Parental Encouragement Research Articles

Hubungan Penghasilan Orang Tua dan Dorongan Orang Tua Terhadap Pernikahan Dini

Early marriage, defined as marriage before the age of 18, is regulated by Indonesian Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection. This study aims to assess the relationship between parental income and family support with early marriage among adolescent girls. Data were collected from 359 respondents and analyzed using Chi-Square tests with a 95% confidence level. The analysis revealed no significant relationship between parental income (p = 0.096) and parental encouragement (p = 0.601) with early marriage. These findings contradict previous studies linking low income and parental encouragement to early marriage. The study suggests further research to explore additional factors that may contribute to early marriage. Moreover, it is crucial to raise public awareness about the impacts of early marriage and provide better support for adolescents in planning their futures. Intervention programs should consider the social and cultural factors that may influence early marriage decisions.

Individual and community-level factors associated with iron-rich food consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Rwanda: A multilevel analysis of Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey.

Iron-rich food consumption has an invaluable effect for neonatal and fetal brain development as well as metabolic activities. Despite the public health importance of the consumption of iron-rich foods, there was no study, that assessed iron-rich food consumption in Rwanda. Therefore this study aimed to assess iron-rich food consumption and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months using Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS). Secondary data analysis was done using RDHS-2019/20. Total weighted samples of 2455 children aged 6-23 months were included. Data coding, cleaning, and analysis were performed using Stata 16. Multilevel binary logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with iron-rich food consumption. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI, and p-value <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. The prevalence of good iron-rich food consumption was 23.56%(95% CI: 21.92,25.28). Northern province of Rwanda (AOR = 0.26,95%CI: 0.15,0.46), mothers secondary education and above (AOR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.41, 4.01), married mothers (AOR:1.31, 95% CI: 1.01,1.71), rich wealth status (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.86), having post-natal visit (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10,1.91), mothers media exposure (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.52) and drugs given for intestinal parasite (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.80) were associated with iron-rich food consumption. This study shows that overall iron-rich foods consumption was low in Rwanda. The residing in the North province, mother's secondary and higher educational status, married marital status, rich and middle wealth status, having media exposure, drugs given for intestinal parasites, and having child's post-natal checkup were variables significantly associated with iron-rich food consumption. The region-based intervention will improve the consumption of iron-rich food. In addition, health policies and programs should target educating mothers/caregivers, encouraging parents to live together, improving their wealth status, working on mass media access by the women, and encouraging mothers post-natal checkups to improve iron-rich food consumption.

A Study on Parents' Effective Participation in School Management—A Case Study of W Kindergarten in Changde, Hunan, China

The government has increased the pace of preschool education construction, while encouraging parents to really participate in the kindergarten education management. The research of parents' participation in kindergarten management is paid more and more attention by the society and families. From the perspective of kindergarten, this paper discusses how to establish a close cooperative partnership between kindergarten and parents, and especially emphasizes parents' participation in kindergarten management, gradually forming a new democratic management situation in which school and parents participate together and make joint decisions. Finally, we research the methods of parents’ effective participation in school management in the paper.

온라인 기반 초등 영어 다독의 성공 요인

This study focused on the success factors for English extensive reading on elementary students. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with elementary school students who had been successfully continuing their participation in the online extensive reading program in English. In the process, interview data from five students were collected and analyzed to sort out the success factors. The student’s extensive reading experiences were also analyzed and thematized through a repetitive qualitative thematization method. The results of the study were as follows: First, the sense of competition and achievement were strong agents to motivate students to successfully continue in extensive reading. Second, being positively influenced by the peer group was acting as a factor for enabling successful extensive reading. Third, it was found that the encouragement of parents, especially in the early stage of extensive reading, helped students continue to read. Students have gradually made it a habit to read the book in a self-directed form through encouragement of their parents. Fourth, students who successfully conducted online-based self-directed extensive reading experienced the improvement of integrated language function in the reading process.

