan Kemampuan Penulisan Karya Ilmiah Terhadap Penyelesaian Tugas Akhir (TA) Mahasiswa Prodi DIII Teknik Komputer Politeknik Harapan Bersama

The demands in the Final Project for Diploma students are to carry out the research process correctly in accordance with the applicable rules without having to find and correct theories that have less readiness for students to face the final project, 2) the low motivation of students to complete on time, 3) lack of substance of information (seminars, workshops) related to hardware for students who take the hardware theme, 4) student learning reference sources are only fixated on the lecturers, 5) student environment that does not support to finish the final project such as the influence of friends, lack of family encouragement, and finance. This study aims to determine the influence of curriculum, motivation and the ability to write scientific papers on the completion of the final project (TA) of DIII Computer Engineering students. This research is quantitative research by testing the normality test, correlation test, simple linear regression test and multiple linear regression test. With the results of the study showed the influence of the relationship of motivation (X1), study program curriculum (X2), the ability to write scientific papers (X3) together on the completion of the student's final assignment (Y) of 88.5%. Partially, the influence of motivation factor (X1) is 48.1%, study program curriculum (X2) is 75.7%, and the ability to write scientific work (X3) is 40.9%. The regression equation is Y = -1.344 + 0.854 X_1 + 1.400 X_2 + 0.722 X_3.

Take Steps to Promote and Encourage Family Volunteering

Take Steps to Promote and Encourage Family Volunteering

PRM199 - STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES ON CONDUCT AND USE OF PATIENT PREFERENCE STUDIES ALONG THE MEDICAL PRODUCT LIFECYCLE: RESULTS FROM FOCUS GROUPS

To investigate stakeholder perspectives on how patient preference studies (PPS) should be designed, conducted and used in assessments and decision making along the medical product lifecycle. Focus group guides were set up and informed by a literature review and semi-structured interviews (n=142). Focus groups were conducted with patients from the UK, Sweden, Italy and Romania; and with European industry representatives, European regulators, US regulators and European/Canadian HTA representatives. Focus groups were analysed thematically using NVivo. Characteristics of medical products that influence treatment preferences according to patients, and thus to consider in the design of PPS, included benefits, side effects, price, quality, administration, packaging and storage. Patients highlighted factors influencing their participation in preference studies such as encouragement of family and the relationship with the recruiter. Across all focus groups it was found important that the PPS sponsor collaborates with other stakeholders including patients, patient organizations, regulators and HTA bodies to limit occurrence of bias, ensure comprehensibility of questions and that results are useful for decision makers. Participants indicated that currently, mostly qualitative input is collected by industry, regulators and HTA bodies and that use of quantitative methods is limited but might be useful for late stages of medical product development. Regulatory, HTA and industry participants agreed that the value of PPS in decision making depends on the level of uncertainty of the clinical evidence and profile of the medical product presented to decision makers. Stakeholders believed that PPS should be designed in collaboration with multiple healthcare stakeholders including patients. The value of PPS for decision making might depend on the match of the method (qualitative versus quantitative) to the lifecycle phase and on uncertainties relating to the clinical evidence and profile of the medical product.

3.8 Identical Twins, Fraternal Genders: A Family’s Perspective on Gender Transition

Children and adolescents with gender dysphoria present unique challenges within the family dynamic. Parents often seek clear guidance on how to support the concerns of their child during a time when best practices are still emerging. Providers are challenged to work with families in determining the best options to support a healthy family environment. Discussions on social transitioning, pubertal suppression, cross-sex hormones, and surgical procedures present challenging topics. In addition, encouraging families to see gender-related concerns as a manageable component of everyday family life is important in maintaining a stable family environment.

