Encopresis In Children Research Articles

Encopresis in Children on the Autistic Spectrum

Relatively little attention is given to the issue of encopresis in the professional literature but it is of great concern to parents of and practitioners working with children on the autistic spectrum. Toilet training in itself can be a difficult area for some children on the spectrum, but a perplexing complication to the whole issue arises when children refuse to defecate into a potty or toilet. No data for children on the spectrum were found in the literature search, and indeed very little research related to this topic. Thus, this article aims to: outline the problems faced by parents/carers with a child with encopresis; differentiate between knowledge, skill and volition issues when dealing with the encoprectic child; suggest some possible causal frameworks for the behaviour; and give practical advice in managing the teaching/learning situation arising from this distressing behaviour.

Efficacy and optimal dose of daily polyethylene glycol 3350 for treatment of constipation and encopresis in children

Objective: To determine efficacy, safety, and optimal dose of a laxative, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350, in children with chronic constipation. Study design: Children with chronic constipation (n = 24) were treated with PEG for 8 weeks at an initial dose of 1 g/kg/d. The dose was adjusted every 3 days as required to achieve 2 soft stools per day. A diary was kept to monitor dose, stool frequency and consistency, soiling, and other symptoms. Stool consistency was rated from 1 (hard) to 5 (watery). Subjects were examined for fecal retention. The Student t test and the Fisher exact test were used for data analysis. Results: All 20 children who completed the study found PEG to be palatable and were satisfied with the treatment. There were no significant adverse effects. Weekly stool frequency increased from 2.3 ± 0.4 to 16.9 ± 1.6 (P < .0001) during treatment and stool consistency from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 3.3 ± 0.1 (P < .0001). In 9 children with soiling, weekly soiling events declined from 10.0 ± 2.4 to 1.3 ± 0.7 (P = .003). The mean effective dose was 0.84 g/kg/d (range, 0.27-1.42 g/kg/d). Conclusion: Daily administration of PEG at a mean dose of 0.8 g/kg is an effective, safe, and palatable treatment for constipation. (J Pediatr 2001;139:428-32)

Efficacy and optimal dose of dally polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) for treat of chronic coastipation and encopresis in children

Efficacy and optimal dose of dally polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) for treat of chronic coastipation and encopresis in children

Efficacy and optimal dose of dally polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) for treat of chronic coastipation and encopresis in children

Efficacy and optimal dose of dally polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) for treat of chronic coastipation and encopresis in children

Constipation and Encopresis in Children

Constipation and Encopresis in Children

Enuresis and encopresis in a south Indian population of children.

Though bladder and bowel control are important developmental milestones in all cultures, the prevalence of enuresis and encopresis has rarely been studied in developing countries despite there being factors in these countries that could affect it. This study reports the prevalence and associations of enuresis and encopresis in children in Kerala, India. The parents of 1403 randomly selected 8-12-year-old children were interviewed. The prevalence of enuresis and encopresis was ascertained using Rutter's A2 scale. Subsamples of children underwent psychiatric, physical and psychometric evaluations. Of the children, 18.6% had had an episode of enuresis in the past year and 4.3% in the past week. Four per cent had had an episode of encopresis in the past year. Enuresis was associated with parents' education, physical and psychiatric symptoms in the child, poor academic achievement and lax parental attitudes to toilet training. Encopresis was associated with male sex, physical and psychiatric symptoms, poor academic achievement, early separation and not having a toilet. The prevalence of enuresis compares with western countries, but encopresis is commoner. The associations of enuresis suggested a multifactorial model in which parental competence was prominent. This study de-emphasized the importance of neurodevelopmental factors in enuresis and encopresis in this age group.

Behavioural treatment of urinary incontinence and encopresis in children with learning disabilities: transfer of stimulus control.

Urinary and faecal incontinence present a considerable problem in people with learning disabilities, despite the general effectiveness of behavioural techniques in continence training. Children with learning disabilities and obsessional behaviour may be particularly resistant to toilet training, even where relatively cognitively able, and often despite a substantial degree of control over their eliminatory functions. Their resistance may be more appropriately regarded as a challenging behaviour and their incontinence better explained by factors other than a simple failure to learn. A 'stimulus-control' hypothesis proposes that the child's nappy (diaper)/potty/underwear has developed strong stimulus control over the elimination response. This report describes three case studies in which treatment-resistant children, aged between 8 and 12 years, with mild or moderate learning disabilities, were successfully treated for nappy-dependent nocturnal encopresis or diurnal urinary incontinence. The children were routine case referrals for whom previous attempts to train bowel or bladder control had failed. Behavioural techniques, such as 'shaping' (gradually increasing the proximity to the toilet), 'fading' (reducing the presence of the nappy), and rewards for eliminating, effected successful transfer of stimulus control over elimination from nappy to toilet. Treatment times varied, depending on the degree of the child's obsession and resistance to change.

Solitary encopresis in children: Poor long term outcome after intensive medical and behavioral treatment

Solitary encopresis in children: Poor long term outcome after intensive medical and behavioral treatment

Randomised controlled trial of biofeedback training in persistent encopresis with anismus

BACKGROUNDParadoxical external anal sphincter contraction during attempted defecation (anismus) is thought to be an important contributor to chronic faecal retention and encopresis in children. Biofeedback training can be used to...

Pudendal nerve function in normal and encopretic children.