Management of Lip Sucking Habit Using Combination Therapy: A Case Report

Oral habits are those that are repeatedly performed thereby causing deleterious effects on the teeth and the adjoining oral tissues. In addition to or as a substitute for thumb sucking, lip sucking or biting is often observed. An orthodontic lip bumper, designed to intercept dental and occlusal problems, is a fixed or removable functional appliance. In this case report, the habit was treated using fixed lip bumper, lip exercises and habitual therapy conducted by both parents and the child. Parental encouragement and constant reminders combined with the child’s co-operation in wearing the appliance and performing the advised lip exercises regularly are significant factors in the success of this treatment.

Analysis of The Influence of Socio-cultural Factors on Education of the Girl-child in Mubi Education Zone of Adamawa State, Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of socio-cultural factors on the girl-child education in Mubi Education Zone of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study was a causal comparative research by design. The population of the study comprised all the female students of secondary schools in the five Local Government Areas of Mubi Education Zone. From the population, four out of the five Local Government Areas of the Education Zone were sampled using balloting method of simple random sampling technique and from each; two secondary schools were also randomly selected making a total of eight schools. Then from each of the eight secondary schools, fifty female students were sampled making a total of four hundred students. Three research questions and four hypotheses were postulated for the study. A set of structured questionnaire was the instrument used for the data collection where the data was analyzed using t-test statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). From the results of the findings of the study, it revealed that: socio-cultural factors contributed significantly to the influence of girl-child education in the zone; the challenges facing the girls to some extent differ between rural and urban areas; there was significant difference between the mean scores of the factors hindering the girl-child education based on religion; just to mention but a few. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that there is the need for cross cultural, interfaith and social integration as a way of encouraging parents to bring education to the doorstep of the girl-child in Nigeria; that the government and other stakeholders especially in women affairs in the study area should endeavour to constantly promote positive socio-cultural integration by preaching peaceful coexistence among people of differently socio-cultural background; and ways of creating favourable conditions which can discourage societal preference for male children and the traditional belief that the position of a woman is in the kitchen.

DRASTIC EFFECTS OF WESTERN FAMILY LIFE ON PAKISTANI FAMILY SYSTEM AND ITS SOLUTION IN QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE

Human beings are naturally social specie. They depend on each other, in day to day life. Such may be material necessities or simple moral support. Nevertheless, there is nothing stronger than family bound. Islam signifies the importance of family. Family is the foundation of human society. Islam believes families, to be at the heart of Muslim community. Allah created family life to keep society together. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) married and remained in family system. Islam believes in collective life, which is not possible without family system. No one can deny that western world is strongly in clutches of premarital sex at is the early age of puberty, cohabitation in name of relationship, illegitimacy on kids, divorce is no more considered as bad, same sex marriage, encouraging old age homes and parent’s loss control of kids once get major. Kids are no more under the supervision of fatherhood. Families give stability, security, cooperation, love and support for each member of family, however, west has lost such values. Islam promotes to follow the commands of Almighty Allah, within the limits so prescribed. In contrary, no such limits for non-Muslims, hence, in the west, the citizen has the choice to lead life as per his/her ambition. It is not a secret that the British remained in subcontinent for a substantial period of time. They also introduced their cultural values including family life. It should not be out of sight that the cultural values and other traditions in respect of family life, has not vanished after their departure from the subcontinent. Another aspect in the issue is that due to the phenomena of globalization, the cultural amalgamation of the western life in our society has been very easy. We are living in the modern era, where the world has become global village. The distance of the world is no more than a click. Excess to modern technology has made the contact so easy that one can access any one in other corner of the world in seconds. Such contacts have made the amalgamation of the world culture. Joint family system has been the trademark of our society, however due to the introduction of Western family life through various moods, has changed that to individuality. It is also noticed that the drastic impacts of Western family life, also resulted in the increase of rate divorce in our society. Even, the homemade food has now been converted into the hoteling. It has not been a very far story, that when guest used to visit families in our society, there used to be proper arrangements before their arrivals, however these days due to the western Civilization introduction, converted on to home delivery services. The important question in the context is how to cope with the situation, to avoid negative impacts of Western family life and Civilization in our society. We being Muslims are governed by the Holy Quran and the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Every aspect of life including family life is being prescribed, guided with details by Holy Quran and the Holy prophet (PBUH). We have no other alternative to avoid the negative impacts of the Western family life, but to adopt the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). We have to adopt the values that govern the life of a Muslim that being as husband, wife, father, son, daughter or any other member of the family. We have to make the youth to understand that the glory of this world and hereafter, go to follow the teachings of Islam. The social media, electronic and print media have to be scrutinized in such a way, so that to avoid its negative impacts on the youth. Serious measures are to be adopted to protect family values from the negative impacts of western culture.