Will Delayed Retirement Occupy Family Fertility

Due to the Chinese culture of inter-generational supporting, the public worries that the incoming scheme of delayed retirement may lower the fertility rate and therefore the two-child policy cannot play well. In order to provide full evidence of how delayed retirement affects family fertility, this study systematically examines the effect of delayed retirement on family fertility from the perspectives of theoretical and empirical analyses. By introducing the variable of time allocation for the elderly, we extend the overlapping-generation model in which delayed retirement and retired senior employment are both considered to be endogenous based on the framework of general equilibrium. This model shows that delayed retirement can improve the conditions of family supporting for the elderly and raise the level of birth while retired senior employment has an adverse effect on family supporting and fertility. The impact mechanism is that economic output promoted by delayed retirement will increase the financial resources for child support, which finally contributes to encouraging family fertility. Considering the government has not implemented the new policy of delayed retirement nationwide, we use the data from OECD countries to analyze the association between delayed retirement and fertility. No evidence shows that the delaying of average age retirement is negatively associated with the fertility rate. On the contrary, delayed retirement has a significant effect in boosting family fertility. In short, from the theoretical analysis and international experience, postponing retirement at least will not have a negative impact on fertility. One possible impact pathway is that the increase of output and social resources, resulting from the labor supply of delayed retirement, may play an important role in improving the economic conditions of child support and thus motivating family fertility. Because of the lack of relevant accompanying policies to support family fertility in China, it is no wonder that many people are concerned about the adverse effect of delayed retirement on fertility. Our study suggests that, to ensure the increase of economic output from delayed retirement can be effectively distributed into fertility support, several policies such as child care subsidies and community children’s nursing services are needed to be established before the implementation of delayed retirement.

A family support model for enhancing the well-being and work performance of Christians in managerial positions

This article is based on a PhD study entitled: ‘Wellbeing and work performance of Christians in managerial positions: A Namibian case study’. The main aim of the study was to find out if there is a correlation between the well-being and work performance of Christian managers and support from their families, which would culminate into a model for use by Christian managers, Christian managers’ families and Christian practitioners such as pastors, counsellors and other practitioners in the helping profession. The study was based on Don Browning’s revised correlational approach to practical theology and used a mixed methods research design (quantitative and qualitative). Thirty-two Christian managers in Ohangwena Region, Namibia, participated in the study, and six biblical examples and other key scriptures were selected to draw theological principles related to Christian managers’ well-being and work performance in relation to family support. The aim of this article is to present the model, which is based on the understanding that Christian managers’ well-being affects their work performance, that family support contributes significantly to Christian managers’ well-being, that Christian managers have a role to play if they are to receive family support, and that churches play an important part in encouraging family support for Christian managers.

Early Head Start dosage: The role of parent-caregiver relationships and family involvement

The present study examined predictors and pathways relevant to children's dosage in Early Head Start (EHS) using the dataset from the Early Head Start Family and Child Experiences Study (Baby FACES; Vogel & Boller, 2009–2012). Dosage was defined in two ways: (a) leaving EHS early, before age eligibility ended, and (b) the total length of EHS enrollment. This study first examined factors predicting children's dosage of EHS with a particular focus on parent-caregiver relationships captured when children were age 1. Second, this study examined a potential mediational role of family involvement on the association between parent-caregiver relationships and EHS dosage, controlling for child and family characteristics. Findings showed that children from families with higher risks were more likely to leave EHS early and were enrolled in EHS for less time. Children were less likely to leave EHS early when their caregivers reported positive relationships with parents when children were age 1. However, the length of EHS enrollment was not predicted by parent-caregiver relationships as reported either by parents or caregivers. Findings from mediation models showed that caregiver-reported positive parent-caregiver relationships were associated with the higher level of family involvement during EHS which, in turn, predicted both lower rates of early leaving and longer length of EHS enrollment. These results indicate that promoting initial positive parent-caregiver relationships and encouraging family involvement in EHS may be important for maximizing children's EHS dosage, which has been shown to be beneficial for the development of children in EHS.

Family Business Formalization in South Eastern Nigeria: The Role of Intra-Industry Network

In most developing countries, majority of the family businesses are started with the support of networks on a small scale in the informal sector because the families and entrepreneurs are poor. Moreover, in areas where they are actively involved in networks, the benefits of such network relationships are rarely harnessed. In South Eastern Nigeria, the state of informality among family businesses has become a source of worry to both the State governments and owner-managers of family businesses. This is coming on the heels of the country’s economic recession and the need for the governments to increase their internally generated revenue. And the quest by the family business owner-managers to evade tax so as to increase their income. This is evident from the increasing number of family businesses that are operating outside government system of regulation in the zone. Based on these scenarios this study seeks to assess the effect of intra-industry network on family business formalization in South Eastern Nigeria. Survey design was adopted for the study. The study data were generated through questionnaire and analyzed using linear regression. The results show that intra-industry network significantly and positively affect family business formalization. The researcher recommends encouraging family business owner-managers to be interconnected with other founder/CEOs or descendant/CEOs and family firm employees within the same industry for the mutual benefit of acquiring and sharing information and knowledge that will facilitate the formalization process of their family businesses.