Abnormal pudendal nerve function contributes to fecal retention and incontinence in adults. To determine the role of pudendal neuropathy in childhood, we prospectively evaluated pudendal nerve function in normal and encopretic children. We studied pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in 23 encopretic children and in an equal number of similarly aged, normal children. Anal manometry and electromyography were also obtained in all children. Pudendal nerve latency in the encopretic children equaled 1.58 +/- 0.33 msec, which was the same as that in control children. Of the 75 pudendal nerves tested, latency was prolonged in only one encopretic child. In contrast, anal electromyography demonstrated nonrelaxation of the external anal sphincter in 75% of the encopretic children but in only 13% of the normal children (p < 0.001). Anorectal manometry demonstrated, on average, lower and sphincter pressures at rest and with squeezing in the encopretic children (p < 0.01), but only 17% had sphincter pressures more than two standard deviations below normal. Other than poor relaxation response of the external anal sphincter during evacuation, these data reveal a paucity of functionally important abnormalities in encopretic children. In particular, we find no evidence that abnormal pudendal nerve function is important in the etiology or pathogenesis of encopresis in children.

Pudendal Nerve Function in Normal and Encopretic Children

ABSTRACTBackground:Abnormal pudendal nerve function contributes to fecal retention and incontinence in adults. To determine the role of pudendal neuropathy in childhood, we prospectively evaluated pudendal nerve function in normal and encopretic children.Methods:We studied pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in 23 encopretic children and in an equal number of similarly aged, normal children. Anal manometry and electromyography were also obtained in all children.Results:Pudendal nerve latency in the encopretic children equaled 1.58 ± 0.33 msec, which was the same as that in control children. Of the 75 pudendal nerves tested, latency was prolonged in only one encopretic child. In contrast, anal electromyography demonstrated nonrelaxation of the external anal sphincter in 75% of the encopretic children but in only 13% of the normal children (p &lt; 0.001). Anorectal manometry demonstrated, on average, lower anal sphincter pressures at rest and with squeezing in the encopretic children (p &lt; 0.01), but only 17% had sphincter pressures more than two standard deviations below normal.Conclusions:Other than poor relaxation response of the external anal sphincter during evacuation, these data reveal a paucity of functionally important abnormalities in encopretic children. In particular, we find no evidence that abnormal pudendal nerve function is important in the etiology or pathogenesis of encopresis in children.

Biofeedback training in children with functional constipation. A critical review.

Many uncontrolled studies suggest that biofeedback training is an effective adjunctive therapy in improving the outcome of functional constipation and/or encopresis in children. This could not be confirmed in controlled studies. Adding biofeedback training after conventional treatment had failed did not provide benefits. The results of biofeedback treatment in children with functional constipation and/or encopresis are disappointing.

Chronic constipation and/or encopresis in children — A study of treatment outcome: [formula omitted], M. Macapagal, S.K.F. Chong, J.F. Fitzgerald. Dept. of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN

Chronic constipation and/or encopresis in children — A study of treatment outcome: [formula omitted], M. Macapagal, S.K.F. Chong, J.F. Fitzgerald. Dept. of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN

Non-invasive EMG-guided biofeedback: Effective long term therapy for encopresis in children

Non-invasive EMG-guided biofeedback: Effective long term therapy for encopresis in children

A double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study of lactulose in the treatment of encopresis in children with chronic constipation: [formula omitted], R. Figueroa-Colon∗∗, L.H. Robinson∗, S. Browder-Hughes∗, R. Phillips∗∗, C. Fleishman†, D. Frank†, and T. Nester†. University of Texas, Houston, TX∗, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL∗∗ and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Marietta, GA†

A double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study of lactulose in the treatment of encopresis in children with chronic constipation: [formula omitted], R. Figueroa-Colon∗∗, L.H. Robinson∗, S. Browder-Hughes∗, R. Phillips∗∗, C. Fleishman†, D. Frank†, and T. Nester†. University of Texas, Houston, TX∗, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL∗∗ and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Marietta, GA†

Bovine gangliosides treatment in the physiopathology of obstinate constipation and encopresis in children

Bovine gangliosides treatment in the physiopathology of obstinate constipation and encopresis in children

The Treatment of Encopretic Children

Abstract A review of the literature on encopresis in children turns up a plethora of conceptualizations which can be categorized along physiological, interpersonal, intrapsychic, and behavioral lines as well as on combinations thereof. None of the various treatment methods derived from these theoretical viewpoints has been consistently effective. This paper, in describing an eclectic approach, stresses the trial use of a quick-acting suppository (Dulcolax) in combination with supportive measures and positive reinforcement before considering extensive psychological therapies. Data are examined about the treatment of 20 children, half of whom were offered the suppository method. Disappearance of soiling, more prompt in the experimental group, is associated with improvement in the parent-child relationship. A rationale for multilevel intervention is proposed which takes individual and familial differences into account.

The treatment of encopresis using a discriminative stimulus and positive reinforcement

Sixteen out of 18 cases of encopresis in children were successfully treated by using glycerine suppositories to increase the discrimination control of rectal pressure for elimination. Social and material reinforcers were added for appropriate toileting behavior. Follow-up after six months showed that the behavior was maintained in all cases.

Is operant conditioning effective in reducing enuresis and encopresis in children?

Perspectives in Psychiatric CareVolume 9, Issue 1 p. 17-23 Is Operant Conditioning Effective in Reducing Enuresis and Encopresis in Children? Mary Jo McDonagh, Mary Jo McDonaghSearch for more papers by this author Mary Jo McDonagh, Mary Jo McDonaghSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1971.tb01065.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume9, Issue1January 1971Pages 17-23 RelatedInformation

Behaviour Therapy and Encopresis in Children

Behaviour Therapy and Encopresis in Children