Study on the Status of Scientific Fitness Literacy of Rural Left-Behind Minors and the Influence of Family Environment.

There are a large number of 6.97 million left-behind children in China at the end of August 2018. Left-behind children exhibit many psychologically unhealthy behavioural disorders. This study aimed to compare the differences in scientific fitness literacy (SFL) between rural left-behind and general minors, and to analyze the factors affecting the SFL of left-behind minors in the family environment. A random stratified sampling was conducted among minors aged 3-18 in rural areas of China, and 2239 valid samples were obtained. The questionnaire is based on the SFL part and the family environment part of the China National Fitness Activity Status Survey, except for the SFL part of the children's questionnaire does not contain the attitude dimension, the questionnaires of several other age groups contain three dimensions: attitude, skills, and habits. The SFL of general children and adolescents was higher than that of left-behind children and adolescents, and in the sub-dimensions, children's attitudes and adolescents' skills and habits differed greatly, with the general minors having better performance. The SFL showed a significant increasing trend with age in the general minors but the difference between children and adolescents in the left-behind minors was not significant. The scores of habituation in left-behind minors increased with age group, and the scores of the general minors group did not vary much between age groups. In the multiple regression analysis for the left-behind minors, it was found that left-behind young children were less influenced by family environment on SFL score, and children's SFL was more influenced by family environment. A separate analysis of the 7-9 and 10-12-year-old groups revealed that factors such as parental support and encouragement influenced SFL with different weights, and the importance of parents rotated, while the number of sporting goods in the family was important in all four age models. For the left-behind minors with a large amount in China, the role of the family environment in their SFL cannot be ignored, and the promotion of this literacy should be carried out in a targeted manner.

Parents' experiences of the significance of interpersonal interactions for becoming parents and a family during neonatal intensive care

PurposeTo describe parents' experiences of the significance of interpersonal interactions for becoming parents and a family during neonatal intensive care. Design and MethodsWe employed a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured family interviews. Ten families were included from four neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Sweden. Results were evaluated using thematic analysis. ResultsThe results were presented as two themes: 1) Interactions within the family, and 2) Interactions between parents and staff. Analyses revealed that interpersonal interactions could both facilitate and hinder development in becoming a parent and a family. ConclusionInteractions within the family and with the staff have an important function in the process of becoming a parent and a family. This process would benefit from a systemic approach, focusing on the family as a unit, as unique individuals, and as parents with unique needs and experiences. Practice implicationsOur findings can facilitate changes to reduce the separation between family members (mother-father-newborn-siblings) during their stay in NICU; guiding parents to take care of their child, while being sensitive and balancing their situation as to where they are in their process; supporting the family through joint conversations by listening to the parents and their expectations and experiences both in the NICU and at home; and encouraging parents to do everyday things together outside NICU like an ordinary family.

Inclusive Learning in Elementary Schools Against Islamic Religious Education Lessons

Learning Inclusive Islamic Religious Education in Elementary Schools still needs to be improved. religious learning must be carried out even if the child seems slow to learn (slow learner) in following Islamic religious lessons, taking into account the following matters: prepare teaching materials and materials to meet the unique and specific needs of students, the most effective learning methods to use in the delivery of learning materials or materials, provide continuous attention and motivation. Focus on paying attention so that students know that the teacher who teaches pays attention to them when in class, it is important to make eye contact when learning takes place, give appreciation and appreciation for their presence. parental support, encouragement and seriousness are closely related to slow children's learning outcomes. In qualitative research, the instrument or research tool is the researcher himself. The approach used in this study is to use a phenomenological approach. This study aims to examine the learning conditions of Inclusive Islamic Religious Education in Public Elementary Schools, as well as to analyze, evaluate and the learning model of Inclusive Islamic Religious Education in public elementary schools.