"We Don't Really Do Anything Unless it's Really Bad": Understanding Adolescent Sun Protective Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors in the U.S.

Risk factors for melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, include lifetime sun exposure and a history of sunburns. However, a minority of adolescents report consistent engagement in sun protective behaviors. The few sun protection interventions that have targeted adolescents have had little effect on behavior change, which suggests that a better understanding of the issue, especially from the adolescents' perspective, is needed. Although efforts to qualitatively examine adolescent sun protection have been carried out in a handful of countries, no studies to date have focused on U.S. adolescents. We conducted focus groups with 44 6th-8th grade students in Colorado to explore their sun protection knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Results supported previous findings that adolescents do not engage in regular skin protection but have experienced the negative consequences of sun exposure (e.g., severe sun burns, and blistering). In addition, participants demonstrated limited and sometimes inaccurate knowledge about the long-term risks of sun exposure, as well as effective methods of sun protection. Barriers to engaging in sun protective behaviors included a desire to tan, inconvenience, and physical discomfort. Facilitators included peer and family encouragement, previous experience with sunburns and/or skin cancer, and knowledge of potential consequences. These findings provide valuable insights that can inform future intervention and research related to sun protection among U.S. adolescents.

Assessing the Impact of a Hospitality House on the Mental and Physical Health of Transplant Patients.

Hospitality houses (HH) exclusively for transplant patients and their families are a relatively new concept and their connection to medical outcomes is untested. One hospitality house serving multiple transplant centers has been operating for five years and hired an outside evaluator to conduct at 360° evaluation from the perspective of transplant patients, families, referral hospitals, volunteers and financial contributors with the research question: “What is the impact of HH experience on transplant patients/families?” An outside IRB approved the study design, including the protocols and consents for a convenience sample of 71 participants interviewed in the course of 9 focus groups and 15 key informant interviews. The data was coded according to 30 study variables. Key recurring themes that appeared to have consensus were identified and noted to have strong support across different groups. The findings indicated an importance of the spontaneous and ongoing support of sharing lodging space with others going through similar experiences. This study affirmed that HH positively impacted both transplant patients/families physical and mental health, illustrating how a hospitality house can provide a way to strengthen the resilience of family members as they navigate the difficult territory of the transplant journey. Most participants (patients and caregivers) indicated that if the HH did not exist family members would not have been at the hospital bedside daily and patients indicated that the presence and support of family at the bedside providing encouragement was crucial to the patient’s health and recovery during the transplant process. It was also notable that transplant patients and family members consistently expressed an increased appreciation for the need for organ and tissue donation as a result of their experience at HH. Many became advocates encouraging friends and families to become organ donors or sought speaking engagements where they could encourage larger circles of people to become organ and tissue donors. Future studies are needed to better understand the most effective approaches for increasing the mental health and physical resilience of caregivers pre- and post-transplant, and the short and long-term effects on patients and caregivers. TD Charitable Foundation.

