Residential Enclaves Research Articles

Sovereignty and statelessness in the border enclaves of India and Bangladesh

This article investigates the 198 political enclaves along the northern section of the border between India and Bangladesh. The enclaves are a remnant of the partition of British India in 1947 and are effectively stateless spaces because most are small and located several kilometers within their host country, which has prevented any administrative contact with their home country. Drawing on interviews with current enclave residents, this article describes the creation of the enclaves and analyzes the disputes that prevented their normalization over the past 60 years. The enclaves provide an important site for scrutinizing the connections between bordering practices and sovereignty claims. They also demonstrate both the social benefits the sovereign state system has brought through the establishment of law and order and the devastating consequences it has caused by territorializing those basic social protections. The article concludes that the failure to exchange the enclaves displays the powerful role nationalist homeland narratives play in institutionalizing the concepts of sovereignty and territorial integrity, often at the expense of human rights.

Recent trends and future prospects of socio-spatial differentiation in urban regions of Central and Eastern Europe: A lull before the storm?

This article reviews recent patterns of socio spatial differentiation in five Central and Eastern European urban regions: St. Petersburg, Budapest, Sofia, Vilnius and Leipzig. The consideration of the individual city region is complemented with a comparative case study approach, based on first results of a cross-national household survey and expert interviews. Regardless of the vast differences in urban structures, housing markets and socio-economic contexts, certain common factors can indeed be identified. One of the most important factors is the popularity of the suburban single family housing ideal. In addition, certain outcomes are also shared. These include: the wide acceptance of housing districts built during the socialist period by the indwellers contrary to the bad external perception, the emergence of gated residential enclaves and to some extent the upgrading of inner urban areas. The presented housing preferences must be considered as a significant indicator of future urban trends. How these prospects will be implemented in the individual city region depends first of all on the conditions of the local housing markets and housing politics.

Temporary and disadvantaged? The economic and spatial assimilation of New Zealand Maori in Sydney

AbstractMuch of the work on the spatial assimilation and, more recently, segmented (uneven) assimilation of ethnic group immigrants looks at ‘permanent’ settlement. Less attention has been paid to the settlement outcomes of unrestricted migration flows among linked national labour markets involving circulatory migration. Focusing on the occupational characteristics and settlement patterns of New Zealand Maori in Sydney, in a context where the labour markets of New Zealand and Australia are largely integrated, this study analyses the special characteristics of resultant intergenerational occupational characteristics and settlement patterns. Results are consistent with other studies portraying most New Zealand Maori as part of a return migration stream in the Australian context, with the majority only temporarily resident in Sydney. Maori in Sydney do not form major ethnic residential enclaves as they do in New Zealand cities, but rather the majority live in areas where the ‘host’ society is dominant but with a minority ethnic component. Thus most are not clustered in local enclaves, but socioeconomic disadvantage is a characteristic of those who are. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

When are ghettos bad? Lessons from immigrant segregation in the United States

Recent studies provide conflicting evidence on the connection between ethnic or racial neighborhood segregation and outcomes. Some studies find that residence in an enclave is beneficial, some reach the opposite conclusion, and still others imply that any relationship is small. One hypothesis is that studies differ because the impact of segregation varies across groups, perhaps because its impact is more benign for better-educated groups. This paper presents new evidence on this hypothesis using data on first-generation immigrants in the United States. We confront the endogenous selection into residential enclaves and find that selection into enclave neighborhoods is on balance negative. Correcting for this selection produces positive mean effects of segregation, and a positive correlation between group average human capital and the impact of segregation.

L'effet de rupture avec l'environnement voisin des ensembles résidentiels enclavés. Une approche morphologique de l'enclavement résidentiel en France

Céline Loudier-Malgouyres The severance of residential enclaves from their immediate environment A morphological approach to the development of residential enclaves in France At a time when gated communities are emerging into the debate on towns and cities, this article looks at the question of residential enclaves of individual homes (before becoming gated, a development is generally an enclave) as a form of urban development and method of extending the periurban fabric, the individualism of which they are supposed to symbolise in contrast to the idea of integration. An analysis of their spatial and morphological characteristics gives the first clear idea of how they work and how they relate to their immediate environment, showing that physically they constitute what is known as a 'defendable space' (which comes with the idea of exclusive use), and generate a split with their environment. Understanding this type of urban phenomenon should pave the way for an analysis of how they come into being and the lifestyles of their inhabitants, specifically in the periurban environment, so that an understanding can be gained of what kind of society and «city» they are leading to and, potentially, from the point of view of those in charge of urban development, what approach should be taken to them.