A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) investigation of the L2 learning model of motivational development among Tahfiz students

This study explores the motivation of learning English among students in selected Tahfiz government and state schools in Malaysia. Questionnaires adapted from Dornyei (2004), with an additional construct, were administered to 1,017 students aged 13 to 17. Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Robust Maximum Likelihood estimation technique (MLR) were used. From the SEM analysis, a new model of motivation in learning English among Tahfiz students is proposed. The study discovered that attitudes towards community, promotion, prevention, parental encouragement, interest, Islamic values, ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, and attitudes towards learning English all play central roles in the proposed model. A comparison motivation model between the Tahfiz government and state schools was also provided. The results suggest that Tahfiz English language teachers and other relevant parties should be aware of their students’ motivation in learning English, and try to create a more conducive learning environment in the classroom. This can equip the students with sufficient language skills to be well-rounded Islamic preachers.

Parent–child conversations about refugee newcomers are associated with children’s refugee-specific prosociality

We examined Canadian host-society children’s prosociality (i.e., emotions and behaviors that reflect care for the welfare of others) toward refugee newcomer peers and the role of parental socialization (i.e., frequency of parent-child conversations about refugee newcomers) in children’s refugee-specific prosociality. The sample included 168 children (ages 6, 9, and 12 years; 51% girls; 58% European ethnicity) and their primary caregivers. We interviewed children to assess their ethical guilt-related emotions (based on emotions and reasoning) in response to a hypothetical vignette depicting prosocial omission involving a refugee newcomer peer or a non-refugee peer (between-subjects manipulation). A donation task was used to assess prosocial behavior wherein children were given the opportunity to donate chocolate coins to a refugee newcomer peer. Parents reported on how often they typically engage in conversations with their children about refugees and about inclusion. Children experienced similar intensities of ethical guilt-related emotions in the refugee compared with the nonrefugee condition, and donations to refugees increased across age groups. Furthermore, children whose parents engaged them in more frequent conversations about refugees expressed stronger ethical guilt-related emotions toward refugee peers (but not toward host-society peers), and donated more to a refugee peer. No significant associations between conversations about inclusion more broadly and refugee-specific prosociality were found. Encouraging parents to have conversations with their children that focus on the experiences of refugees may be important for fostering kindness between refugees and host-society children. Ultimately, these findings may contribute to initiatives that focus on promoting the inclusion of refugee newcomers in their postmigratory societies.

The Challenges Faced in Implementing Fee-Free Education Policy for Secondary Schools in Tanzania: The Case of Morogoro Municipality

The study on the effectiveness of the free education policy in Tanzania was conducted in fee-free secondary schools in Morogoro municipality. The study was guided by three specific objectives; investigate the implementation of the free education policy in Morogoro municipality, examine challenges facing the implementation of the free education policy in Morogoro municipality and recommend methods for the effective implementation of free education policy in Morogoro municipality. The data were collected by using interviews, questionnaires, and documentary reviews. The study indicated that stakeholders were involved in the implementation of FFE in many ways including educating parents, students, and the community concerning the innovation, encouraging parents to send their children to school, making sure that fee is not paid in schools, and improving the academic performance of students. Stakeholders were satisfied with the introduction of FFE because it has provided relief in terms of education costs to parents and guardians. The study also revealed changes due to the implementation of FFE in Morogoro municipality. The changes include an increase in students’ enrolment, attendance in schools, demands of capitation grants in schools, supply of teaching materials than before, school services and buildings, and opportunities for parents and guardians to engage in social and economic activities. For proper performance of students in schools and provision of FFE, there is a need for the government to improve the modality and amount of funds allocated to run schools. The study recommended an increase in community participation and minimising challenges in school-related activities of implementing FFE, their students (??) and the community on the concept of FFE. In ensuring the commitment of teachers and heads of schools to implement FFE in schools, the working conditions should be improved by remunerating teachers properly, building houses for teachers, ensuring transport for students and teachers, establishing sanitary services, ensuring in-service teachers training, and availing them with teaching resources. In eliminating the big teacher-student ratio and shortage of teachers in schools, the government and non-governmental organisations should strive to train new teachers and employ them in schools. The quality assurance and monitoring department in the district should be supported to visit schools regularly. Their regular visits are expected to provide support to teachers and schools in terms of technical and professional challenges in teaching and operation of the school.