PLANNING FOR SUCCESS: A MODEL FOR GUIDING AND SUPPORTING FAMILIES IN LONG-TERM CARE

Losing a person loved to Alzheimer's disease or dementia is a very sad, stressful and emotional time for a family. Despite increasing numbers and awareness of Alzheimer's disease and dementia, many families receive little information about the disease process, what to do or what to expect. When care is more than a family can manage they turn to long-term care as the experts to provide that care. Many families lack experience with long-term care and are unaware of what to expect for themselves and those they love. They are often exhausted, defeated, frightened and guilt-ridden. Research and experience has shown that an initial and ongoing family education and support program can ease guilt, improve care, communication and relationships with staff, and overall family satisfaction. This session will share an organization – wide, proactive program designed to inform, enhance knowledge of disease progression, and facilitate communication and incorporate related recommendations from the Alzheimer's Association 2018 Dementia Care Practice Recommendations based on review of current evidence, best practice and expert opinion. This session will address: 1) market research on why/how families make the decision for long-term care; 2) providing dementia education and resources to families in need; 3) addressing preadmission fears and desires; 4) a family-oriented admission process; 5) developing systems for collecting from families and disseminating person-centered information; 6) ongoing mechanisms for communication; 7) a proactive approach for concerns and complaints; 8) effective care conferences; 9) educational and informational family meetings; 10) promoting and encouraging resident, staff and family relationships; 11) Evaluating systems and progress routinely for continuous improvement; and 12) family surveys. This session will offer practical methods for replication, share the research methods as well as the beneficial outcomes for families, residents, staff and facility.

Barriers and Facilitators to Perceived Diabetes Self-Management in Arab Americans with Diabetes

Arab Americans (AAs) are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes, with a reported prevalence of 18%. Despite the increasing prevalence, there remains a lack of data on diabetes self-management (DSM) practices and barriers to care in this population. The purpose of this study was to assess patient perceptions of DSM behaviors in order to facilitate individualized care plans by providers. A 39-item survey was created based on focus group discussions designed to understand the impact of AA culture on DSM. The survey assessed diet, adherence to medications, exercise, healthy lifestyle, and family support. Two hundred AAs with diabetes completed the survey via face-to-face interviews. Most participants were above fifty years of age (79%), females (59%), and originated from Lebanon (73%). Individuals receiving Arabic instructions perceived that good portion control (p=0.07), food selection (p=0.01), and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (p=0.003) were important DSM behaviors, compared to those who did not receive Arabic instructions. Unemployed individuals were less likely to perceive regular exercise (p=0.05), portion control (p=0.06), and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (p=0.08) as important DSM behaviors compared to employed individuals. Individuals who had family support and encouragement were more likely to perceive that discussions with their clinicians were important (p=0.003) compared to those without family support. Individuals with family who understood their food choices were more likely to perceive regular exercise (p=0.03) as important compared to those with families who did not understand food choices. In conclusion, this survey may serve as a valuable tool for providers to assess perceptions surrounding DSM behaviors in order to provide patient-centered care that will help to improve patient outcomes. This study supports the importance of integrating cultural influences into DSM education and support when providing care to a population with a strong cultural identity. Disclosure D. El Masri: None. G. Piatt: None. N.J. Koscielniak: None. L. Jaber: None.

Hong Kong Chinese aging adults voice financial care expectations in changing family and sociocultural contexts: implications for policy and services

ABSTRACTDespite being one of the world’s wealthiest cities, approximately one-third of Hong Kong older adults live below the poverty line. Innovatively using the Photovoice research method, this study invited 36 Hong Kong Chinese aging adults to photograph images and voice their concerns and expectations regarding financial care. Insufficient government support, diminishing family support, insecurity and fear regarding future finances, and strong desire for self-sufficiency through early preparation and bridge employment were recurring themes observed in the participants’ photographs and narratives. The shifting of the participants’ financial care expectations from informal to formal sources in changing family and sociocultural contexts indicated that older people are in urgent need of policy reform from a needs-based to rights-based approach to foster empowerment and fulfill older people’s rights of financial security, dignity and participation. Improving the retirement protection system should go hand in hand with encouraging family support and caregiving and creating age-friendly working environment for older residents. The findings of this study may have crucial policy implications for Hong Kong and other aging societies, especially those that share similar filial piety values and have seemingly ungenerous welfare systems.

Öğretmenlik Yaşam Boyu Bir Meslek midir? İngilizce Öğretmenlerinin Görüşleri

This study aims to find out and compare pre-service and in-service English teachers’ preferences for choosing teaching profession and their opinions about whether teaching is a lifelong career. 308 pre-service English teachers and 50 inservice English teachers participated. The results showed that 240 pre-service English teachers and 44 in-service English teachers held positive opinions about teaching profession and thought that teaching is a lifelong career. However, 45 student teachers and 3 teachers held negative views. There were both similarities and differences between the pre-service and in-service participants in terms of their preferences for choosing teaching profession and their perspectives about teaching as a lifelong career. Some of the quotations of the participants are given to exemplify participant opinions because the participants were found to have various preferences for choosing teaching career like loving teaching, childhood dream, family encouragement, previous learning experiences, outer obligation or taking previous teachers as model.