Sustainability and the Civil Commons: Rural Communities in the Age of Globalization

Sustainability and the Civil Commons: Rural Communities in the Age of Globalization, Jennifer Sumner, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. viii, 179.As we are continually reminded, Canada is now an overwhelmingly urban country. Mythic vastness notwithstanding, most of its people and certainly its mobile “creative class,” presumed driver of the knowledge economy, live in major cities, whose policy requirements have captured a good deal of national attention in the past decade. By contrast, rural Canada has been reduced to the status of the space in-between. Its resource-based communities and livelihoods—farming, fishing, forestry—live with the downward price pressures of global commodity trade as well as the most intractable trade disruptions. Its public services and social infrastructure have been diminished. Aside from pretty places that have become recreational or residential enclaves, its population typically is declining and aging. Its widespread sense of abandonment so far has generated only inchoate, perhaps incoherent political responses. Meanwhile, the growing consensus among newspaper editorialists and think-tank policy specialists is that “dependent” and “unsustainable” rural Canada has been subsidized long enough for sentimental reasons at the expense of real needs elsewhere.

1.5 Generation Internal Migration in the U.S.: Dispersion from States of Immigration?

The issue of immigrant spatial concentration and the possibilities for immigrant dispersion through migration features in at least three interrelated debates about immigration. First, the ethnic enclave literature centers on the question of whether spatial concentration improves or harms the economic well-being of immigrants. Second, spatial assimilation theory links immigrant relocation away from residential enclaves to socioeconomic gains. Although framed at an intra-urban scale, we suggest that similar assimilation logics infuse thinking and expectations about immigrant settlement and spatial mobility at other scales. And third, immigrant clustering links to anxieties about the threats posed by non-European origin newcomers to the traditional cultural fabric of the nation. In the current wave of immigration, research on questions of settlement geography and spatial mobility has so far been restricted to the first generation. But as the current wave of immigration matures there is a growing population of adults who are the children of immigrants. This article investigates the migration behavior of these adult children, specifically the 1.5 generation, seeking to answer the question of whether they will remain in the states in which their parent's generation settled or move on. It also assesses whether the out-migration response of the 1.5 generation in states of immigrant concentration is similar to that of their parent's generation or the U.S.-born population.

Good Daughters

Twenty-five Korean American queer women were interviewed in-depth about their family relationships. Field notes and a brief demographic survey were used to supplement interview data. Results indicate three different profiles of Korean American queer women: international students, 1.5 ethnic enclave residents, and 2nd generation suburbanites. Though all seek to be good daughters, their accomplishment of this goal depends upon their family ideologies as well as residential community context.

Paragons of Lifestyle: gated communities and the politics of space in Bombay

In Bombay (Mumbai), the global phenomenon of gated residential enclaves is burgeoning. The city has a long history of residential segregation along religious and ethno‐linguistic lines; the new developments are more inward‐looking, however, in that they seek to create private, self‐sufficient living and leisure spaces. This shift is located within the local dynamics of a perceived rise in crime, Bombay's increasing communalism, and the politics of exclusion in the city. It is also a characteristic of urban formations worldwide.

Nonconformist Populations and Planning Sexuality and Space: Nonconformist Populations and Planning Practice

The gay, lesbian, and queer population is a marginalized group, but its concerns are not marginal to planning. It is a sizable group, heterogeneous (not least in income), and growing in visibility. This article examines the implications for planning practice of the emergence of gay men, lesbians, and related nonconformist groups. Most of the research that is easily applied to planning practice has focused on residential enclaves and neighborhoods. Work is also starting to appear on zoning and housing, business development including tourism, historic preservation, and the use of public space.

The Limits of Out-Migration for the Black Middle Class

Certain developments contributed to disinterest in research on the environs of the black middle class in favor of intensive study of the black urban poor. One example is the theory that civil rights housing policies allowed middle class African Americans to leave black communities. Using historical sources, 1990 census data, and ethnographic evidence from Chicago, I offer a reinterpretation of this out-migration hypothesis. Growth in the number of middle class African Americans has increased the size of their residential enclaves, and thus the physical distance between classes. I also find historically continuous patterns of out-migration circumscribed by racial residential segregation, which ensures the constant reincorporation of black middle class neighborhoods within the black ghetto. Making the black middle class a visible part of black communities highlights its spatial connection to the black poor, which is contrasted with the ability of the white middle class to distance itself from urban poverty.

Residential Segregation of West Indians in the New York/New Jersey Metropolitan Area: The Roles of Race and Ethnicity

"To assess the relative roles of race and ethnicity in shaping patterns of residential segregation, this article utilizes indices of segregation and a geographic mapping strategy to examine the residential patterns of West Indian blacks in the greater New York City area. The socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods occupied by West Indian blacks are also examined and compared to those of areas occupied by African Americans. The results indicate that, on one hand, West Indians are largely denied access to residential areas occupied predominantly by whites and are confined to areas of large black concentrations. On the other hand, West Indians appear to have carved out somewhat separate residential enclaves within these largely black areas...."