Stakeholders’ Perception on Parents Involvement in Management Systems of Private Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Sumbawanga District Council

The main purpose of this study was to assess parents’ perception on involvement in management systems of private secondary schools by using Sumbawanga Municipality as a case study. This study employed a survey research design. The sample size of this study was 155 respondents including 5 Heads of Schools, 5 members of the board of schools,20 parents 50 teachers, and 75 students from Sumbawanga Municipality. Interview, Focus Group Discussion, questionnaire and documentary review methods were used to collect data. The findings of the study identified two major aspects of parenting styles and frequency of communication as springboards for understanding parent involvement. Parents with encouraging parenting styles were found to be more engaged and adept in following academic, disciplinary and responsive to children demands as compared to commanding and liberalistic parenting style. Otherwise parents are involved in the management issues by communicating to the school teachers and Head of Schools. Basing on the study findings, the study recommended that schools should educate all stakeholders on various ways they can be involved and help in the management of the schools. Also, there is a need of government to establish proper model to involve the community in affairs of the schools, in order to address the societal needs, policy formulation matters on management of secondary schools should be all inclusive.

A Study on the Impact of Parental Encouragement on Examination Stress and Academic Achievement among High School Sstudents

A Study on the Impact of Parental Encouragement on Examination Stress and Academic Achievement among High School Sstudents

Parental Perceptions of the Teaching Profession: Factors That Predict Parental Encouragement of Students to Enter the Teaching Profession

This study examines factors that influence parent’s willingness to encourage their children to consider teaching as a career. Using structural equation modeling, we identified four factors that are highly predictive of a parent’s willingness to encourage their children to consider teaching and their belief that teaching would be their best career option. Results indicated that parents were more likely to encourage their children to become teachers when people outside the family had encouraged the children to teach, if the parents believed their child would be a good teacher, and if parents thought that expectations placed on teachers were reasonable. Results also showed, however, that when considering other professions, parents were much less likely to encourage their children to become teachers in favor of other professions.

Faktor Penyebab Anak Putus Sekolah Menjadi Pekerja Anak di Desa Segati Kecamatan Langgam Kabupaten Pelalawan

This study aims to determine the factors that cause school dropouts to become child laborers in Segati Village, Langgam District, Pelalawan Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. There were 5 informants in this study. Collecting data using documentation, observation and interviews. The results of this study indicate that the factors that cause children to drop out of school are more dominant in internal factors, namely factors that come from within themselves, although there are also external factors, namely the encouragement of parents to work.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA DENGAN PENDEKATAN THEORY PLANNED OF BEHAVIOUR

The purpose of this study is to analyze what are the dominant factors that influence student interest in entrepreneurship. The population of this research is all students of the management study program of the Faculty of Economics, Santo Thomas Catholic University who have taken entrepreneurship courses. The sample is 100 students, the method of collecting data is through questionnaires and documentation, the variables studied are about the factors that influence student interest in entrepreneurship, analysis techniques with factor analysis. The results show that, of the 20 factors that influence student interest in entrepreneurship, the most dominant are: The first factor consists of: Leadership, Friends support which is considered important, Friends support, Realistic thinking, Family support and high commitment, Second factor consists of : Have a confident attitude, Foresight, Support business partners, Creative Innovative, Cooperate with business partners and Have experience. The third factor consists of: being disciplined, encouraging parents and being interested in business opportunities. The fourth factor consists of: Courage to face risks. The fifth factor consists of: reliable expertise, perceived ease and careful planning. The sixth factor consists of: Independence. It is better for students during the lecture process to innovate to do a simple type of business as an entrepreneurship learning material. Parents support and motivate their children to become entrepreneurs, because parents have a very strong role in forming entrepreneurial interests. There needs to be an improvement for the campus in providing understanding and training to students so that their entrepreneurial interest is increasingly formed so that after completing their studies their entrepreneurial spirit will be awakened.