Association of support from family and friends with self-leadership for making long-term lifestyle changes in patients with colorectal cancer.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of support from family and friends for adoption of healthy eating habits and performing exercise with improvements of self-leadership in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). This cross-sectional study examined 251 patients with CRC who received primary curative surgery in South Korea. Demographic and clinical information, receipt of social support for adoption of healthy eating habits and performing exercise and self-leadership were collected. Greater participation by family and the use of rewards for performance of exercise were associated with greater behavioural awareness and volition, greater task motivation and constructive cognition of self-leadership in patients. Patients exercising with friends had greater task motivation in self-leadership. The use of rewards by family was associated with performing and maintaining exercise programme for more than 6months, and family encouragement to adopt healthy eating habits was associated with excellent quality of diet. Family support for exercising and adopting healthy eating habits had more wide-ranging benefits in self-leadership than support from friends; however, support from each group improved self-leadership. Support from family was valuable for increasing the actual performance of exercise and for helping patients with cancer to adopt healthy diets.

Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Generation in Metropolis

Purpose: This study is aimed to analyze entrepreneurial intention of youth during the process towards young entrepreneur that is intellectually, mentally, and economically independent, approached by planned behavior principles.
 Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative research method with three variables (attitude, social norm and behavior) was used as the predictor of young entrepreneurial intention. The respondents are 127 young adult aged 18-28 years old with High School/Vocational School as their minimum education and domiciled in Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Likert scale with 5 levels was used as the research questionnaire, distributed with two methods that are filling out the questionnaire by online and manually.
 Findings: The result shows that attitude, social norm and behavior variable give positive contribution in creating young generation entrepreneurial intention in metropolis. Indicator which gives strong contribution in triggering entrepreneurial intention of young generator is that the paradigm of being entrepreneur is able to give benefits, satisfaction and as a choice. Social factor encouraging establishing the businesses are friends and relatives. Behaviors impelling it are the feeling of being able and having enough knowledge in starting the business as well as able to manage the business. The constraints are coming from little encouragement of family and low belief for getting success.
 Research limitations/implications: This study was conducted in two urban areas in East Java. Further research can be done on a wider area.
 Practical implications: Entrepreneurial intention of youth is unique inasmuch as it has environment and complexity characteristics which enables to give impact towards society. 
 Originality/value: This study focuses on urban areas with young adults respondents which can provide new references to factors that may encourage or hamper their interest in becoming entrepreneurs
 Paper type: Research paper

A qualitative investigation of how mothers from low income households perceive their role during family meals

BackgroundHaving regular family meals has been shown to be protective for child dietary intake (e.g., higher intake of fruit and vegetables). Mothers appear to be most responsible for preparing family meals. Therefore, understanding how mothers perceive their roles around family meals may help identify ways in which to help more families have regular family meals. MethodsUnited States mothers (n = 83) from the Twin Cities, Minnesota were interviewed during an in-home visit. Researchers trained in qualitative interviewing used a semi-structured approach and asked questions regarding the mothers' overall perception of their role during family meals. Interviews were coded using a mixed deductive and inductive content analysis approach. The majority of mothers were from minority and low-income households. ResultsMothers described their roles during family meals as the follows: 1) Helping children make healthy choices at family meals; 2) Making the meal happen; 3) Monitoring children's food intake; 4) Managing behavior at the family meal; 5) Making the family meal atmosphere enjoyable; and 6) Facilitating conversation/communication. Two secondary research questions also emerged about the specifics of the mothers' perception of her role at family meals (i.e., How do mothers deal with fighting or arguing if it occurs at family meals? and What do mothers talk about with children at family meals?) ConclusionsResults show that mothers have a large and varied role during family meals. Additionally, they are willing to put effort into family meals and want them to be enjoyable. Findings also suggest that mothers can be supported by encouraging fuller family participation in family meals and by offering mothers quality nutrition and parent feeding practice information.