The stubborn persistence of local land use powers: a comment on Morrill

Contrary to Professor Morrill's thesis, land use powers in the United States are not centralizing in the hands of regional and national elites favoring metropolitan consumption interests. Indeed, the article cites evidence that land use powers have decentralized since the 1970s. The white middle and upper classes, concentrated in suburban residential enclaves, are well-served by decentralized land-use controls. Morrill is right to be concerned about threats to local democracy in the United States. But his suggested solution, leaving local governments alone to set land use policies, is flawed. Regional land use planning, does not necessarily reduce local liberty but could enhance it by dampening the beggar-thy-neighbor chase for tax ratables and enhancing the residential choices of low-income, as well as minority, households.

Urban forms and colonial confrontations: Algiers under French rule

During its long history as the French colonial city par excellence, Algiers was the site of recurrent conflicts between colonizer and colonized. Through architecture and urban forms confrontations were crystallized, cultural identities were defined, and social engineering programs were shaped and challenged. In this pathbreaking book, Zeynep Celik reads the city of Algiers as the site of social, political, and cultural conflicts during the 132 years of French occupation and argues that architecture and urban forms are integral components of the colonial discourse. Algiers' city planning, based on what Celik calls 'the trial-and-error' model of French colonial urbanism, included the fragmentation of the casbah, ambitious Beaux Arts schemes to create European forms of housing, master plans inspired by high modernism, and comprehensive regional plans.Eventually a dramatic housing shortage led all planning efforts to be centered on the construction of large-scale residential enclaves. French architects based their designs for domestic space on the concept of the 'traditional house,' itself an interdisciplinary colonial concept intertwined with the discourse on Algerian women. Housing also offered the French colonizers a powerful presence in a country where periodic resistance to the occupation eventually culminated in a seven-year war of liberation and an end to French rule. Extensively illustrated with photographs, maps, and housing plans, Celik's book presents a fascinating example of colonial urban planning. Algiers comes alive as a city that reflected all the conflicts of colonialism while embracing innovation.

Tied to each other through ties to the land: Informal support of black elders in a Southern U.S. Community

This paper is about informal support of older blacks in a rural comunity in North Carolina. It explores the use of various theoretical ideas related to reciprocity and exchange. The observed intragroup variation in informal support is categorized into six coping strategies, all related to whether or not informants own land. Landowning elders are able to obligate children and other potential helpers by allowing them to settle on their land. The resulting residential enclaves are important sources of informal support. In contrast, landless elders are tied to landowners and to each other in various kinds of relationships, and differ considerably in their ability to mobilize informal support. Geographical proximity emerges as an important constraint on helping behaviors, and the concept of delayed reciprocity explains some of the seemingly nonreciprocal exchanges.

Parental Attitudes Toward Adolescent Sexuality

The problem of teenage pregnancy continues to impact private and public resources, affecting all socioeconomic and cultural groups. A key factor for nurse practitioners to consider when planning sex education programs is the differing parental attitudes toward teenage sexuality. These attitudes are especially important to keep in mind when dealing with parents from minority cultural groups, as these groups are often highly influential in determining the nature of adolescent sexual behavior and attitudes toward reproduction. A study of Cuban and Haitian child-rearing practices clearly demonstrates two divergent parental views of adolescent sexuality. Nurse practitioners must recognize these differing views, and individualize their approach, in order to develop culturally sensitive sex education programs for adolescents and their parents. Suggestions are provided for development of such programs for Cuban and Haitian parents and children.

The Evolving Pattern of Élite White Residential Areas in Johannesburg, 1911–1970

Abstract Research into the spatial evolution of elite residential areas in Melbourne has produced results that both support and contradict longitudinal aspects of the well-known Hoyt sector model. A Similar study of elite White residential areas in Johannesburg confirms the Australian finding that, although the Hoyt model correctly predicts a sectoral spatial expansion of high socio-economic status areas, it falls to account for intra-sector spatial variation where the highest status levels are characteristic of residential enclaves relatively close to the city centre.

ACTIVITY SYSTEMS OF THE INNER CITY OF COPENHAGEN

Wichmann Matthiessen, Christian, 1975; Activity Systems of the Inner City of Copenhagen, Geografisk Tidsskrift 75: 70–73. Kobenhavn. december 1, 1975. This article is based upon a research project of the inner city of Copenhagen. It describes part of the work which has been carried out to analyse the activity systems and the organization of space. Apart from some residential enclaves and the administration of state and finance, the inner city of Copenhagen is characterized by a functional interdependence and a spatial mixture.

Constitutional Law: Rights of Federal Enclave Residents to State Residency Benefits

Constitutional Law: Rights of Federal Enclave Residents to State Residency Benefits