A multi-perspective qualitative exploration of the reasons for changes in the physical activity among 10–11-year-old children following the easing of the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK in 2021

BackgroundActive-6 is exploring how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted physical activity behaviour among Year 6 children (aged 10–11 years) and their parents in Southwest England. Initial findings from the Active-6 project have shown a 7–8 min decrease in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and an increase in sedentary behaviour among children following the easing of restrictions in the UK in latter half of 2021. This finding suggests that the pandemic has had a persistent impact on child physical activity behaviour. This paper explored the possible mechanisms behind these changes.MethodsInterviews with parents (n = 21), members of school staff (n = 9) and focus groups with children aged 10–11 years (n = 47) were conducted between August and December 2021 to discuss the impact of the pandemic on child physical activity behaviour. The framework method was used for analysis.ResultsFive themes spanning two key stages of the pandemic were described. Three themes related to the period of lockdowns and fluctuating restrictions (March 2020 – April 2021). These included: Theme 1) Lockdown: A short-lived adventure; Theme 2) Access to facilities during restrictions; and Theme 3) The importance of the parent. A further two themes were identified related to the period following the gradual easing of restrictions in April 2021. These included: Theme 4) An overwhelming return to normal; and Theme 5) Reopening fatigue.ConclusionsThe analysis suggested that feelings of novelty experienced during the initial stages of lockdown waned as restrictions were prolonged, creating an increasingly challenging period for parents and their children. However, during periods of restrictions, the importance of parental encouragement and access to appropriate facilities in the local and home environment helped facilitate physical activity. Following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions, emotional overwhelm and physical fatigue among children, stemming from a sedentary and socially isolated life in lockdown and other restrictions, were key contributors to the decreased moderate to vigorous physical activity and increased sedentary behaviour that was observed in a related quantitative study.

The Influence Of Home-based Physical And Social Environment On Chinese Adolescents

PURPOSE:This article aims to explore the influence of different dimensions of home-based environment on the physical activity (PA) of adolescents in different genders and provide evidence for developing home-based PA promotion strategies in the future. METHODS:A total of 314 adolescents were selected with randomly sampling. The adolescents’ PA of various intensity were determined with the ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometer and the home-based physical (i.e. PA availability, PA accessibility) and social (i.e. parental role-modeling of PA, parental encouragement around PA) environmental characteristics were evaluated using the Gattshall’s home-based PA environment questionnaire. The multiple linear regression analysis in adjusted model was used to evaluate the influence of different home-based PA environment on sedentary behavior (SB), light-intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-vogirous PA (MVPA) of adolescents. RESULTS:According to the results of the multiple regression model, the PA availability (β = -162.49, p < 0.01), father’s modeling (β = -308.42, p < 0.05), mother’s modeling (β = -317.76, p < 0.01) and mother’s encouragement (β = -254.66, p < 0.05) around PA are the major influential factors of boys’ SB; the PA availability (β = -46.47, p < 0.05) and father’s encouragement (β = -60.70, p < 0.05) are the major influential factors of girls’ SB. The PA availability (β = 18.39, p < 0.01) and mother’s encouragement (β = 12.89, p < 0.01) are the major influential factors of boys’ LPA; the PA availability (β = 10.41, p < 0.05) and father’s encouragement (β = 9.81, p < 0.05) are the major influential factors of girls’ LPA. The PA availability (β = 70.85, p < 0.01) and mother’s modeling (β = 44.41, p < 0.05) are the major influential factors of boys’ SB; the father’s encouragement (β = 49.80, p < 0.05) is the major influential factor of girls’ MVPA. CONCLUSIONS:There is a difference in the influence of home-based physical and social environment on Chinese adolescents in different genders.