Designing a nurse-delivered delirium bundle: What intensive care unit staff, survivors, and their families think?

BackgroundImplementation of quality improvement interventions can be enhanced by exploring the perspectives of those who will deliver and receive them. We designed a non-pharmacological bundle for delirium management for a feasibility trial, and we sought to obtain the views of intensive care unit (ICU) staff, survivors, and families on the barriers and facilitators to its implementation. ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine the barriers and facilitators to a multicomponent bundle for delirium management in critically ill patients comprising (1) education and family participation, (2) sedation minimisation and pain, agitation, and delirium protocol, (3) early mobilisation, and (4) environmental interventions for sleep, orientation, communication, and cognitive stimulation. MethodsNine focus group interviews were conducted with ICU staff (n = 68) in 12 UK ICUs. Three focus group interviews were conducted with ICU survivors (n = 12) and their family members (n = 2). Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed using the Braun and Clarke framework. ResultsOverall, staff, survivors, and their families agreed the bundle was acceptable. Facilitating factors for delivering the bundle were staff and relatives' education about potential benefits and encouraging family presence. Facilitating factors for sedation minimisation were evening ward rounds, using non-verbal pain scores, and targeting sedation scores. Barriers identified by staff were inadequate resources, poor education, relatives' anxiety, safety concerns, and ICU culture. Concerns were raised about patient confidentiality when displaying orientation materials and managing resources for early mobility. Survivors cited that flexible visiting and re-establishing normality were important factors; and staff workload, lack of awareness, and poor communication were factors that needed to be considered before implementation. ConclusionGenerally, the bundle was deemed acceptable and deliverable. However, like any complex intervention, component adaptations will be required depending on resources available to the ICU; in particular, involvement of pharmacists in the ward round and physiotherapists in mobilising intubated patients.

MS 20171226 / Stordal et al - Does longer breastfeeding duration decrease the risk of asthma?

There are many well-documented benefits of breastfeeding; however, the effect of breastfeeding in preventing childhood asthma is not clear. As randomized controlled trials on this topic would be unfeasible and unethical to conduct, clinicians must rely on the results of observational studies. However, this question has been difficult to untangle with observational studies, as breastfeeding practices are also confounded by other feeding practices, such as the timing of introducing complementary foods. In addition, large numbers of infants are needed for these studies to control for the many factors (delivery type, gestational age, maternal and paternal history of allergy, etc) that may be also associated with asthma risk. In this volume of The Journal, Størdal et al present the results of a cohort study to determine the association between breastfeeding duration and the risk of childhood asthma, as well as the timing of the introduction of complementary foods and the risk of childhood asthma. They analyzed data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Study, a national prospective cohort study that included prenatal and follow-up data for over 41 000 children up to 7 years of age. Based on the main analysis, the authors found that the timing of complementary food introduction was not associated with the development of asthma. In addition, breastfeeding duration was not associated with the development of asthma. Additional subanalyses were conducted. Only for those low-risk families, where both parents had no history of allergies or asthma, was decreased breastfeeding duration associated with an increased risk of asthma. There are some limitations to this study. The infants were from only one country and the results may not be generalizable to other populations. In addition, the outcome of interest, asthma, was determined at 7 years of age. It is still possible for some of the 7-year-olds in the cohort to develop asthma at a later age. Differences may still develop during the follow-up analyses and there may be still more to learn from this cohort. Nevertheless, the size and scope of this prospective birth cohort study offers a wonderful opportunity to examine the relationship between early infant feeding patterns and risk of childhood asthma. The results suggest no reason to stop championing breastfeeding and encouraging families to breastfeed as long as possible. However, the results of this study suggest that decreasing the risk of childhood asthma by 7 years of age for all children is far from a guaranteed benefit for breastfeeding. At best, we can make only limited statements about longer breastfeeding duration and the potential lower risk of asthma, for infants with both parents who have no history of allergies or asthma. Article page 182 ▶ Prospective Cohort Study of Breastfeeding and the Risk of Childhood AsthmaThe Journal of PediatricsVol. 195PreviewTo study whether the duration of breastfeeding and time for introduction of complementary foods was associated with the risk of childhood asthma. Full-Text PDF